Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

This report describes the overseas field survey observing the ambient vibration characteristics of historical construction-style masonry buildings in Nepal. Most of these buildings are categorized as ‘non-engineered’ constructions without the proper structural design and adequate material production management. Micro-tremor measurement was conducted at the 13 historical masonry buildings in Nepal. The first natural frequencies of these buildings were evaluated and these values were compared with the ‘screening model analysis’ results. Moreover, vibration characteristics of every floor of selected 4 buildings and the influence of the out-of-plane vibrations of the masonry walls were also observed.

DOI： 10.3130/aijt.28.685

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DOI： 10.24546/81013269

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The paper deals with the exterior design of townhouses in an urban block of the eastern part of Bhaktapur in Kathmandu Valley registered as a World Cultural Heritage site in 1979. The paper consists of following five steps.<br> 1) First and the most important purpose is to provide analysis method to determine typical combination among exterior design elements of Nepali townhouses. By adopting the Multiple Correspondence Analysis (or Mathematical Quantification Theory Category III is equivalent also) and Cluster Analysis, 118 samples are grouped into 13 clusters.<br> 2) Secondly, in the preceding paper, authors proposed the idea called "eaves types". It was meant to discern the developing process of Nepali townhouses between extension of storeys and total reconstruction. Although we showed the pitched eaves types and flat eaves experience different development, we had not yet reached to describe the concrete facade classification of eaves types. The paper tries to present variation of exterior design of eaves types.<br> 3) Several clusters derived from analysis show different characteristics of facade though sometimes they belong to the same eaves type. For 3F, 4F pitched eaves type and 3F, 4F flat eaves type, the analysis results in finding both traditional sophisticated design and contemporary one. What's more, cluster 8 regarded as one with the most traditional style contains both typical old townhouses and newly rebuilt guesthouse-like ones. This may suggest that recent exterior design of guesthouses are similar to that of traditional townhouses<br> 4) Every cluster properly corresponds to the structure excluded from item-category type data. Clusters with flat eaves correspond chiefly to confined masonry followed by mixed structure with masonry and RCC slabs. As for affected condition by 2015 earthquake, all the three clusters within 3F no eaves type came under the category "partially destroyed".<br> 5) Finally after clustering, all samples were put into the original plots on the map. Facades of townhouses along streets tend to maintain traditional exterior design elements as opposed to the facades inside courtyards, which would normally take on modest external appearance. There are also several variations of facades ranging somewhere between traditional and simple modern exterior design. Townhouses with such marginal designs are scattered along streets, in alleys and inside courtyards.<br> In this way, most of clusters can be related to certain locations in correspondence with their exterior designs. This would help a designer/ planner to reflect how they should compose a proper facade once they get involved in reconstruction works of townhouses after the earthquake.

DOI： 10.3130/aija.84.425

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Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/029495075

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DOI： 10.34382/00009355

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Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/029181184

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DOI： 10.24546/81011583

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The paper deals with the exterior design of town houses both inside and outside monument zone of the eastern part of Bhaktapur in Kathmandu Valley registered as a World Cultural Heritage site in 1979. This paper consists of following four steps.<br> 1) Firstly, authors composed the original format of survey sheet for Nepali town houses. The categories of this sheet are grouped into four items, which are frame, silhouette, part and element, each of which contains more detailed categories. The survey sheet was completely made from scratch with reference to the several important existing researches. The number of samples are 104 buildings inside Monument Zone (core + buffer zone) of World Cultural Heritage and 73 buildings outside Monument Zone. More than 90 % of the total sample buildings are classified as townhouses.<br> 2) Secondly, the paper tries to submit a hypothesis on that either a town house experienced the extension of the upper floors or totally reconstructed during the course of time. Authors propose ‘eaves types’ as the key idea in this hypothesis. Eaves types are classified into 8 types depending on which floor level eaves are attached to. Eaves types are classified into three upper level groupings, i.e. pitched eaves group, flat eaves group and without eaves group. As for structure, pitched eaves group are basically masonry construction as opposed to the RCC construction (confined masonry) or mixed structure (masonry wall + RCC beams, masonry + RCC rooftop) for flat eaves group. In addition, three-storey buildings of without eaves group turned out to be masonry construction and four-storey buildings of the same group chiefly consist of RCC construction. The former eaves type shows similar characteristic to pitched eaves group. So does the latter to flat eaves group.<br> Regarding the relations among eaves types, the paper made an attempt to establish a diagram that explains the transition among important eaves types whether an eaves type is reconstructed or just upper floors are extended.<br> 3) Result of the exterior design survey is primarily compared between inside and outside Monument zone of world cultural heritage. Further analysis is conducted by two levels as needed, i.e. comparison among eaves group and that among eaves types. The items to be examined here are frontage, roof shapes, roofing materials, finishing on the first floor wall, openings on the first floor as well as on the third floor, wood carving, window lattice and cornice between the second and the third floor. The result turned out show distinct characteristics among eaves types or eaves groups that led authors to provisional proof of the hypothesis with eaves types.<br> 4) Eaves types are finally confirmed with the construction period and upper floor extension period. In Nepal, for the past one century, prior to Nepal-Gorkha earthquake in April 2015 earthquake, two devastating earthquakes happened. They are Bihal-Nepal Earthquake in January 1934 and India-Nepal border region earthquake in August 1988. These years are applied to separation of periods for recovery from the disaster was the chances to reconstruct the affected buildings. The result of the comparison of reconstruction/extension periods with eaves types again very well explained the characteristics of each eaves type.

DOI： 10.3130/aija.83.263

DOI： 10.3130/aijt.28.1414_references_DOI_UUTMvGOulhb0S0FAyjtoMoBiHvK

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Authorship：Lead author,　Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

This paper aims to discuss fundamental units forming urban settlement blocks and their development process which demarcate urban fabric with respect to the combination arrangement of urban dwellings types. Bhaktapur is known as one of the historic cities of the World Heritage Site in Kathmandu Valley. The analysis focuses on the house distributions that have common votary areas of the house guardian deity called <i>chetrapatra</i> and the aerial extent of the same surname (<i>thar</i>). Considering these into account, the authors classified urban dwellings into 9 types. We try to submit a hypothesis on the development process of planning type clusters of urban dwellings as fundamental units forming urban settlement blocks.<br> <i>chetrapatra</i> is an iconic ritual artifact made of stone slab carved in a form of eight-pealed lotus, and it is placed in front of a house entrance or in a courtyard. People worship this stone when they go out to the street from their house or a lane. There are also cases when this type of <i>chetrapatra</i> is common to inhabitants who go in and out at the lane. We classify <i>chetrapatras</i> into 7 types based on ownership and locations. The areal extent for worship to <i>chetrapatra</i> is sub-divisions in the areal extent for worship to <i>Ganesh</i> shrine. But they must be owned respectively on either side of the street.<br> The Newar population may be classified into various social status according to the traditional profession, caste, or other form of socio-religious associations. In Bhaktapur, their social status are divided into 3 categories. These are the Macrostatus system, <i>thar</i> and <i>phuki</i>. as proposed by Levy (1990). We conducted survey on the distribution of <i>thar</i> for our analysis to have information of kinship. We found five areal extent of a same <i>thar</i> in the case-study area. They all spread the both side of street but have the different plot depth perpendicular to the street.<br> Next we classify urban dwellings into 9 types whether they have a common <i>chetrapatrs</i> or individual one and their locations, which we call ‘Planning Types of Urban Dwellings’. It should be noted that ‘Courtyard Dwelling Units’ is relatively old compared to the other types of urban dwelling units. In addition, this type has one common <i>chetrapatra</i> shared by all the residences surrounding the same courtyard. <i>chetrapatra</i> is placed in front of the entrance of a ‘Courtyard Dwelling Units’. On the other hand, ‘Detached houses facing the street’ tend to have their own <i>chetrapatra</i>.<br> Finally, we analyze the distribution of ‘Planning Type Clusters of Urban Dwellings’ in the case-study area. The analysis indicated dominant arrangement patterns which are the one that include ‘Courtyard Dwelling Units’ on one side of the street and ‘Detached houses facing the street on the other side. Taking that into account, we found the particular arrangement patterns of ‘Planning Type clusters of Urban Dwellings’ developed across the street. Another important arrangement pattern is the one that ‘Incomplete Courtyard Dwelling Units’ often found on the plot backside of ‘Detached houses facing the street’. We regard them as two important typical cluster types of urban dwelling units. We suggest that the development process of such cluster types underwent 3 stages, giving great influence to the urban development in the earlier period.

DOI： 10.3130/aija.82.2843

DOI： 10.1002/2475-8876.12395_references_DOI_8BgYXeSk2H3zpWdCUHkpHOccrXh

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Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/028612935

Authorship：Lead author,　Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

This paper aims to discuss the areal extent and spatial structure of neighborhood, called <i>tol</i>, which possibly demarcate urban fabric with respect to worship and funeral procedure. Bhaktapur is known as one of the historic cities of the World Heritage Site in Kathmandu Valley. The analysis focuses on the house distributions that have the common votary area of the guardian deities' shrine and the use of the same crossing for funeral procedure.<br> A <i>tol</i> is one of the traditional neighborhood units. But it is not clear how <i>tols</i> are structured and what <i>tols</i> have in common. First, we take a look into the existing studies on origin and outline of a <i>tol</i>, and pay special attention to the following two studies. A research done by Pant (2001) has taken the approach that the key to consider a <i>tol</i> is the areal extent of worship to the guardian deities, <i>ganesh</i>. Another research done by Gutschow (1975) has claimed that the clue to determine <i>tol</i> boundaries is the ways of the Dead to crematories. It consider a <i>tol</i> as equivalent to the areal extent of use of the same <i>chwasa</i> which is a stone found often at the crossings on the way to crematories from the diseased houses.<br> <i>Ganesh</i> is often considered as a guardian deity at various neighborhood levels. That of a <i>tol</i> is called Tol Ganesh. A Tol Ganesh is normally placed on the main square in a <i>tol</i>, except when there is a presence of a more prominent deity of wider importance in the main square. People in the same <i>tol</i> usually worship the same Tol Ganesh. We find out that those living urban dwellings in located on both sides of a street worship to the same Tol Ganesh, but the depth of its areal extent on one side of a street seems shallow than the other side.<br> <i>Chwasa</i> is an aniconic ritual artifact made of a single stone placed on the crossing. Various articles left by the diseased are disposed on the stone as a part of the funeral procedures, for example clothes, umbilical cord or inauspicious belongings of the dead. We found 7 <i>chwasas</i> in the case-study area to the east of Dattatraya square. However the inhabitants in the peripheral part of the old city do not use these <i>chwasas</i> but use the temples or the crematories outside the city area. People living in the midst of the city area after disposing articles of the dead on <i>chvasa</i> also use the temples afterwards.<br> Next we compare the areal extent of worship to Tol Ganesh with that of use of <i>chwasa</i>. Whether or not a <i>ganesh</i> shrine and <i>chwasa</i> are closely placed will determines overlapping extent of both votary areas. However it became clear that the areal extent of use of <i>chwasa</i> have the same character with that of worship to Tol Ganesh in terms of <i>Ryogawa-cho</i> structure explained below and the difference in horizontal depth perpendicular to the street.<br> Finally, our suevey located <i>tol</i> boundaries in the eastern part of Bhaktapur. It turned out that there were 2 types of <i>tol</i> boundaries. i.e. the more common type whose boundaries lying on the backside of houses (<i>Ryogawa-cho</i> type), and the other one with boundaries lying on the street (<i>Katagawa-cho</i> type). Compering these three boundaries, (Tol Ganesh, <i>chwasa</i> and <i>tol</i>), <i>Katagawa-cho</i> type <i>tol</i> boundaries seem to be an exception. But we will try to find particular meaning in them in the next paper on historic urban formation.

DOI： 10.3130/aija.82.93

DOI： 10.3130/aijt.28.1414_references_DOI_SbgXK2NBpWyjup4fczoy4zytwte

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DOI： 10.24546/81011525

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Asuka village in Nara prefecture is designated as one of the special preservation areas for historic landscape since 1960's and is well-known for its richness in historic remains originated from Asuka period. This paper focuses on rural house compounds from six different village sections. Village sections located within the plain area are classified into three groups in terms of village layout, i.e. group 1: clustered village (Okuyama, Kawahara and Noguchi), group 2: linear village along the street with east-west axis (Asuka), group 3: linear village along the street with north-south axis (Oka and Shimasho). Composition of rural house compounds in Asuka village and Nara basin consists of main building, directly attached to the main building (<i>tsunoya</i>) and further attached buildings (<i>huzokuya, hanare</i>). We firstly set up the hypothetical model for the building layout development pattern of house compounds which includes every possible extendable pattern of main and attached buildings. The model was examined by the result of our field research which revealed the fact that dominant development patterns follow the basic rule of traditional Japanese idea of the divination of the auspices of a house from its position and orientation.

DOI： 10.3130/aija.81.675

DOI： 10.3130/aijt.29.1508_references_DOI_ZfEFrVA0mkfckzixKIMaKCUgY3o

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Other Link： https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-15H05225/

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