Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI LTD  

The thermal degradation behavior of coffee residue in comparison with that of several biomass samples and coffee residue steam catalytic gasification were investigated. Devolatilization was carried out using the thermogravimetric method, at temperatures ranging from 30 degrees C to 1000 degrees C. By and large, coffee residue decomposition was easier than that of other biomasses, but it was less than that of chicken feces; also, the devolatilization behaviors of the biomasses depended predominantly on the type of biomass. Steam catalytic gasification was carried out in the two-stage quartz-fixed bed that used Ni-loaded brown coal catalyst to produce fuel gases at low reaction temperatures, ranging from 500 degrees C to 650 degrees C, and at a steam pressure of 30 kPa. Particularly noteworthy was the fact that the total gas yield increased significantly with increase in temperature. According to Total Organic Carbon results, at temperatures above 550 degrees C, the light tar materials were almost constant. As evident from the results of the LY-Ni coal pyrolysis, at a catalytic bed temperature of 600 degrees C, there is a slight interfere of the LY-Ni catalyst in the biomass gasification yield, and it would be possible to take the advantage of brown coal to produce the gas products, H-2, CO, CO2 and CH4, from the coffee residue steam catalytic gasification. (C) 2014 Energy Institute. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.joei.2014.08.001

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

A new approach to nickel recovery from spent electroless nickel-plating (ENP) solution was investigated using ion-exchange method with brown coal. Nickel ion-exchange was influenced by the solution pH, with the optimum values of pH 9.0-10.0, and was hindered by the anion species existing in the spent solution, especially for the high concentrations of phosphorus compounds. Calcium hydroxide precipitated most of the phosphorus from spent ENP solution, with the highest phosphorus removal efficiency of 98.2%. At the same time, pH control is required to prevent the co-precipitation of nickel hydroxide. Phosphorus removal with CaCO3 and CaCl2 showed strong pH dependence. The solution pH dropped with CaCl2 addition. As a result, the formation of calcium sulphate occurred prior to that of P-Ca compounds. In contrast, CO32- anions from CaCO3 dissolution reacted with the H+ ions to neutralize the solution and decrease CaCO3 solubility at last, the phosphorus removal reached its maximum of 51%. Combined use of calcium carbonate and calcium chloride improved phosphorus removal, maximizing the phosphorus removal efficiency at 94.8%, and enabling 62% of nickel in the ENP solution to be ion-exchanged into brown coal. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.04.029

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPAN POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC  

A pyrolysis/ashing process for poultry manure with the aim of recovering both the potential energy and the plant nutrients is proposed. Volatile compounds derived from the pyrolysis process were subsequently decomposed using a catalyst to produce light fuel gases, while the solid residues (char or ash) were applied to plant cultivation to examine their usefulness as fertilizers. During the poultry manure pyrolysis, the evolution of volatiles was found to occur at temperatures below 500 degrees C and the volatiles thus derived were effectively converted into light fuel gases by employing a commercial Ni/Al2O3 catalyst. Steam addition promoted the water-gas-shift reaction and resulted in high yields of hydrogen. The plant nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were concentrated in the poultry manure char. Komatsuna cultivation tests demonstrated that this char represented a source of highly available nutrients and produced higher crop yields than conventional fertilizers. The porous structure of the poultry manure char was considered to be an important factor in terms of its function as a fertilizer.

DOI： 10.2141/jpsa.0130184

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI LTD  

Coal of three kinds was burned in an oxygen-enriched atmosphere using a twin-fluidized bed solid circulation system under conditions of the Calcium Looping Process. This twin-fluidized bed system comprised a fast bed regenerator (calciner), into which fuel and oxygen-enriched gas were fed, and a bubbling bed absorber (carbonator), into which air was fed. Inert quartz sand was used as the bed material to evaluate the coal combustion behavior, including char transportation from regenerator to absorber and formation of CO and CO2 there. First, the circulation rate and the residence time of solids in the regenerator (calciner) were measured to determine the suitable operation conditions. The effect of gas feed staging to the regenerator on the solid residence time was evaluated. By reducing the ratio of the primary gas feed rate to total gas feed rate to 0.5, average solid residence time of about 40 s was attained. Under this gas-feed condition, coal combustion experiments were conducted. Effects of volatile matter content of coal on CO and CO2 formation in the absorber and NOx emissions from the regenerator were investigated. High-volatile matter coal was found to be favorable to reduce CO and CO2 formation in the absorber, but conversion of the fuel-N to NOx of high-volatile matter coal was higher than that from low-volatile coal. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.06.017

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI LTD  

Coal of three kinds was burned in an oxygen-enriched atmosphere using two types of reactor both of which had the same fast fluidized bed for coal combustion. One was a dual-fluidized bed system (dual-FB), simulating Calcium Looping process comprised a fast fluidized bed regenerator and a bubbling bed carbonator. The other was a conventional single circulating fluidized bed combustor (single-CFBC). In both systems, coal combustion in oxygen-enriched atmosphere was carried out under regenerator temperature condition of Calcium Looping process. Inert quartz sand was used as the bed material to evaluate carbon consumption in the carbonator of dual-FB. Formation of NOx in the fast fluidized beds was measured for both reactors. For dual-FB, formation of CO and CO2 in the carbonator was also measured. High-volatile matter coal was found to be favorable to reduce CO and CO2 formation in the carbonator, but conversion of the fuel-N to NOx of high-volatile matter coal was higher than that from low-volatile coal. The emissions of NOx from single-CFBC were less than those from the regenerator of dual-FB under the same combustion condition. From the emissions of CO and CO2 from the carbonator, the decrease in char combustion in the regenerator of dual-FB was calculated. An empirical relationship between the conversion of fuel-N to NOx in the fast fluidized bed and the ratio of fixed carbon to volatile matter of the fuel was obtained. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.12.060

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Fuel gas production and nitrogen transformation during pig manure pyrolysis from room temperature to 900°C are investigated. The catalytic decomposition of the derived volatiles is also studied. Ammonia, HCN and N2 were obtained as the main N-containing gases. Ammonia was mainly emitted below 700°C, which corresponds to 24.8wt% of the nitrogen in the manure. Hydrogen cyanide and N2 gases obviously formed at temperatures above 700°C, while the HCN concentration was as low as one ninth that of NH3 and one fifth of the concentration of nitrogen even at 900°C. Thermal cracking of the pyrolysis volatiles produced little NH3, but noticeably increased HCN formation.When the prepared nickel-loaded brown coal char (LY-Ni) was added to the second part of the reactor (second stage) as a catalyst, most of the N-containing species in the volatiles converted into N2 gas. It suggests that LY-Ni has high catalytic activity for the conversion of N-containing compounds. Significant quantities of light fuel gases (H2, CO and CH4) were also generated. Compared with sand, 5.8 times (H2 and CO) the amount of gases was produced with the LY-Ni char at 650°C. Decomposition of the manure volatiles depends on the catalyst temperature. Total product gases approximately doubled in yield when the catalyst temperature increased from 450 to 550°C, and the volatiles conversion (based on carbon balance of the manure volatiles) increased from 72.4wt% to 92.0wt%. At 600-700°C, the volatiles conversions stabilized at high levels of 96.7-98.2wt%. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

DOI： 10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.05.028

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This paper presents an experimental research concerning the catalytic gasification of waste biomass to synthesis gas using Ni-loaded brown coal char (Ni/BCC). The attention is focused on the catalytic conditions for enhancing the synthesis gas production, improving its composition and extending the catalyst lifetime. The aim is achieved by means of the characterization of Ni/BCC and the product gas analysis, through gasification experiments of a woody biomass and an animal-waste-derived biomass both in a fixed bed reactor and a fluidized bed reactor at various catalytic temperatures and steam/biomass-carbon (S/C) ratios. Effects of the pyrolysis temperature and the steam treatment on the nickel crystallite size are analyzed and used as the reference of choosing optimum gasification conditions. With brown coal char as support material, Ni/BCC is found as an excellent catalyst even at low temperature of about 650 degrees C and shows a good resistance ability of coke formation, compared to non-catalyst and Ni/Al2O3. More than 25 h continuous operation is also performed in a 1 kg/h Internally Circulating Fluidized-bed Gasifier (ICFG) to assess the lifetime of Ni/BCC. Smaller S/C ratio at the appropriate temperature is suggested to lower the coal char gasification, thereby reducing the degradation of the support material. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.fuel.2011.06.077

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD  

Light gases were produced from biomass tar gasification using limonite and dolomite as catalysts. Experiments were performed in a fixed bed reactor with the gasification temperatures of 600-800 degrees C. Limonite gave the obvious effect on the tar gasification, and the light gases of hydrogen and carbon oxides were mainly obtained. Also, the gas yields depended on the catalytic temperature. Hydrogen yields tend to increasing with temperatures from 650 to 800 degrees C. The reaction equilibrium was changed by dolomite addition in the reactor system; hydrogen gas was doubled with the limonite and dolomite mixture compared to limonite only.

DOI： 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.608-609.201

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

For the solar thermochemical gasification of coal coke to produce CO + H-2 synthetic gas using concentrated solar radiation, a windowed reactor prototype is tested and demonstrated at laboratory scale for CO2 gasification of coal coke using concentrated Xe light from a 3-kW(th) sun simulator. The reactor was designed to be combined with a solar reflective tower or beam-down optics. The results for gasification performance (CO production rate, carbon conversion, and light-to-chemical efficiency) are shown for various CO2 flow rates and ratios. A kinetics analysis based on homogeneous and shrinking core models and the temperature distributions of the prototype particle bed are compared with those for a conventional fluidized bed reactor tested under the same Xe light irradiation and CO2 flow-rate conditions. The effectiveness and potential impacts of internally circulating fluidized bed reactors for enhancing gasification performance levels and inducing consistently higher bed temperatures are discussed in this paper. Copyright (C) 2012, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.05.133

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

Utilizing large amounts of animal waste as a source of renewable energy has the potential to reduce its disposal problems and associated pollution issues. Gasification characteristics of the manure compost make it possible for low temperature gasification. In this paper, an energy efficient approach to hydrogen-rich syngas from manure compost is represented at relatively low temperature, around 600 degrees C, in a continuous-feeding fluidized bed reactor. The effects of catalyst performance, reactor temperature, steam, and reaction type on gas yield, gas composition, and carbon conversion efficiency are discussed. The Ni-Al(2)O(3) catalyst simultaneously promotes tar cracking and steam reforming. Higher temperature contributes to higher gas yield and carbon conversion. The steam introduction increases hydrogen yield, by steam reforming and water gas shift reaction. Two-stage gasification is also tried, showing the advantage of better catalyst utilization and enhancing the catalytic reactions to some extent. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.05.001

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

In this study, the design, construction and operation of an Internally Circulating Fluidized-bed Gasifier (ICFG) are introduced in detail. ICFG design provides a multi-stage gasification process, with bed material acting as the medium for char combustion and heat exchange by its internal circulation. And it is used for the steam gasification of animal waste at low temperature in view of producing fuel gas. The effects of pressure balance, pyrolysis temperature, catalytic temperature and steam/feedstock ratio on the gasifier performance (e.g. product gas yield, gas composition, tar content) are also discussed. Hydrogen-rich and low-tar product gas can be produced from the low-calorific feedstock, in the properly designed process together with high-performance catalyst. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.08.009

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Catalytic gasification of a woody biomass, Japanese cypress, was investigated under a prepared nickel-loaded brown coal (LY-Ni) char in a two-stage fixed-bed reactor. The nickel-loaded brown coal was prepared by ion-exchange method with a nickel loading rate of 8.3 wt.%. Nickel species dispersed well in the brown coal, and the LY-Ni char via devolatilization at 600 degrees C showed a great porous property with a specific surface area of 382 m(2) g(-1).
The LY-Ni char was confirmed to be quite active for the Japanese cypress volatiles gasification at a relatively low-temperature range from 450 to 650 degrees C. For example, at 550 degrees C, 16.6 times hydrogen gas and 6.3 times total gases were yielded from the catalytic steam gasification of Japanese cypress volatiles under the LY-Ni char, compared with the case of non-catalyst. The biomass tar decomposition showed a dependence on catalyst temperatures. When the catalyst temperature was higher than 500 degrees C, Japanese cypress tar converted much efficiently, high gas yields and high carbon balances were obtained. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.08.003

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SOC CHEMICAL ENG JAPAN  

The use of nickel-loaded brown coal char (Ni/BCC) as a catalyst for tar reforming has been studied under mild conditions in a laboratory-scale fluidized bed gasifier using steam as the gasifying agent and nitrogen as the product gas carriers. Characterization of the catalyst was performed in a fixed-bed reactor under various conditions such as Ni/BCC particle size in the range of 0.5 to 2 mm and pyrolysis temperature in the range of 823 to 1023 K in order to investigate the effect of both catalyst particle size and pyrolysis temperature on crystallite size of Ni/BCC. The Ni/BCC catalyst was consumed at various steam feed rate so as to determine the effect of steam feed rate on the size of the catalyst. The XRD pattern of the catalyst showed that the size of the Ni particles increases as the particle size of the catalyst decreases, pyrolysis temperature increases, and steam feed rate increases. SEM images and BET surface area were used to characterize the surface structure and surface area of the Ni/BCC catalyst, respectively. The space velocity and catalytic tar reforming temperature as a function of gas yields were investigated. The catalyst showed high and stable catalytic activity and produced a high-quality product gas with space velocities of 10000 and 4000 h(-1) at 923 and 873 K, respectively.

DOI： 10.1252/jcej.09We195

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SOC CHEMICAL ENG JAPAN  

Catalytic activity of coal chars on the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction has been investigated in a fixed bed reactor at various temperatures in the range of 700-900 degrees C. Two coal chars employed in this study (char A and char B) are signed with relatively high ash contents. The results show that WGS reaction occurred over both chars. Under the experimental conditions studied, the reaction rate towards hydrogen formation may be described as: r(H2) = 2.17 x 10(9) exp(124,800/RT)(p(CO) p(H2O) - p(CO2) p(H2)/K) for char A and r(H2) = 8.0 x 10(8) exp(127,900/RT)(p(CO) p(H2O) - p(CO2) pH(2)/K) for char B. The two chars showed different catalytic behaviors. Gas yield obtained from WGS reaction over char A was higher than that from char B. The higher catalytic activity of char A in WGS reaction was due to the combination of higher specific surface area, the presence of very fine and well-dispersed particles of mineral matters on the char surface, and also the high content of iron oxide fixed for each experiment. Demineralized char A still showed a catalytic activity due to the abundant amount of mesopores, whereas it was lower than char A, which indicates the importance of the mineral matters on the progress of WGS reaction.

DOI： 10.1252/jcej.08we186

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本エネルギー学会  

<p>Decomposition of nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) was conducted under a condition of carbonator of Calcium-Looping process for CO<sub>2</sub> separation. Absorbent (CaO) catalyzed decomposition of N<sub>2</sub>O at 873 K and its rate was as fast as the rate of CO<sub>2</sub> capture. With the presence of CO<sub>2</sub>, CaO gradually lost activities for CO<sub>2</sub> capture and N<sub>2</sub>O decomposition, thus CaCO<sub>3</sub> was found to be ineffective for N<sub>2</sub>O decomposition. The present results imply that Calcium-Looping process is effective for mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions not only by CO<sub>2</sub> capture but also N<sub>2</sub>O reduction.</p>

DOI： 10.20550/jietaikaiyoushi.25.0_180

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Language：English   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本エネルギー学会  

A natural limonite ore is used as catalyst for tar reforming at 650 ℃. Researches on the catalytic role of the limonite ore, deactivation mechanism, influence of steam addition were conducted. The characteristics of the catalyst were analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Effects of steam addition and the steam/carbon ratio on catalyst activity and lifetime were discussed.

DOI： 10.20550/jiebiomassronbun.11.0_67

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本エネルギー学会  

For Studying Gasification characteristic of the mushroom culture waste and Brown coal, We investigated pyrolysis behavior of the mushroom culture waste and Brown coal. As a result, in all samples CO_2 ratio of gas generation decreased with increasing temperature. H_2 generation of Brown coal is little (less than 1%) from 400℃ to 500℃. And then, it increased rapidly from 600℃ to 800℃. However, H_2 generation of mushroom culture waste is increased from 400℃ to 800℃. About the mixture of the mushroom culture waste (5%) and Brown coal, H_2 generation is increased with temperature. The ratio is 41% at 800℃.

DOI： 10.20550/jiebiomassronbun.11.0_63

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：公益社団法人 日本工学教育協会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本エネルギー学会  

In this study, we investigated the influences of carbon residue content in coal ash and coal char on the melting behaviors. The coal ashes and coal chars with different carbon content were prepared by the air oxidations of a coal char with different oxidation time. The melting behaviors of the prepared samples were evaluated by the shape changes during heat-treatment up to 1550℃ in a N_2 stream based on JIS M 8801. The results indicated the melting behavior strongly depended on the amount of residual carbon content; melting points increased with increasing the residual carbon content.

DOI： 10.20550/jiesekitanronbun.52.0_8

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本エネルギー学会  

In a biomass gasification process, the separation of tar is brought into question to cause piping obstruction. Various catalysts are reported in tar reforming, but most of them are expensive, and difficult to be used in practice. Limonite is a cheap, natural mineral, which is reported to have high tar resolution performance. Basing on this, the low temperature operation for tar reforming could contribute to improvement of cold gas efficiency and the cost reduction. The biomass gasification was carried out in a fixed bed reactor at 400-700 ℃. As results, limonite improved the biomass tar gasification, and the gas yields increased notably with the temperature increasing. The hydrocarbons gasification was confirmed even at the low temperature of 400℃, there the hydrogen formation was observed.

DOI： 10.20550/jiebiomassronbun.10.0_89

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本機械学会  

Recently, the consumptions of the fossil fuel are rapidly increased because of increasing population and economic growth in developing country. As the results, the Global warming by increasing in carbon dioxide and lack of the fossil fuel are concerned. We must do developing the new fossil fuel such as peat or brown coal. However, the peat or brown-coal had a problem with very high water content. Therefore we developed the economic drying processes for using peat as energy source. We studied the comparing a squeeze method (compression-dewatering method) and thermal drying method. From the results, we found that the squeeze method is economic process better than thermal drying method.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本エネルギー学会  

Enokitake (Flammulina velutipes) is one of the most popular cultivated mushrooms in Japan. A huge amount of waste culture is disposed thus its utilization as biomass fuel is needed. Due to high moisture content of waste mushroom culture, drying is necessary prior to use. As an approach for drying, compositing is proposed. Composters of various scale, from laboratory scale composter to semi-pilot scale composter (3 m^3 by volume) were operated. Temperature was measured during composting. A mathematical model is also proposed to predict the change in temperature.

DOI： 10.20550/jietaikaiyoushi.23.0_158

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本エネルギー学会  

Nickel-based catalyst is known to be active on biomass tar reforming. However, nickel-based catalyst was found to be deactivated by coke fouling on the catalyst surface. Calcined dolomite is a low price natural mineral. It was found to be effective on coking resistance during tar steam reforming. In this study, light fuel gases were produced from biomass tar gasification using calcined dolomite and nickel-based catalyst. Catalytic gasification was performed in a fixed bed reactor at 650℃. Calcined dolomite was filled over nickel-based catalyst. As a result, coke deposits decreased compared to the case with nickel catalyst only.

DOI： 10.20550/jiesekitanronbun.51.0_90

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本エネルギー学会  

In this study, the effect of temperature is investigated in the vapor carbonization. When vapor is added, the amount of volatile material is increased comparing with only nitrogen.

DOI： 10.20550/jietaikaiyoushi.22.0_114

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本エネルギー学会  

In this study, the melting and evaporating characteristics of the brown-coal and biomass ash were invested. With increasing temperature, evaporating amount of ash was decreased to the all sample. The melting points of brown-coal and biomass ash are 1300℃ and subbituminous coal ash is 1600 ℃.

DOI： 10.20550/jietaikaiyoushi.22.0_18

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本エネルギー学会  

In this study, we controlled the emission concentration of the exhaust gas when brown-coal is burned in a fluidized bed. We compared the case of supplying the secondary air or not based on the primary air. As the results, we got that emission concentration of NOx and CO is decreased when secondary air is injected.

DOI： 10.20550/jietaikaiyoushi.22.0_218

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本エネルギー学会  

In this study, the combustion and pyrolysis of brown coal have been done. Combustion/pyrolysis rate had been investigated. As the result, the pyrolytic mass change varies according to the temperature in the furnace. The pyrolytic activation energy is divided into two stages. The activation energy is for 300〜400and 400〜800℃ are 5.2 and 39.8kJ/mol , respectively.

DOI： 10.20550/jiesekitanronbun.49.0_38

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Publisher：一般社団法人 廃棄物資源循環学会  

現在、キノコ廃菌床は農林系廃棄物として廃棄されている。廃棄物として扱われているこのキノコ廃菌床をバイオエネルギー資源として利用可能であれば、キノコ産業にとっては廃棄処理費用の節約と工場内エネルギー使用量の削減を同時に達成できる。廃菌床を経済性あるエネルギー源にするためには、低コストで含水率を下げる必要がある。キノコ廃菌床の脱水特性を明らかにすることができれば、エネルギーとして利用する際の費用削減や装置の設計に貢献できると考えられる。廃菌床の含水率を下げる方法として、一般的に自然乾燥法、機械的脱水法、熱乾燥法がある。しかし、自然乾燥法は最も低コストに乾燥できる方法であるが、乾燥時間が長いこと、周辺への悪臭問題、季節依存性等の問題点がある。そこで、本研究では、低コスト乾燥方法として機械的脱水法と熱乾燥法を組み合わせることに着目し、圧搾による脱水特性と熱乾燥による乾燥特性に関する実験を行った。

DOI： 10.14912/jsmcwm.23.0_321

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本エネルギー学会  

In this study, melting behavior of the brown-coal ash and biomass ash were studied. Mass change of ash with increasing temperature was measured and melting characteristics were observed. As the results, we obtained evaporation rate of ash and melting points. The melting point of biomass ash is 1200℃ and subbituminous coal ash is 1600℃.

DOI： 10.20550/jietaikaiyoushi.21.0_260

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本エネルギー学会  

In this study, light gases were produced from biomass tar gasification by using iron-based catalysts. Catalytic gasification was performed in a fixed bed reactor at 550 to 800℃. Hydrogen yield increased with temperature increasing from 550 to 600℃, but it decreased over 600℃. The tar decomposition was further improved with K_2CO_3 addition, which however gave little effect on the coke deposition at the present conditions.

DOI： 10.20550/jietaikaiyoushi.21.0_88

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本エネルギー学会  

Enokitake (Flammulina velutipes) is one of the most popular cultivated mushrooms in Japan. A huge amount of waste culture is disposed thus its utilization as biomass fuel is needed. Due to high moisture content of waste mushroom culture, drying is necessary prior to use. As an approach for drying, compositing is proposed. A laboratory scale composter is operated. Change in temperature, CO_2 formation, and water evaporation with time was measured during composting. A mathematical model is also proposed to predict the change in temperature and moisture evaporation.

DOI： 10.20550/jiesekitanronbun.49.0_88

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：公益社団法人 日本工学教育協会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本エネルギー学会  

In this study, the drying of sewage sludge has been done by the mechanical compressing method and the thermal drying method. The mechanical compressing method has a higher efficiency than thermal method from 100% to 50% in the water content. However the thermal drying has higher efficiency than the mechanical method in below 50%. In thermal drying, drying mechanism had been changed at 373K. The activation energy is 27kJ/mol in the range 323-373 K and 16kJ/mol in the range 373-574K.

DOI： 10.20550/jietaikaiyoushi.20.0_324

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本エネルギー学会  

In this study, light gases were produced from biomass tar gasification by using limonite and dolomite, as catalysts. Catalytic gasification was performed in a fixed bed reactor at 600-800℃. Hydrogen yield was increased with temperature increasing among 650-800℃, because the water shift reaction was promoted by catalyst. Hydrogen gas doubled its yield under the limonite and dolomite mixture compared to limonite only.

DOI： 10.20550/jietaikaiyoushi.20.0_66

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本エネルギー学会  

In this study, the combustion and pyrolosis of brown coals and mushroom waste have been done. Combustion/ pyrolysis rate and emission of hydrocarbon component had been investigated. As the results, activation energy is 900 in char combustion step and in volatile combustion step. The emission amount of hydrocarbon components were increased with decreasing oxygen concentration and increasing furnace temperature.

DOI： 10.20550/jietaikaiyoushi.20.0_6

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本エネルギー学会  

Carbon deposition behavior and gasification activity of a Ni-Mg/Al_2O_3 catalyst was investigated. The onset of carbon deposition was shifted to higher temperature compared to a conventional Ni/Al_2O_3 catalyst, which meant no deposition occurred in the targeted temperature region. The gasification activity of swine excrement compost was almost the same as the conventional catalyst.

DOI： 10.20550/jietaikaiyoushi.19.0_86

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Publisher：公益社団法人 化学工学会  

DOI： 10.11491/scej.2009f.0.897.0

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Publisher：公益社団法人 化学工学会  

DOI： 10.11491/scej.2009f.0.896.0

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Language：English   Publisher：SOC CHEMICAL ENG JAPAN  

The deactivation mechanism of a commercial Ni/Al2O3 catalyst used during coal volatile decomposition was investigated by transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEMEDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nitrogen adsorption. The existence of carbonous species in the reaction system promoted nickel particle growth during coal volatile decomposition, and subsequent coking from volatile cracking. Throughout the catalyst deactivation tests, coke deposits were observed as encapsulating carbon in the spent catalyst, and nickel particles doubled in size from around 10 to 20 urn. The spent catalyst was regenerated in oxygen at relatively moderate conditions by removing the coke deposits. As a result, the catalyst activity was restored remarkably; 1.7 times the surface area and double pore volume were present in the regenerated catalyst compared to the spent catalyst. Also, the regenerated catalyst showed high activity for coal volatile decomposition. Under catalysis of the regenerated Ni/Al2O3 the tarry material in coal volatile matter could transform much more completely, gaining both high gas yields and high carbon balance.
We also found that methanation is structure sensitive to nickel particles. Under the action of the regenerated catalyst, CO formed during coal volatile decomposition could not be further converted into methane, and the product gases provided a higher CO concentration. Noticeably, tar decomposition was confirmed to be less structure sensitive to the nickel particles than CO-methanation.

DOI： 10.1252/jcej.08we047

Web of Science

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本エネルギー学会  

In the present study, suppression of carbon deposition onto Ni/Al_2O_3 catalysts were investigated by means of addition of co-catalyst Mg. Particularly, the order of the addition of catalytic constituents, Ni and Mg, were studied.

DOI： 10.20550/jiesekitanronbun.45.0_50

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Language：English   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本エネルギー学会  

Low-temperature catalytic gasification for swine compost is developed. The catalytic gasification was conducted in a two-stage quartz fixed bed. Ni loading brown coal (Ni-LY) was prepared and employed as a catalyst for livestock compost tar gasification. The results show that the Ni-LY performed high activity on the swine compost tar decomposition. Light product gases were gained at catalytic temperatures of 450, 550 and 650℃. Steam gasification of the tar was catalyzed resulting in hydrogen gas yield increase by approximately 2 times.

DOI： 10.20550/jiebiomassronbun.3.0_52

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本エネルギー学会  

In the low-temperature biomass gasification, deactivation of the catalyst by carbon deposition is a serious problem due to the cost. In this study, we conducted a study on the carbon deposition onto Ni-supported coal catalyst from several model organic compounds to observe the difference in the carbon deposition behavior from that of a commercial Ni/Al_2O_3 catalyst.

DOI： 10.20550/jiesekitanronbun.45.0_70

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Language：English  

Basic research on fuel gas production from nascent coal volatiles was conducted in a two-stage fixed-bed reactor. The volatiles from coal carbonization decomposed in the reactor. Indonesian natural limonite ore dramatically promoted coal volatile decomposition at 873-1023 K in ambient pressure and the carbon yields, except in tar, were above 97.8%. We compared these results to experiments without a catalyst. Subsequently, coal tar converted more completely and more than twice the amount of methane-rich product gases were obtained using the limonite catalyst. In addition, catalyst sulphur poisoning was scarcely observed in the H2S-H2-N2 (H2S/H2: 0.002-0.004) system at 923 K. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.fuel.2006.10.024

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本エネルギー学会  

In the low-temperature biomass gasification, deactivation of the catalyst by carbon deposition is a serious problem due to the cost. In this study, we conducted a study on the carbon deposition onto Ni/Al_2O_3 catalyst from C_6-hydrocarbon as model compound to observe the differences in the carbon deposition behavior and in the forms of the deposits.

DOI： 10.20550/jiesekitanronbun.44.0_94

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本エネルギー学会  

Brown coal has many oxygen-containing functional groups such as carboxyl groups and it is ion-exchangeable with metal. We prepared Ni ion-exchanged brown coal with mixture of swine wastewater and waste liquid from electroless nickel plating, and examined the activity for tar decomposition.

DOI： 10.20550/jiesekitanronbun.44.0_34

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：公益社団法人 化学工学会  

DOI： 10.11491/scej.2007.0.155.0

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本エネルギー学会  

DOI： 10.20550/jietaikaiyoushi.16.0_148

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Language：English   Publisher：SOC CHEMICAL ENG JAPAN  

Conversion of hot coke oven gas (COG, containing tarry material) into light fuel gas over a Ni/Al2O3 catalyst was studied. Laboratory scale tests were carried out in a two-stage fixed-bed reactor at ambient pressure. The nickel catalyst promoted the hydropyrolysis reaction of tarry materials. High yields of total product gas and methane were obtained at high hydrogen concentrations. If the hydrogen supply was adequate for hydropyrolysis of the tarry material, conversion of coal volatiles was high, at more than 95% on carbon balance, even with a gas residence time as short as 0.15 s in the catalyst bed. The product gas yield depended on catalytic temperature. At 923 K, the maximum conversion of coal volatiles into the light gas was achieved at 95.0% on carbon balance, with methane 86.7 vol% of the carbonaceous gas product. Although carbon deposits deactivated the catalyst after a long period of use, the catalyst could be regenerated by treatment with oxygen at 800 K, providing high activity in subsequent decomposition of tarry material. The influence of sulphide on the tarry material decomposition reaction was small even in a 2000 ppm H2S atmosphere.

DOI： 10.1252/jcej.39.461

Web of Science

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本エネルギー学会  

Two kinds of biomass samples, chicken feces compost and cypress, were employed for pyrolysis in our study. Experiments were carried out in a two-stage fixed-bed reactor. The biomass sample was pyrolyzed in the first stage, and the biomass tar from biomass pyrolysis flowed into another stage with the feed gas for catalytic decomposition and steam-reforming. A Ni-loading brown coal and a commercial catalyst Ni/Al_2O_3 were used as catalysts. Both of the catalysts promoted the biomass tar complete conversion into gas products even at a low reaction temperature of 500℃. Comparing with the case of pyrolysis, yields of hydrogen and carbon monoxide gases showed a remarkable increase in the steam-reforming reactions.

DOI： 10.20550/jiesekitanronbun.43.0_67

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Language：English   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本エネルギー学会  

Catalytic behaviour of iron-based catalysts on hydropyrolysis of nascent coal tar was studied using a two-stage fixed-bed reactor in ambient pressure. An Indonesian natural limonite ore was mainly employed as a representative iron catalyst at a temperature from 873K to 1023K and in 50 vol. % hydrogen atmosphere. The limonite catalyst exhibited a great activity on coal volatile methanation that methane concentration in carbonaceous gas product was achieved higher than 60% in volume and tarry material was converted almost completely. Comparing with two other iron-containing catalysts, Fe/Al_2O_3 and bof dust, limonite with a high specific surface area showed a high catalytic activity on tarry material hydropyrolysis. The influence of sulphur poisoning on the limonite catalyst was small. Carbonaceous gas products obtained in a 2000ppm H_2S atmosphere with limonite were still up to twice the total gas yield and twice methane yield (in moles) of those without catalyst at 923K.

DOI： 10.20550/jiesekitanronbun.42.0_93

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本エネルギー学会  

In this study, it was investigated to use of Ni ion-exchanged brown coal as a catalyst for efficient biomass gasification. Using Ni ion-exchanged brown coal, tarry material produced by pyrolysis of biomass was easily decomposed at relatively lower temperature like as 550 and 650C, and the product gas yields were increased.

DOI： 10.20550/jiesekitanronbun.41.0_119

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本エネルギー学会  

The decomposition of tarry material included in COG to produce light gas was studied in this study. Ni/Al_2O_3, Fe (limonite) particle catalysts and Ni/Al_2O_3 honeycomb catalyst were employed. Catalyst bed temperature was controlled between 600℃ to 900℃. Although the activity of Fe catalyst was slightly weaker than that of Ni catalyst, tarry material completely converted into gaseous production under Fe catalyst. Both Ni and Fe catalyst had great activities on tarry material decomposition. Ni/Al_2O_3 honeycomb catalyst was as active as Ni/Al_2O_3 particle catalyst.

DOI： 10.20550/jiesekitanronbun.41.0_109

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本エネルギー学会  

DOI： 10.20550/jietaikaiyoushi.12.0_68

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