Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) causes dementia and gait disturbance due to arteriopathy. Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL) is a hereditary form of CSVD caused by loss of high-temperature requirement A1 (HTRA1) serine protease activity. In CARASIL, arteriopathy causes intimal thickening, smooth muscle cell (SMC) degeneration, elastic lamina splitting, and vasodilation. The molecular mechanisms were proposed to involve the accumulation of matrisome proteins as substrates or abnormalities in transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling. Here, we show that HTRA1-/- mice exhibited features of CARASIL-associated arteriopathy: intimal thickening, abnormal elastic lamina, and vasodilation. In addition, the mice exhibited reduced distensibility of the cerebral arteries and blood flow in the cerebral cortex. In the thickened intima, matrisome proteins, including the hub protein fibronectin (FN) and latent TGF-β binding protein 4 (LTBP-4), which are substrates of HTRA1, accumulated. Candesartan treatment alleviated matrisome protein accumulation and normalized the vascular distensibility and cerebral blood flow. Furthermore, candesartan reduced the mRNA expression of Fn1, Ltbp-4, and Adamtsl2, which are involved in forming the extracellular matrix network. Our results indicate that these accumulated matrisome proteins may be potential therapeutic targets for arteriopathy in CARASIL.

DOI： 10.1172/JCI140555

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Frontiers Media S.A.  

In the original article, there were mistakes in Figures 1 and 3 as published. The multiplier of the unit for protease activity was incorrect. The correct value is 10 to the third power. The corrected Figures 1 and 3 appear below. The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.

DOI： 10.3389/fneur.2021.756038

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Lipohyalinosis is an important concept in the independence of lacunar stroke; however, its role has been overemphasized and has led to much confusion in the understanding of lacunar stroke. Classical lipohyalinosis has declined following the widespread availability of antihypertensive therapy, and lacunar stroke secondary to age-related hyaline atherosclerosis is more commonly observed in clinical practice. Clinically diagnosed lacunar stroke is associated with several etiopathogenetic contributors. Excluding cardiogenic embolism, lacunar stroke can be categorized based on the detection of an atheroma. Atheroma imaging is possible in recent years, and strokes that are not associated with an atheroma are shown to present with deep white matter hyperintensity on MRI. Additionally, risk gene analysis has confirmed a group of risk genes associated with the extracellular matrix in lacunar stroke with white matter hyperintensity on MRI. These findings suggest the role of a variety of etiopathogenetic mechanisms underlying lacunar stroke and that lacunar stroke with deep white matter hyperintensity on MRI may be attributable to unique pathogenetic contributors. This group is known to be strongly associated with genetic contributors. Hopefully, lacunar stroke will be diagnosed from this perspective with the development of interventional strategies tailored to the pathogenesis of this condition.

DOI： 10.11477/mf.1416201876

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DOI： 10.1186/s40478-021-01217-3

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Language：English  

DOI： 10.1186/s40478-021-01202-w

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(株)羊土社  

ポリグルタミン病(polyQ病)は、原因遺伝子のエキソン内に存在するCAGリピートの異常伸長により、伸長polyQ鎖を含む変異タンパク質が神経細胞内で凝集する疾患群である。これまで、polyQ病への治療は対症療法によるところが大きかった。しかし、近年の精力的な遺伝子治療研究への取り組みにより、polyQ病に対しても、進行抑制や発症予防につながるような治療アプローチが試みられ、すでにヒトでの臨床試験が行われているものもある。ここでは、アンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドとCRISPR/Cas9システムを中心に、最近のpolyQ病に対する遺伝子治療研究の動向を概説する。(著者抄録)

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

It is increasingly becoming apparent that cerebrovascular dysfunction contributes to the pathogenic processes involved in vascular dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and other neurodegenerative disorders. Under these pathologic conditions, the degeneration of cerebral blood vessels is frequently accompanied by a loss of mural cells from the vascular walls. Vascular mural cells play pivotal roles in cerebrovascular functions, such as regulation of cerebral blood flow and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Therefore, cerebrovascular mural cell impairment is involved in the pathophysiology of vascular-related encephalopathies, and protecting these cells is essential for maintaining brain health. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying mural cell abnormalities is incomplete. Several reports have indicated that dysregulated transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling is involved in the development of cerebral arteriopathies. These studies have specifically suggested the involvement of TGFβ overproduction. Although cerebrovascular toxicity via vascular fibrosis by extracellular matrix accumulation or amyloid deposition is known to occur with enhanced TGFβ production, whether increased TGFβ results in the degeneration of vascular mural cells in vivo remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated that chronic TGFβ1 overproduction causes a dropout of mural cells and reduces their coverage on cerebral vessels in both smooth muscle cells and pericytes. Mural cell degeneration was also accompanied by vascular luminal dilation. TGFβ1 overproduction in astrocytes significantly increased TGFβ1 content in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and increased TGFβ signaling-regulated gene expression in both pial arteries and brain capillaries. These results indicate that TGFβ is an important effector that mediates mural cell abnormalities under pathological conditions related to cerebral arteriopathies.

DOI： 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00151

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Korean Movement Disorder Society  

DOI： 10.14802/jmd.19061

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Other Link： http://e-jmd.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.14802/jmd.19061

Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本神経学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(株)中外医学社  

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Societas Neurologica Japonica  

DOI： 10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-001272

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier BV  

DOI： 10.1016/j.prdoa.2019.11.002

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Background: Mutations in the high-temperature requirement A serine peptidase 1 (HTRA1) cause cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL). Most carriers for HTRA1 mutations are asymptomatic, but more than 10 mutations have been reported in symptomatic carriers. The molecular differences between the mutations identified in symptomatic carriers and mutations identified only in CARASIL patients are unclear. HTRA1 is a serine protease that forms homotrimers, with each HTRA1 subunit activating the adjacent HTRA1 via the sensor domain of loop 3 (L3) and the activation domain of loop D (LD). Previously, we analyzed four HTRA1 mutant proteins identified in symptomatic carriers and found that they were unable to form trimers or had mutations in the LD or L3 domain. The mutant HTRA1s with these properties are presumed to inhibit trimer-dependent activation cascade. Indeed, these mutant HTRA1s inhibited wild-type (WT) protease activity. In this study, we further analyzed 15 missense HTRA1s to clarify the molecular character of mutant HTRA1s identified in symptomatic carriers. Methods: We analyzed 12 missense HTRA1s identified in symptomatic carriers (hetero-HTRA1) and three missense HTRA1s found only in CARASIL (CARASIL-HTRA1). The protease activity of the purified recombinant mutant HTRA1s was measured using fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled casein as substrate. Oligomeric structure was evaluated by size-exclusion chromatography. The protease activities of mixtures of WT with each mutant HTRA1 were also measured. Results: Five hetero-HTRA1s had normal protease activity and were excluded from further analysis. Four of the seven hetero-HTRA1s and one of the three CARASIL-HTRA1s were unable to form trimers. The other three hetero-HTRA1s had mutations in the LD domain. Together with our previous work, 10 of 11 hetero-HTRA1s and two of six CARASIL-HTRA1s were either defective in trimerization or had mutations in the LD or L3 domain (P = 0.006). By contrast, eight of 11 hetero-HTRA1s and two of six CARASIL-HTRA1 inhibited WT protease activity (P = 0.162). Conclusions: HTRA1 mutations identified in symptomatic carriers have the property of interfering the trimer-dependent activation cascade of HTRA1.

DOI： 10.3389/fneur.2019.00693

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本神経学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Movement Disorder Society of Japan (MDSJ)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Societas Neurologica Japonica  

A 42-year-old woman with bronchial asthma was admitted to our hospital due to sensory dominant mononeuritis multiplex lasting for more than 6 months. At that time, her eosinophil count was 761/μl and her sural nerve biopsy showed no findings suggestive of vasculitis. Four months later, she experienced sudden convulsions and right hemiparesis due to left lobular parietal subcortical hemorrhage, when her eosinophil count was elevated to 3,257/μl. Numerous microbleeds and small infarctions were also detected in the intracerebral areas of different regions with MRI. Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) is a systemic necrotizing vasculitis of the small vessels, commonly affecting the peripheral nerves. Subarachnoid hemorrhage in patients with EGPA is extremely rare. Steep elevation of the eosinophil count may release certain cytokines, causing cerebral hemorrhage.

DOI： 10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-001188

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Movement Disorder Society of Japan (MDSJ)  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本神経免疫学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本神経免疫学会  

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