Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP  

C-60 fullerene derivatives, which are formed by grafting polymer chains on a C-60 fullerene, can improve the solubility of C-60 in solvents. These derivatives are able to composite with various functional polymers to form interpenetrating network gel structures. In this study, a composite gel composed of the C-60 fullerene derivatives and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)(PEDOT) was prepared using a low-temperature organic-solvent process, and its photoelectric properties were evaluated. Furthermore, the poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) radicals were successfully trapped in the fullerene (C-60), which worked as a cross-linking point to yield the C-60-PEG gel. Then, PEDOT was composited with the gel using chemical oxidative polymerization to form the C-60-PEG/PEDOT gel. The structure of the film prepared using this composite material was identified. The C-60-PEG/PEDOT film had an amorphous network structure and the UV response was much higher than that of the C-60-PEG gel. In addition, it was estimated that PEDOT was synthesized inside the C-60-PEG gel and formed nanoscale junctions between C-60 and PEDOT, which was beneficial for the movement of electrons and holes. The photocurrent was observed by irradiating the C-60-PEG/PEDOT gel electrode with UV or simulated sunlight. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) was calculated as 1.2 x 10(-3)%. Therefore, it is expected that the C-60-PEG/PEDOT material is applicable for the photoelectric field, such as solar cells.

DOI： 10.1038/pj.2015.65

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Language：English   Publisher：Japan Society of Colour Material  

In the electronics field, monodisperse hydrophobic particles in the submicron size are used as additives for adhesives. The purpose of this study is to develop a process to synthesize monodispersed poly(alkoxysilane) (silicone) particles that have strong hydrophobicity. Dimethyldimethoxysilane (DMDMS), methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMOS), and tetraalkoxysilanes, such as tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), were used as monomers for synthesizing the hydrophobic silicone particles. By optimizing the alkoxysilane concentration, the blending ratio of monomers, the amount of catalyst and the reaction temperature, it is possible to synthesize small monodispersed silicone particles.

DOI： 10.4011/shikizai.89.107

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：CHEMICAL SOC JAPAN  

In order to create more flexible and robust soft actuators, organic/inorganic hybrid actuating fibers were prepared by coating gold fibers in polypyrrole using electropolymerization. The linear, coiled, and helical hybrid fibers were prepared by deforming gold fibers in advance. The obtained fibers exhibit various actuating motions, such as bending, stretching, and rotating motions, due to shrinking and expanding of polypyrrole by doping and de-doping of lithium cations. Merit of the actuating fibers prepared in this research is that the fibers are thin and can be easily combined. Hence, the actuating forces of the fibers caused by doping and de-doping can be amplified by combining the fibers. As a result, heavier weights could be lifted, proportional to the number of fibers combined.

DOI： 10.1246/cl.150851

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DOI： 10.1038/pj.2015.47

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH  

Porous poly(pyrrole) (PPy) films are prepared by utilizing agar particles (APs) of various average diameters as templates. The size of the APs can be regulated by the concentration of agar during preparation, and these APs can be removed easily from PPy films by heating up to 90 degrees C after formation of the films by electropolymerization because agar shows a thermally reversible sol-gel transition. The pores in the surface of PPy films can be controlled by the size of APs utilized as templates. The porous PPy films have higher mechanical strength and exhibit the more dynamic actuating behavior than the flat PPy films. Moreover, spring-like actuating motion is induced by the presence of pores in the surface of helically shaped PPy films.

DOI： 10.1002/mame.201500047

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI LTD  

Novel organogel system was successfully prepared from organically dispersed polyaniline (PANI) and a low molecular weight organogel system. Organogelator, consisting of cholesteryl hydrogen succinate (CHS) and 1,10-diaminodecane, and organically well-dispersible PANI were synthesized. PANI-containing toluene gels showed thermal reversibility and thixotropic behavior. Viscoelastic measurements demonstrated that PANI-containing toluene gels show rapid and repeated thixotropic behavior. A ballpoint pen refill was packed with PANI-containing toluene gel just like a gel ink, lines similar to the ones produced by ballpoint pen were successfully produced. In addition, PANI-organogelator composites of arbitrary shape were easily prepared by means of toluene evaporation from toluene gel. "Dried" PANI composites showed electrical conductivity. Compared with the neat PANI, the electrical conductivity of the PANI-organogelator composite is hardly affected by about 10 weight% of organogelator in the composite. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.12.059

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：CHEMICAL SOC JAPAN  

Magnetic polyurethane elastomers containing various plasticizers were synthesized, and the effect of plasticizers on the magnetoelastic behavior has been investigated. The storage modulus for magnetic elastomers at 0 mT decreased with plasticizer content, whereas the storage modulus at 500 mT dramatically increased. The increment in the storage modulus by magnetic fields increased with plasticizer content indicating a well-developed chain structure of magnetic particles. It was found that the on-field storage modulus can be scaled by the off-field modulus independently of the kind of plasticizers.

DOI： 10.1246/cl.140932

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

The grafting of polymers onto graphene oxide (GO) was achieved by two process: (1) cationic polymerization initiated by carboxyl (COOH) groups on GO and (2) anionic alternating copolymerization of epoxides with cyclic acid anhydrides initiated by potassium carboxylate (COOK) groups on GO. The cationic polymerizations of isobutyl vinyl ether and N-vinylcarbazole were successfully initiated by COOH groups on GO to give the corresponding polymer-grafted GO. The cationic polymerization was considered to be initiated by proton addition from COOH groups to monomer and propagation of polymer cation proceeds with carboxylate anion as a counter ion. It was found that the corresponding polymer was successfully grafted onto GO based on the termination reaction of growing polymer cation and surface counter carboxylate anion. On the other hand, the anionic ring-opening alternating copolymerization of epoxide and cyclic acid anhydrides were also initiated by COOK groups on GO, which were previously introduced onto GO by the neutralization of COOH groups with KOH. During the anionic ring-opening copolymerization of styrene oxide (SO) with phthalic anhydride (PAn) and maleic anhydride (MAn), the corresponding polyesters, poly(SO-alt-PAn) and poly(SO-alt-MAn), were successfully grafted onto GO, based on the propagation of the polyesters from COOK groups. The grafting of polymers onto GO during the above cationic and anionic polymerizations was confirmed by thermal decomposition gas chromatogram/mass spectrum. The untreated GO in THF was immediately precipitated within 15min. On the contrary, these polymer-grafted GOs gave stable dispersions in THF and no precipitation of polymer-grafted GOs was observed even after oneweek.

DOI： 10.1080/15685543.2015.982482

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DOI： 10.1007/s00396-015-3539-2

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DOI： 10.2472/jsms.64.323

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA  

To improve the dispersibility of polycrystalline nanodiamond (ND) in solvents, the grafting of polymers and introduction of ionic groups onto ND surface via radical trapping by ND surface were investigated. The grafting of polyoxyethylene (POE) onto ND surface by trapping of POE radicals formed by the thermal decomposition of POE macro azo-initiator (Azo-POE) was examined. The polymer radicals formed by the thermal decomposition of Azo-POE were successfully trapped by ND surface to give POE-grafted ND. The effect of temperature on the grafting of POE onto ND was discussed. In addition, the introduction of cationic protonated amidine groups onto ND was achieved by the trapping of radicals bearing protonated amidine groups formed by thermal decomposition of 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine)dihydrochloride (AMPA). The anionic carboxylate groups was introduced onto ND surface by the trapping of the radicals bearing carboxyl groups formed by thermal decomposition of 4,4'-azobis(4-cyonovaleric acid) (ACVA) followed by the treatment with NaOH aqueous solution. The dispersibility of ND in water was remarkably improved by the grafting of POE, based on the steric hindrance of polymer chains and by the introduction of ionic groups, based on the ionic repulsion, onto ND surface. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2013.11.013

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It was found that graphene oxide (GO) acts as a strong radical scavenger and undergoes a ligand-exchange reaction with ferrocene. Then, the grafting of polymers onto GO was examined by two processes: (1) trapping of polymer radicals by GO and (2) ligand-exchange reaction of polycondensed aromatic rings of GO with ferrocene moieties of a copolymer. It was found that poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) radicals formed by thermal decomposition of Azo-PEG, which contains thermally decomposable azo linkage in the main chain, were successfully trapped by GO to give PEG-grafted GO: the percentage of PEG grafting was determined to be 15.4%. On the other hand, by heating of GO with copolymers containing vinyl ferrocene (Vf) moieties, such as poly(Vf-co-methyl methacrylate) and poly(Vf-co-styrene), in the presence of AlCl3 and Al powder as catalyst, the corresponding copolymer was grafted onto the GO based on the ligand-exchange reaction of ferrocene moieties of these copolymers with polycondensed aromatic rings of GO: the percentage of grafting of poly(Vf-co-methyl methacrylate) onto GO reached to 54.2%. The grafting of these polymers onto the GO surface was confirmed by XRD and thermal decomposition GC-MS. PEG-grafted and poly(Vf-co-MMA)-grafted GO gave a stable dispersion in organic solvents of grafted polymer. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.10.002

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD  

Eco-friendly films have been prepared using various biopolymers and their properties have been improved in order to meet the requirements for appropriate applications. However, the frequently encountered weakness of the properties of most biopolymer film is its water solubility. In this study, the polyvinyl alcohol/rice starch/silk fibroin (PVA/RS/SF) films were modified by the addition of glycerol aiming to increase the hydrophobicity of the films. Some properties of the modified films including water contact angle, degree of swelling and water solubility were compared with the unmodified PVA/RS/SF film. Results from the contact angle measurement showed that the films with glycerol could be transformed to be hydrophobic after soaking in ethanol medium. The increase in soaking time tends to increase the hydrophobicity of the films. However, at about 60 min soaking, the water contact angles on the films were quite constant with the values of about 107.9 +/- 5.2 degrees comparing with 65.3 +/- 2.4 degrees of the ethanol-untreated PVA/RS/SF films. In addition, the ethanol-treated glycerol-modified films also show higher degree of swelling with constant solubility and better mechanical properties.

DOI： 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.446-447.360

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Surface Finishing Society of Japan  

This study surveyed the amount of dissolved aluminum, reflectance of aluminum surfaces, and thicknesses of the anodic oxide films after electropolishing under conditions of several solution temperatures and current densities. Based on results obtained when phosphoric-sulfuric acids were used on pure aluminum A1050, we assessed electropolishing effects on surface structures and specular glosses.<br>Results show the optimum conditions for electropolishing of pure aluminum: current density at 60 °C that is greater than 0.113 A/cm² and greater than 0.151 A/cm² at 80 °C. Moreover, electropolishing of pure aluminum with current density 0.151 A/cm² at 80 °C can provide flat, smooth surfaces having both high reflectance and specular gloss, creating almost no anodic film.

DOI： 10.4139/sfj.65.318

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP  

In this study, an assembly of stimulus-sensitive gel particles with DNA-dye complexes was investigated for application in optical-sensing devices. This composite material of stimulus-sensitive gels and DNA detects external stimuli as a photo-signal. An assembly of the composite gel particles with DNA-dye complexes would be expected to achieve high responsiveness and to quickly detect environmental information as a photo-signal, because the porous structure produced by its interparticle spaces decreases with the relaxation time of the three-dimensional network structure. Poly(acrylic acid) (PAAc) gel particles with DNA were prepared by emulsion polymerization and the gel particles were assembled by a crosslinking reaction between the gel particles that utilized glutaraldehyde. It was possible to prepare the assembly of PAAc gel particles with DNA in sheet and block shapes by utilizing shaped forms for this synthesis process. The swelling ratio of the assembly increased with the pH, and the assembly reached equilibrium swelling in approximately 180 s. The response speed of the assembly was improved to more than 30 times faster than that of a typical PAAc block gel. Furthermore, the assembly of PAAc gel particles with DNA-ethidium bromide complexes detected pH information in an external solution as an optical signal.

DOI： 10.1038/pj.2012.169

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

To prepare silica nanoparticle having flame-retardant activity, immobilization of flame-retardant onto the surface was investigated. The immobilization of phosphorous flame-retardant was achieved by two-step reactions: (1) introduction of cyclotriphosphazene (PH) groups onto silica nanoparticle by the reaction of terminal amino groups of the surface with hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene and (2) immobilization of bis(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl phosphine oxide (BAPPO) onto silica having PH groups by the reaction of PH groups on the surface with BAPPO. The immobilization of BAPPO was confirmed by FT-IR and thermal decomposition GC-MS. The composite of epoxy resin filled with BAPPO-immobilized silica (Silica-PH-BAPPO) was successfully prepared by heating in the presence of curing agents. Thermal decomposition temperature and glass transition temperature of the epoxy resin filled with Silica-PH-BAPPO was higher than that of epoxy resin filled with untreated silica, free HCTP and BAPPO. Moreover, flame-retardant property of epoxy resin filled with Silica-PH-BAPPO was estimated by limiting oxygen index (LOI). The LOI value of epoxy resin filled with Silica-PH-BAPPO was higher than that of epoxy resin filled with untreated silica, free HCTP and BAPPO. This may be due the fact that char yield of the epoxy resin filled with Silica-PH-BAPPO was higher than that filled with free flame-retardant. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2013.01.001

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DOI： 10.1149/05012.0231ecst

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DOI： 10.1295/koron.70.331

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP  

In this study, stimulus-sensitive gel particles with DNA dye complexes were prepared. This composite has potential use in optical micro-sensors because it can change its dye concentration in response to stimuli by intercalating dye into DNA. Poly(acrylic acid) (PAAc) gel particles containing DNA were synthesized by emulsion polymerization and immersed in ethidium bromide (EtBr) solution to form DNA EtBr complexes by intercalating dyes in the double-stranded structure. The pH response characteristics were measured in buffer solution with an optical and fluorescence microscope, and the dye entrapment of the composite was evaluated with a UV-Visible spectrophotometer. As a result, the EtBr was immobilized in PAAc gel particles containing DNA, and its volume could be varied by changing the pH in buffer solution. Furthermore, by forming the gel in a particle shape, the PAAc gel reached equilibrium swelling in about 60s. The fluorescence intensity of PAAc gel particles embedded with DNA EtBr complexes displayed high-sensitivity and was found to exponentially decrease as a function of pH. Polymer Journal (2012) 44, 396-400; doi:10.1038/pj.2011.142; published online 25 January 2012

DOI： 10.1038/pj.2011.142

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA  

To improve the dispersibility of nanodiamond (ND) in solvents and polymer matrices, the grafting of copolymers containing vinyl ferrocene (Vf) onto the surface by a ligand-exchange reaction with ferrocene moieties of the copolymer and polycondensed aromatic rings of ND surface was investigated. The copolymer containing Vf was prepared by the radical copolymerization of Vf with vinyl monomers, such as methyl methacrylate (MMA), styrene (St), and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM), using 2, 2'-azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator. It was found that by heating of ND with poly(Vf-co-MMA), poly(Vf-co-St), and poly(Vf-co-NIPAN) in the presence of AlCl3 and Al powder as catalysts, the corresponding copolymer was successfully grafted onto the surface. On the contrary, in the absence of AlCl3, no grafting of these copolymers was observed. The grafting of polymers onto the ND surface was confirmed by FT-IR. These polymer-grafted NDs were found to give stable dispersions in solvents for the grafted polymer. In addition, the dispersibility of poly(Vf-co-NIPAM)-grafted ND uniformly dispersed in water below 32 degrees C but precipitated above the temperature. Therefore, it was concluded that the dispersibility of ND in water could be controlled by the temperature of water. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.diamond.2011.01.014

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DOI： 10.1246/bcsj.75.1319

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DOI： 10.1295/koron.58.227

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Language：English   Publisher：SOC POLYMER SCIENCE JAPAN  

DOI： 10.1295/polymj.33.629

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DOI： 10.1295/polymj.33.629

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Language：English   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

Poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) synthesized by oxidative polymerization was fractionated by molecular weight by using organic solvents. The fraction of higher average molecular weight gave higher regioregularity and conductivity. Composites of the P3HT fraction having the highest molecular weight were prepared by use of the following conducting particles as fillers: titanium carbide (TiC), indium tin oxide (ITO), and carbon black (CB). Temperature-conductivity profiles of the composites showed that the resistance change with PTC (positive temperature coefficient) effect was strongly influenced by the content and size of conducting particles and the molecular weight of P3HT. Although no significant PTC effect for P3HT-CB composite and little effect for P3HT-ITO composite system were observed, the P3HT-TiC composite containing TIC of 70-80 wt % showed an obvious PTC effect that brought the conductivity change by about four orders of magnitude near the glass transition temperature of P3HT. However, such a remarkable PTC effect was not observed for the P3HT-TiC composite prepared with the P3HT fraction of low-molecular weight. It was shown that a good PTC effect could be achieved by the composite consisting of the P3HT of high-molecular weight and the conducting particles of relatively large size. (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/1097-4628(20000929)77:14<3069::AID-APP70>3.0.CO;2-B

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DOI： 10.1246/nikkashi.2000.405

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DOI： 10.1002/1097-4628(20000929)77:14<3069::AID-APP70>3.0.CO;2-B

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DOI： 10.1295/koron.56.440

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DOI： 10.1541/ieejsmas.119.538

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Language：English   Publisher：SOC POLYMER SCIENCE JAPAN  

Enzymatic properties of alpha-chymotrypsin covalently immobilized on magnetic particles rin graft polymerization of acrylic acid were investigated. Graft polymerization was carried out in a redox system consisting of mercapto groups introduced onto the surfaces of magnetite particles and eerie ions, alpha-Chymotrypsin was immobilized on magnetite particles by condensation with the carboxyl groups of the grafted poly(acrylic acid). The amount of alpha-chymotrypsin immobilized on 1 g of magnetic was 13-17mg and the activity of the immobilized alpha-chymotrypsin (at 37 degrees C, pH 8.0) was 70% the maximum activity of the native enzyme. Due to immobilization, optimum pH for alpha-chymotrypsin shifted to a slightly higher value, whereas optimum temperature did not change. A kinetic study of the enzymatic reaction with immobilized alpha-chymotrypsin showed that the immobilization limited accessibility of substrate molecules to the active sites of the enzyme bur caused little decrease of the maximum reaction rate. In water at 37 degrees C, immobilized alpha-chymotrypsin kept 93% of its original activity over a period of 25 days, though the native enzyme was completely deactivated within 5 days by autolytic denaturalization.

DOI： 10.1295/polymj.31.274

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DOI： 10.1016/S0379-6779(98)01027-3

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DOI： 10.1016/S0379-6779(98)01172-2

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DOI： 10.1016/S0379-6779(98)01027-3

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DOI： 10.1295/polymj.31.274

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DOI： 10.1016/S0379-6779(98)01172-2

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DOI： 10.1295/koron.55.373

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DOI： 10.1016/S0032-3861(97)00531-4

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Language：English   Publisher：SOC POLYMER SCIENCE JAPAN  

DOI： 10.1295/polymj.30.350

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DOI： 10.1295/polymj.30.350

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DOI： 10.1016/S0032-3861(97)00531-4

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Language：English   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA LAUSANNE  

Glucose oxidase (GOD) was covalently attached to polypyrrole having carboxyl groups (PPy-COOH), and polypyrrole attached with GOD(PPy-GOD) was applied to glucose sensing. The PPy-COOH was prepared by oxidative polymerization of 1-(2-cyanoethyl)pyrrole followed by hydrolysis of the cyano groups to convert them into carboxyl groups. GOD was bound to the PPy-COOH by condensation reaction between carboxyl groups of the PPy-COOH and amino groups of GOD by use of a carbodiimide reagent. The electrode made of the PPy-GOD thus obtained being used, amperometric response to glucose was monitored. The result shows that the PPy-GOD is a promising material for glucose sensor.

DOI： 10.1016/S0379-6779(97)80300-1

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Poly(3-alkylthiophene)(P3AT) films were prepared by both electrochemical and chemically oxidative polymerization methods, and their positive temperature coefficient(PTC) characteristics were investigated in the range from 0 to 200 degrees C. The change in the amount of tetrafluoroborate ion(BF4-) or iron(III) perchlorate(FeCl3) which were doped into P3AT film was also estimated by infrared(IR) and ultraviolet(UV) spectrophotometry. It was found that the P3AT films chemically polymerized at a low temperature had PTC characteristics, which was not affected by the dedoping involved in thermal treatment.

DOI： 10.1016/S0379-6779(97)80866-1

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DOI： 10.1016/S0379-6779(97)80866-1

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DOI： 10.1295/koron.54.87

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DOI： 10.1016/0032-3861(96)80857-3

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DOI： 10.1016/0032-3861(96)80857-3

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Language：English   Publisher：Nagaoka University of Technology  

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Other Link： http://hdl.handle.net/10649/498

DOI： 10.1016/0966-7822(94)00010-7

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DOI： 10.1295/polymj.27.974

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DOI： 10.1016/0966-7822(94)00010-7

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DOI： 10.1246/nikkashi.1992.547

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Language：English   Publisher：AMER INST PHYSICS  

DOI： 10.1063/1.346787

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