記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Considering the increase in cases of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the use of appropriate animal model of NASH is essential to understand the underlying pathogenesis mechanism. To date, several mice models have been used; however, significant differences in the etiologies and food administered affected the results, with inconsistent conclusions. Therefore, it is necessary to understand these models and their differences to be able to choose appropriate models. Inspired by the fact that mitochondrial (mt)DNA content is changed in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in humans, we investigated the mtDNA copy number in the NASH mice models induced by high-fat diet (HFD) and methionine/choline-deficient diet (MCD) to understand the differences between these models. Megamitochondria were observed in both MCD and HFD groups. However, the MCD group showed significant decrease in liver mtDNA content compared with that in the HFD group. These changes were associated with significant upregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis- and degradation-related genes in MCD model than in HFD model. Thus, stability of mtDNA is associated with the differences between MCD and HFD-induced NASH models often used in studies; these findings could help in choosing appropriate models for studies on NASH.

DOI： 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.03.180

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：(NPO)日本歯周病学会  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

The basal lamina of the villous epithelium in the small intestine has numerous fenestrations, which are produced by leukocytes for their intraepithelial migration. We previously showed that these fenestrations change due to the dynamics of migrating leukocytes in response to dietary conditions and suggested the possibility that this change is related to the regulation of the absorption of large-sized nutrients such as chylomicrons. The present study was, thus, designed to investigate structural changes in basal lamina fenestrations in response to a high-fat diet. The ultrastructure of the intestinal villi in the rat upper jejunum was investigated by electron microscopy of tissue sections in both the normal and the high-fat diet groups, and the fenestrations in the villous epithelium of rat upper jejunum were studied by scanning electron microscopy of osmium macerated/ ultrasonicated tissues. The present study showed that free cells adhering to the fenestrations increased in the upper jejunum two hours after feeding high-fat diet and the size of the fenestrations in this region also increased after feeding high-fat diet for 2 days. This enlargement of fenestrations may play an important role in increasing the efficiency of lipid absorption by facilitating the movement of chylomicrons from the intercellular space to the lamina propria.

DOI： 10.2220/biomedres.40.57

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1016/j.jphs.2018.10.002

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Nature Publishing Group  

Several studies have demonstrated the remarkable properties of microbiota and their metabolites in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases. 10-Hydroxy-cis-12-octadecenoic acid (HYA), a bioactive metabolite generated by probiotic microorganisms during the process of fatty acid metabolism, has been studied for its protective effects against epithelial barrier impairment in the intestines. Herein, we examined the effect of HYA on gingival epithelial barrier function and its possible application for the prevention and treatment of periodontal disease. We found that GPR40, a fatty acid receptor, was expressed on gingival epithelial cells; activation of GPR40 by HYA significantly inhibited barrier impairment induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis, a representative periodontopathic bacterium. The degradation of E-cadherin and beta-catenin, basic components of the epithelial barrier, was prevented in a GPR40-dependent manner in vitro. Oral inoculation of HYA in a mouse experimental periodontitis model suppressed the bacteria-induced degradation of E-cadherin and subsequent inflammatory cytokine production in the gingival tissue. Collectively, these results suggest that HYA exerts a protective function, through GPR40 signaling, against periodontopathic bacteria-induced gingival epithelial barrier impairment and contributes to the suppression of inflammatory responses in periodontal diseases.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-018-27408-y

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Biomedical Research Foundation  

The epithelial basal lamina of the small intestine forms a felt-like sheet at the base of the epithelium. Previous studies have shown that the basal lamina has numerous fenestrations, which are produced by leukocytes penetrating through the basal lamina. In this study, we aimed to directly visualize fenestrations of the rat basal lamina in intestinal villi by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after removal of the villous epithelium by osmium maceration and ultrasonic treatment. Structural changes in fenestrations were then investigated in relation to dietary conditions. SEM of these tissues revealed the presence of fenestrations in the villous epithelial basal lamina in all segments of the small intestine, although the number was the highest in the jejunum. The present study also showed that the number and size of fenestrations increased after feeding in the jejunum, whereas changes were unclear in the ileum. These findings suggested that the basal lamina fenestrations were changed through the dynamics of migrating leukocytes in dietary conditions and may also be related to the regulation of nutrient absorption, particularly as lipids are transported from the intercellular space of the epithelium to the lamina propria.

DOI： 10.2220/biomedres.39.65

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH PRESS LTD  

In the cochlea, a high K+ environment in the endolymph is essential for the maintenance of normal hearing function, and the transport of K+ ions through gap junctions of the cochlear epithelium is thought to play an important role in endolymphatic homeostasis. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the three-dimensional (3D) ultrastructure of spiral ligament root cells and interdental cells, which are located at both ends of the gap junction system of the cochlea epithelium. Serial semi-thin sections of plastic-embedded rat cochlea were mounted on glass slides, stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using the backscattered electron (BSE) mode. 3D reconstruction of BSE images of serial sections revealed that the root cells were linked together to form a branched structure like an elaborate "tree root" in the spiral ligament. The interdental cells were also connected to each other, forming a comb-shaped cellular network with a number of cellular strands in the spiral limbus. Furthermore, TEM studies of ultra-thin sections revealed the rich presence of gap junctions in both root cells and interdental cells. These findings suggest the possibility that both root cells and interdental cells contribute to K+ circulation as the end portion of the epithelial cell gap junction system of the cochlea.

DOI： 10.2220/biomedres.38.239

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Public Library of Science  

Water contamination by heavy metals from industrial activities is a serious environmental concern. To mitigate heavy metal toxicity and to recover heavy metals for recycling, biomaterials used in phytoremediation and bio-sorbent filtration have recently drawn renewed attention. The filamentous protonemal cells of the moss Funaria hygrometrica can hyperaccumulate lead (Pb) up to 74% of their dry weight when exposed to solutions containing divalent Pb. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed that Pb is localized to the cell walls, endoplasmic reticulum-like membrane structures, and chloroplast thylakoids, suggesting that multiple Pb retention mechanisms are operating in living F. hygrometrica. The main Pb-accumulating compartment was the cell wall, and prepared cell-wall fractions could also adsorb Pb. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed that polysaccharides composed of polygalacturonic acid and cellulose probably serve as the most effective Pb-binding components. The adsorption abilities were retained throughout a wide range of pH values, and bound Pb was not desorbed under conditions of high ionic strength. In addition, the moss is highly tolerant to Pb. These results suggest that the moss F. hygrometrica could be a useful tool for the mitigation of Pb-toxicity in wastewater.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0189726

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

To clarify the contribution of Ca to the gravitropic response, quantitative X-ray microanalyses were performed on cryosections of roots of soybean seedlings reoriented horizontally from their original vertical orientation. After reorientation, the roots bent gradually toward the ground at the elongation zone. The concentrations of Ca in the cell walls, cytoplasmic matrices and central vacuoles of cortical cells were measured in the upper and lower halves of the elongation zone at 0, 30, 60 and 120 min after reorientation. The Ca concentration did not significantly change in the cytoplasmic matrices or vacuoles. Additionally, the Ca concentration did not change significantly in cell walls at 30 min after reorientation; however, beyond 30 min, this concentration significantly increased gradually in the lower half of the elongation zone and decreased in the upper half of the elongation zone, indicating a typical asymmetrical distribution of Ca. These results suggest that Ca moves apoplastically in soybean roots to produce an asymmetrical Ca distribution in the elongation zone, which contributes to root curvature. The possible role of Ca in accelerating or repressing the effect of auxin is also discussed in this study.

DOI： 10.1093/jmicro/dfv031

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER GMBH, URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG  

The effect of a high concentration of NaCl on the intra- (cytoplasmic matrix and vacuole) and extracellular (cell wall) distribution of Na, Cl, K, Mg, Ca, S, and P was investigated in suspension-cultured cells of the mangrove halophyte Sonneratia alba and compared to cultured cells of glycophytic rice (Oryza sativa). No significant differences were observed in ultrastructural features of cluster cells of both species cultured with and without 50mM NaCl. Quantitative X-ray microanalysis of cryosections of the cells cultured in the presence of 50mM NaCl showed that the Na concentration ([Na]) and Cl concentration ([Cl]) significantly increased in all three cell components measured. In S. alba, the [Na] was highest in the vacuole and lowest in the cytoplasmic matrix, while the [Cl] was highest in the cell wall and lowest in the cytoplasmic matrix. In O. sativa, however, the [Na] and [Cl] were highest in the cell wall, and the [Na] was lowest in the cytoplasmic matrix. Thus, the possible activities for Na and Cl transport from the cytoplasmic matrix into the vacuole were greater in S. alba than in O. sativa, suggesting that halophilic mangrove cells gain salt tolerance by transporting Na and Cl into their vacuoles. In O. sativa, the addition of NaCl to the culture medium caused no significant changes to the intracellular concentrations of various elements, such as K, P, S, Ca, and Mg, which suggests the absence of a direct relationship with the transport Na and Cl. In contrast, a marked decrease in the Ca concentration ([Ca]) in the cytoplasmic matrix and vacuole and an approximately two-fold increase in the P concentration ([P]) in the cytoplasmic matrix were found in S. alba, suggesting that the decrease in the [Ca] is related to the halophilic nature of S. alba (as indicated by the inward movement of Na(+) and Cl(-)). The possible roles of a Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange mechanism in halophilism and the effect of the [P] on the metabolic activity under saline conditions are discussed.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.06.008

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SPRINGER JAPAN KK  

Various mechanisms are involved in detoxification of heavy metals such as lead (Pb) in plant cells. Most of the Pb taken up by plants accumulates in their roots. However, the detailed properties of Pb complexes in roots remain unclear. We have investigated the properties of Pb deposits in root cell walls of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seedlings grown on glass beads bed containing Pb pellets, which are the source of Pb-contamination in shooting range soils. Pb deposits were tightly bound to cell walls. Cell wall fragments containing about 50,000 ppm Pb were prepared from the roots. After extracting Pb from the cell wall fragments using HCl, Pb ions were recombined with the Pb-extracted cell wall fragments in a solution containing Pb acetate. When the cell wall fragments were treated with pectinase (E.C. 3.2.1.15) and were chemically modified with 1-ethyl-3-dimethylamino-propylcarboimide, the Pb-rebinding ability of the treated cell wall fragments decreased. When acid-treated cell wall fragments were incubated in a solution containing Pb(2+) and excess amounts of a chelating agent, Pb recombined with the cell wall fragments were measured to estimate the affinity between Pb(2+) and the cell wall fragments. Our data show that Pb(2+) binds to carboxyl groups of cell walls. The source of the carboxyl groups is suggested to be pectic compounds. A stability constant of the Pb-cell wall complex was estimated to be about 10(8). The role of root cell walls in the mechanism underlying heavy metal tolerance was discussed.

DOI： 10.1007/s10265-012-0494-6

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

The columella cells of soybean roots grown under gravity and simulated microgravity induced by a clinostat were examined using potassium pyroantimonate (PA) and quantitative X-ray microanalysis of cryosections to determine the role of Ca in the regulation of the gravitropic response. Amyloplasts in the columella cells were localized exclusively at the bottom under gravity, but diffusely distributed in the cytoplasmic matrix under simulated microgravity, thus supporting the statolith theory. In the columella cells, PA precipitates containing Ca were diffusely distributed in the cytoplasmic matrix under gravity. Under simulated microgravity, however, they decreased in number and size in the cytoplasmic matrix, whereas increased only in number in the vacuole, indicating that Ca moved from the cytoplasmic matrix into the vacuole. The vacuole of columella cells contained mostly electron-dense granular structures localized along the inner surface of tonoplasts, which closely resembled the tannin vacuole reported in Mimosa pulvinar motor cells. Under simulated microgravity, their configuration changed dramatically from a granular shape to a flat plate. The quantitative X-ray microanalysis of cryosections showed that the vacuolar electron-dense structures contained a large amount of Ca. Under simulated microgravity, the concentration of Ca increased conspicuously in these vacuolar electron-dense structures, concomitantly with a marked decrease of K in the vacuoles and an increase of K in the cell walls. These results suggest that the release of Ca(2+) from, and uptake by, the vacuolar electron-dense structures is closely related to the signal transmission in the gravitropic response and that Ca movement occurs opposite to that of K.

DOI： 10.1093/jmicro/dfr095

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