Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.20584/neuropsychology.17171

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Public Library of Science (PLoS)  

Background

Understanding typical gait development is critical in developing suitable physical therapy methods for gait disorders. This study investigated the developmental changes and controlling mechanisms of straight gait.

Methods

We conducted an experimental procedure among 90 participants, including 76 typically developing children and 14 healthy adults. The children were divided according to age into 3–4, 5–6, 7–8, and 9-10-year age groups. We created two indices to quantify straight gait using the extrapolated center of mass (XCOM; goal index, XCOM_G and actual progress index, XCOM_P), which were calculated and compared between the groups. Stepwise multiple regression was used to examine the effects of each gait variable on XCOM_G and XCOM_P. To eliminate the effects of multicollinearity, correlation coefficients were calculated for all gait variables.

Results

Both XCOM_G and XCOM_P decreased gradually with age and were significantly larger in the 3–4 and 5–6 year groups than in the adult group. Multiple regression analysis showed that step velocity, step width, and the coefficiente of variation (CV) of the step width had independent coefficients of variation for the XCOM_G, and the symmetry index of step time, step width, and the CV of the step width had independent CV for the XCOM_P. These variables were selected as significant variables. The results showed that meandering gait was more pronounced at younger ages. Furthermore, straight gait observed in adulthood was achieved by the age of 7.

Conclusion

Pace (step velocity) and stability (step width and CV of step width) may contribute to XCOM_G, which assesses the ability to proceed in the direction of the target. Stability and symmetry may contribute to XCOM_P, which assesses the ability to walk straight in one’s own direction of progress. Physical therapists could apply these indices in children to assess their ability to walk straight.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0281037

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier BV  

DOI： 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136344

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Frontiers Media SA  

Knowledge about the developmental process of dynamic balance control comprised of upper arms and upper legs coordination and trunk and pelvis twist coordination is important to advance effective balance assessment for abnormal development. However, the mechanisms of these coordination and stability control during gait in childhood are unknown.This study examined the development of dynamic postural stability, upper arm and upper leg coordination, and trunk and pelvic twist coordination during gait, and investigated the potential mechanisms integrating the central nervous system with inter-limb coordination and trunk and pelvic twist coordination to control extrapolated center of the body mass (XCOM). This study included 77 healthy children aged 3–10 years and 15 young adults. The child cohort was divided into four groups by age: 3–4, 5–6, 7–8, and 9–10 years. Participants walked barefoot at a self-selected walking speed along an 8 m walkway. A three-dimensional motion capture system was used for calculating the XCOM, the spatial margin of stability (MoS), and phase coupling movements of the upper arms, upper legs, trunk, and pelvic segments. MoS in the mediolateral axis was significantly higher in the young adults than in all children groups. Contralateral coordination (ipsilateral upper arm and contralateral upper leg combination) gradually changed to an in-phase pattern with increasing age until age 9 years. Significant correlations of XCOM_ML with contralateral coordination and with trunk and pelvic twist coordination (trunk/pelvis coordination) were found. Significant correlations between contralateral coordination and trunk/pelvis coordination were observed only in the 5–6 years and at 7–8 years groups.Dynamic postural stability during gait was not fully mature at age 10. XCOM control is associated with the development of contralateral coordination and trunk and pelvic twist coordination. The closer to in-phase pattern of contralateral upper limb coordination improved the XCOM fluctuations. Conversely, the out-of-phase pattern (about 90 degrees) of the trunk/pelvis coordination increased theXCOM fluctuation. Additionally, a different control strategy was used among children 3–8 years of age and individuals over 9 years of age, which suggests that 3–4-year-old children showed a disorderly coordination strategy between limb swing and torso movement, and in children 5–8 years of age, limb swing depended on trunk/pelvis coordination.

DOI： 10.3389/fnhum.2021.740509

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier BV  

DOI： 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147536

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Frontiers Media SA  

<sec><title>Background</title>Effective training of the backward step response could be beneficial to improve postural stability and prevent falls. Unpredicted perturbation-based balance training (PBT), widely known as compensatory-step training, may enhance the fear of falling and the patterns of postural muscle co-contraction. Contrastingly, PBT with predictable direction or both direction and timing would suppress the fear and the co-contraction patterns during training, but the efficacy of predictable PBT for unpredictable perturbations is still unknown.

</sec><sec><title>Objective</title>To compare the adaptation effects of compensatory-step training with and without predictable perturbations on backward stepping against unpredictable perturbations.

</sec><sec><title>Methods</title>Thirty-three healthy young adults were randomly assigned to one of the following step training groups: Unpredicted, Predicted, and Self-initiated. In training sessions, participants were perturbed to induce a compensatory step with (Predicted group) or without (Unpredicted group) knowledge of the perturbation’s direction or while knowing both the direction and timing of the perturbation (Self-initiated group). In test sessions (pre- and post-training), participants were instructed to recover their postural stability in response to an unpredicted perturbation. The margin of stability (MOS), center of mass (COM) shift, and step characteristics were measured during a backward step in both test and training sessions.

</sec><sec><title>Results</title>All three groups showed a significant increase in the step length and velocity in the post-training sessions compared to those in the pre-training sessions. Moreover, in the Unpredicted and Predicted groups, but not in the Self-initiated group, the MOS at step contact was significantly increased following the training session. In addition, the Self-initiated group showed a significant increase in COM shift at 50 ms after slip onset during training compared to the Unpredicted and Predicted groups.

</sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title>Unpredicted and predicted PBT improve step characteristics during backward stepping against unpredictable perturbations. Moreover, the unpredictable PBT and PBT with direction-predictable perturbations enhance the feedback postural control reflected as the postural stability at step contact.

</sec>

DOI： 10.3389/fnhum.2021.674960

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Biomedical Research Press  

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). This study examined the effect of specific inhibition of α5 subunit-containing GABAA receptors (α5GABAAR) on the behavioral profile and neuronal activity of the CNS using a compound called L-655,708, which is a selective negative allosteric modulator of α5GABAAR. L-655,708 administration significantly increased locomotor activity without anxiety-related behavior. Furthermore, L-655,708 administration significantly increased c-Fos mRNA expression (a neuronal activity marker) in motor area of the cerebral cortex, whereas it hardly altered c-Fos mRNA expression in the sensory cortex, hippocampus, and spinal cord. This study revealed for the first time that alteration of neuronal activity with specific inhibition of α5GABAAR differs depending on each CNS region. α5GABAAR could be a potential target for modulating CNS excitability and behavioral activity.

DOI： 10.2220/biomedres.42.103

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier BV  

DOI： 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135864

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Exercise is recognized to increase the expression of neurotrophic genes in the hippocampus and prevent cognitive impairment. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor acetylate histones and enhance gene transcription in epigenetic regulation. HDAC inhibitors are expected to be an efficacious pharmacological treatment for cognitive function. This study aimed to examine the effect of HDAC inhibitors and exercise on epigenetic markers and neurotrophic gene expression in the hippocampus to find a more enriched brain conditioning for cognitive function based on the synergic effects of pharmacological treatment and behavioral therapy. Thirteen-week-old male mice were divided into four groups. Intraperitoneal administration of an HDAC inhibitor (1.2 g/kg sodium butyrate, NaB) and treadmill exercise (approximately 10 m/min for 60 min) were performed 5 days a week for 4 weeks. NaB administration increased the expression of an immediate-early gene, a neurotrophin, and a neurotrophin receptor in the hippocampus. These results indicate that HDAC inhibition could present an enriched platform for neuronal plasticity in the hippocampus and cognitive function. The novel object recognition test showed that NaB administration increased the score. Notably, the step-through passive avoidance test showed improved learning and memory in the presence of exercise and exercise, indicating that the mice acquired fear memory, specifically in the presence of NaB administration plus exercise. This study found that repetitive administration of HDAC inhibitors improved cognitive function and HDAC inhibitor administration plus exercise has a synergic effect on learning and memory, accompanying the enhancement of crucial gene transcriptions for neuronal plasticity in the hippocampus.

DOI： 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135749

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

This study aimed to analyze the development of direction specificities of temporal and spatial control and the coordination pattern of anticipatory postural adjustment (APA) along the anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) directions during gait initiation (GI) in children aged 3-10 years. This study included 72 healthy children aged 3-10 years and 14 young adults. The child population was divided into four groups by age: 3-4, 5-6, 7-8, and 9-10 years. The GI task included GI using the dominant limb. The peak center of feet pressure (COP) shifts during APAs (APApeak), initiation time of COP shifts (APAonset), and the COP vectors in the horizontal plane were calculated to evaluate the direction specificity of spatial, temporal, and coordination control, respectively. A difference in direction specificity development was found for the APApeak. The APApeak in the mediolateral axis, but not in the anteroposterior axis, was significantly higher in the 7-8 years age group than in other groups. Although APAonset was not found for direction specificity, a significant difference between the adult and children groups (5-6 years, 7-8 years, and 9-10 years) was observed in the direction of the COP vector. In conclusion, the developmental process of the spatial, temporal, and coordination control of APAs during GI varied with age. Furthermore, the spatial control and coordination pattern of APAs was found to be direction specific. All components of APAs, namely temporal and spatial control, coordination pattern, and direction specificities, should be analyzed to capture the developmental process of anticipatory postural control.

DOI： 10.1016/j.humov.2020.102736

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The objective of this study was to examine the effect of epigenetic treatment using an histone deacetylases (HDAC) inhibitor in addition to aerobic exercise on the epigenetic markers and neurotrophic gene expressions in the motor cortex, to find a more enriched brain pre-conditioning for motor learning in neurorehabilitation. ICR mice were divided into four groups based on two factors: HDAC inhibition and exercise. Intraperitoneal administration of an HDAC inhibitor (1.2 g/kg sodium butyrate, NaB) and treadmill exercise (approximately at 10 m/min for 60 min) were conducted five days a week for four weeks. NaB administration inhibited total HDAC activity and enhanced acetylation level of histones specifically in histone H4, accompanying the increase of transcription levels of immediate-early genes (IEGs) (c-fos and Arc) and neurotrophins (BDNF and NT-4) crucial for neuroplasticity in the motor cortex. However, exercise enhanced HDAC activity and acetylation level of histone H4 and H3 without the modification of transcription levels. In addition, there were no synergic effects between HDAC inhibition and the exercise regime on the gene expressions. This study showed that HDAC inhibition could present more enriched condition for neuroplasticity to the motor cortex. However, exercise-induced neurotrophic gene expressions could depend on exercise regimen based on the intensity, the term etc. Therefore, this study has a novelty suggesting that pharmacological HDAC inhibition could be an alternative potent approach to present a neuronal platform with enriched neuroplasticity for motor learning and motor recovery, however, an appropriate exercise regimen is expected in this approach.

DOI： 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147191

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier BV  

DOI： 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105316

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：(公社)日本理学療法士協会  

【目的】本研究の目的は、5つの運動機能領域の側面から、3〜10歳の児の歩行能力の特徴を明らかにすることであった。【方法】3〜10歳の定型発達児76名と14名の若年成人を対象とし、小児群は2歳毎に4群に割りあてた。対象者は、6mの直線歩行路を快適な速度で歩くように指示された。三次元動作解析システムにて、歩幅、歩隔、ステップ速度、ステップ時間、支持脚時間、および遊脚時間を算出した。変動係数とSymmetry Indexも算出した。これら歩行変数を5つの機能領域に分類した(歩調、時間因子、左右対称性、変動性、および安定性)。各変数を年代間で比較した。【結果】歩調、時間、および左右対称性は、7歳から成人と有意差を認めなかった。一方、変動性と安定性は、全小児群と成人群に有意差を認めた。【結論】成人の値と同等の値に到達する年齢は変数により異なり、特に歩行の変動性や安定性の領域は発達が遅い。(著者抄録)

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Other Link： https://search-tp.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2020&ichushi_jid=J01747&link_issn=&doc_id=20210115400007&doc_link_id=%2Fcb3physi%2F2020%2F004706%2F007%2F0560-0567%26dl%3D0&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalonline.jp%2Fjamas.php%3FGoodsID%3D%2Fcb3physi%2F2020%2F004706%2F007%2F0560-0567%26dl%3D0&type=MedicalOnline&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00004_2.gif

Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to examine the interactive effects of exercise and low-level inhibition of GABAA receptors on the recovery of motor function and BDNF expression in the primary motor cortex (M1) of a stroke rat model. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups: sham (SHAM), control (CON), exercise (EX), bicuculline (BIC), and bicuculline plus exercise (BICEX) groups. All rats, except those in the SHAM group, underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery to induce an ischemic stroke. GABAA receptor antagonist, bicuculline (0.25 mg/kg, i.p.), was administered to the BIC and BICEX groups. The EX and BICEX groups exercised on a treadmill (11 m/min for 30 min). Each intervention started 3 days after the MCAO surgery and was carried out every day for 2 weeks. Following the intervention, bilateral M1 BDNF mRNA and protein expression levels were assessed using qRT-PCR and ELISA. RESULTS: Marginal recovery was found in the EX and BIC groups, whereas motor function recovery was enhanced with exercise in the presence of BIC administration specifically in the BICEX group. Furthermore, BDNF protein level in the ipsilateral M1 was significantly higher in the BICEX group than in other groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicated that exercise combined with low-level inhibition of GABAA receptors after stroke could facilitate the recovery of motor function accompanied by BDNF upregulation in the ipsilateral M1. Therefore, this study provides a novel insight of pharmacological neuromodulation into stroke rehabilitation.

DOI： 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.01.012

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Exercise increases the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus and beneficially contributes to cognitive function and is accompanied by epigenetic changes. Specifically, the activity levels of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) regulate histone acetylation and modulate gene transcription. The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of an exercise regimen over a long period on the expression of BDNF, tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) and p75, and the activity of HATs and HDACs in the degenerative hippocampus. We used senescence-accelerated mice (SAM), and specifically, 3-month-old SAM resistant 1 (SAMR1) and SAM prone 8 (SAMP8) strains. Mice were distributed into four groups based on accelerated senescence and exercise status. Mice in the exercise groups exercised on a treadmill for 45 min a day, 3 days a week, for 6 months. Exercise significantly increased BDNF expression and decreased the expression of p75 in both SAMR1 and SAMP8. In addition, aging decreased HAT activity, whereas exercise decreased HDAC activity and increased the activity ratio of HAT to HDAC (HAT/HDAC). Therefore, the present study revealed that despite accelerated senescence, exercise up-regulated the expression of BDNF along with decreased the expression of p75, a receptor involved in apoptotic signaling. Furthermore, exercise increased HAT/HDAC, which might beneficially contribute to the transcriptional regulation for degenerative changes in the hippocampus.

DOI： 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.05.031

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Exercise is a primary therapeutic regimen in physical therapy to rehabilitate the motor function of patients with central nervous system (CNS) disorders such as cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Furthermore, exercise positively contributes to cognitive function related to neuroplasticity and neuroprotection in the hippocampus. Neurotrophins play a crucial role in neuroplasticity, neurogenesis, and neuroprotection in the CNS. Exercise enhances the expression of neurotrophins in the brain. Thus, novel regimens for kinesiotherapy in CNS disorders to further enhance exercise-induced expression are expected. In this review, we described three novel regimens for kinesiotherapy in CNS disorders based on the interaction between exercise and pharmacological treatment with the idea of "inhibition of inhibition" in the CNS.

DOI： 10.1298/ptr.R0004

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English  

DOI： 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2524-18.2018

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Aerobic exercise is known to increase expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus and to improve cognitive function. The inhibition of GABAergic synapses enhances hippocampal plasticity as well as learning and memory. The objective of the present study was to examine the interactive effect of low-level GABAA receptor inhibition and exercise on behavior tests (cognitive function and locomotor activity), expression of BDNF and epigenetic regulations including the activity levels of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) in the hippocampus. ICR mice were divided into two groups: those who did not participate in exercise and those who participated in exercise. Each group was subdivided into two other groups: the one who received vehicle and the one who received GABAA receptor antagonist, bicucullin. We administered saline or bicuculline intraperitoneally to the mice at a non-epileptic dose of 0.25 mg/kg, whereas the mice were exercised on a treadmill for approximately 1 h a day, 5 days a week for 4 weeks. Novel-object recognition test and locomotor activity were assessed at a rest day approximately 4 days before the euthanasia. The mice were euthanized 4 h after the last exercise session. Aerobic exercise for 4 weeks increased mRNA and protein expression of BDNF in the hippocampus, accompanied by enhanced HAT activity. Alternatively, bicuculline administration increased HDAC activity in the hippocampus. Furthermore, exercise in the presence of bicuculline administration increased locomotor activity, indicating that exercise combined with low-level GABAA receptor inhibition potentiated the activity of the mice. Altogether, the present study suggested that exercise beneficially contributes to neuroprotection in the hippocampus accompanied by the up-regulation of BDNF expression and epigenetic regulation, whereas the chronic inhibition of GABAA receptor potentiates exercise-induced behavioral activity.

DOI： 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.07.009

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English  

Objectives Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays important roles in neuroplasticity in the brain. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of long-term exercise combined with low-level inhibition of GABAergic synapses on motor control and the expression of BDNF in the motor-related cortex. Methods ICR mice were divided into four groups based on the factors exercise and GABAA receptor inhibition. We administered the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline intraperitoneally (0.25 mg/kg). Mice exercised on a treadmill 5 days/week for 4 weeks. Following behavioral tests, BDNF expression in the motor cortex and cerebellar cortex was assayed using RT-PCR and ELISA. Results Exercise increased BDNF protein in the motor cortex and improved motor coordination in the rotarod test either in the presence or absence of bicuculline. BDNF mRNA expression in the motor cortex and muscle coordination in the wire hang test decreased after administration of bicuculline, whereas bicuculline administration increased mRNA and protein expression of BDNF in the cerebellum. Discussion The present study revealed that long-term exercise increased BDNF expression in the motor cortex and facilitated a transfer of motor learning from aerobic exercise to postural coordination. Thus, aerobic exercise is meaningful for conditioning motor learning to rehabilitate patients with central nervous system (CNS) disorders. However, long-term inhibition of GABAA receptors decreased the expression of cortical BDNF mRNA and decreased muscle coordination, despite the increase of BDNF in the cerebellum, suggesting that we have to consider the term of the inhibition of the GABAergic receptor for future clinical application to CNS patients.

DOI： 10.1080/01616412.2017.1382801

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)   Publisher：公益社団法人 日本理学療法士協会  

DOI： 10.14900/cjpt.47s1.e-12_1

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)   Publisher：公益社団法人 日本理学療法士協会  

<p>【はじめに、目的】予測的姿勢調節 (APAs) の発達が，立位・歩行の獲得に重要である (Fits et al., 1999). APAsは，皮質下領域が関与する. 補足運動野 (SMA) は，APAsの潜時の調節に関与し，SMAの障害によりAPAsの持続時間が短縮する (Jacobs et al., 2009)．一方，小脳の障害は，APAsの振幅および筋活動パターンの調節を阻害する (Richard et al., 2017)．APAsの足圧中心 (COP) の偏移量は，10歳までに成熟するが (Hay and Redon, 1999)，潜時は10歳でも成熟しないことが示唆されている (Palluel et al., 2008)．ゆえに，APAsの潜時と振幅の調節は，発達過程が異なることが示唆される．APAsの目的は，体重心 (COM) の加速度を産生することであるため，COMとCOPの位置関係 (COP－COM間距離) から分析することが重要である．本研究の目的は，片脚立位動作時のAPAsの潜時と振幅の調節の発達過程を明らかにすることであった．</p><p>【方法】3-10歳の48名の定型発達児と11名の健常若年成人 (23.3±2.7歳) を対象とした．48名の児は，2歳毎に4群に区分した (3-4歳群：11名，5-6歳群：15名，7-8歳群：12名，9-10歳群：10名)．足幅を両上前腸骨棘間距離，上肢を体側に下垂した両脚立位を初期姿勢とした．対象者は，3秒以上の両脚立位の後，片脚立位を開始した．3回実施した．三次元動作解析システムと2枚の床反力計を同期させ，COMとCOPを算出した．APAsの開始のタイミング (APA_onset) は，COPが安静時から2倍の標準偏差を超えて遊脚側へ偏移した時点とした．APAsの終了 (T₁) は，COPがCOMを支持脚側へ追い越した時点とし，APA_onsetからT₁までをAPAs相とした．COP－COM間距離を両上前腸骨棘間で正規化し (%ASIS)，APAs相の力積 [%ASIS*秒] と単位時間あたりの力積を算出した．群間比較に一元配置分散分析を使用し，多重比較にはTukey法を用いた．危険率は5％とした．</p><p>【結果】APA_onset，力積，および単位時間あたりの力積いずれも群間の有意差が認められた．APA_onsetは，小児の全群において成人群よりも有意に遅かった (<i>p</i> < 0.05)．力積は，7-8歳群が，3-4歳群よりも有意に大きかった (<i>p</i> < 0.05)．7-8歳群，9-10歳群，成人群との間には有意差は認められなかった．単位時間あたりの力積は，7-8歳群が，3-4歳群と成人群よりも有意に大きかった (<i>p</i> < 0.05)．</p><p>【考察】APAsの潜時の調節は，振幅の調節よりも遅いことが示された．これは，16歳でもSMAや基底核が未成熟であることに起因していることが示唆される (Sowell et al., 1999)．7-8歳群は，COMの加速度を成人同等に高めるために，APAsの潜時の短縮に対し，大きなCOP－COM間距離を産生していることが示唆される．APAsを評価するためには，「予測的時間調節」と「予測的筋出力調節」の観点から両方とも分析することが重要となる．</p><p>【結論】APAsの潜時と振幅の調節の発達は異なる．片脚立位動作時のAPAsによる振幅の調節は8歳までに成熟する．一方，APAsの潜時の調節は10歳でも成人同等の調節が獲得されていない．</p><p>【倫理的配慮，説明と同意】研究に参加した全ての対象者，および対象者の親に研究目的及び手順について十分に説明し，インフォームドコンセントおよびインフォームドアセントを得てから，書面にて同意を得た．実験で得られたデータは研究活動のみで使用し，学会や論文発表などにおいて公表する場合には，個人を特定できないように対処しプライバシー保護に配慮する．本研究は所属機関の倫理委員会の承認を得ている (17-11-1, 28-2-52)．</p>

DOI： 10.14900/cjpt.46S1.I-116_1

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Event date： 2020.7 - 2020.8

Language：English   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

Venue：Web  

ePoster, LBA-048

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Event date： 2019.9

Language：English   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

Venue：Tsukuba   Country：Japan  

Poster, P31

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Event date： 2019.8

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：鹿児島   Country：Japan  

若手研究者講演

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Event date： 2019.7

Language：English   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

Venue：Niigata   Country：Japan  

Poster, PA-359

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Event date： 2018.12

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：京都   Country：Japan  

一般口述, O9-1

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Event date： 2018.8

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

Venue：名古屋   Country：Japan  

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Event date： 2018.7

Language：English   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

Venue：Kobe   Country：Japan  

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Event date： 2017.7

Language：English   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

Venue：Sapporo   Country：Japan  

Poster, 1-31

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File： NU_swing-by.pdf

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (public)  

Country：Japan  

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

Venue：広島   Country：Japan  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

Venue：Chicago   Country：United States  

Poster, 368.01/B22

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Award type：Award from international society, conference, symposium, etc. 

Treadmill exercise beneficially contributes to gene expressions relating to synaptic and axonal plasticity in the motor cortex after ischemic stroke in rats

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Country：Japan

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Award type：Award from Japanese society, conference, symposium, etc.  Country：Japan

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Audience： General

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Audience： Schoolchildren

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