Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of adjunct local minocycline administration on the microbiological parameters of subgingival plaque samples in the residual periodontal pockets. Ten chronic periodontitis patients under a supportive periodontal therapy regimen were recruited. After subgingival debridement, either 2% minocycline gel, Periocline™, (Test Group) or a placebo (Control Group) was administered to the selected sites once a week for three weeks. Subgingival plaque was collected at baseline, and at four weeks and eight weeks. The microbiological composition was analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. In the Test Group, α-diversity (evenness) decreased compared to the baseline (p = 0.005) and was lower compared to the control group at four weeks (p = 0.003). The microbial community composition between the two groups was significantly different at four weeks (p = 0.029). These changes were attributable to a decrease in the bacteria associated with periodontitis and an increase in the bacteria associated with periodontal health. Additionally, the improvement in bleeding on probing continued at eight weeks; however, there were little microbial effects of 2% minocycline gel observed at eight weeks. The control group demonstrated no change throughout the eight-week experimental period. Thus, local minocycline administration can change the subgingival microbial community of residual periodontal pockets.

DOI： 10.3390/dj8040123

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本歯科保存学会  

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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSES: Osteoporosis and osteopenia are multifactorial diseases characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD) and are susceptible to genetic and environmental risk factors. The macrophage erythroblast attacher (MAEA) was discovered as a protein to mediate the attachment of erythroid cells to macrophages and is essential for bone marrow hematopoiesis. MAEA is expressed in a wide range of cells and tissues including osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Recent studies have shown that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs6815464 (C/G) in the MAEA gene increases the susceptibility of type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the contribution of MAEA to bone metabolism remains unknown. Therefore, we performed this study to evaluate the association between MAEA polymorphism and low BMD. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study with postmenopausal Japanese women living in the Yokogoshi area, Niigata City, we evaluated whether rs6815464 was associated with low BMD. Blood samples were collected from 353 subjects (age 63.8 ± 5.4 years). The MAEA genotype was determined by TaqMan assay. BMD was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the lumbar spine (L2-L4), hip and femoral neck. Low BMD was defined as a T-score <-1. RESULTS: The percentage of subjects with low BMD in the lumbar spine, total hip and femoral neck were 71%, 75% and 84% respectively. After adjusting age, BMI, HbA1c, smoking and alcohol consumption, the G-allele carriage was found to be associated with low BMD of total hip (odds ratio = 2.11, 95% CI: 1.14-3.91, P = 0.018), but not of the lumbar spine or femoral neck. CONCLUSION: The MAEA gene polymorphism rs6815464 was associated with low hip BMD in postmenopausal Japanese women.

DOI： 10.1016/j.gene.2019.03.027

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OBJECTIVES: Macrophage erythroblast attacher (MAEA) is a membrane protein that regulates the development of mature macrophages by mediating attachment with erythroblasts. A polymorphism rs6815464 (C/G) in MAEA gene was reported to be associated with type II diabetes. Along with diabetes, osteoporosis shows an increased prevalence in postmenopausal females, and both diseases have been reported to be associated with periodontitis. Therefore, we explored the relevance of the MAEA polymorphism to periodontitis, bone mineral density (BMD) and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study with the final sample comprised of 344 postmenopausal Japanese females. Probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were measured. Genotype was determined by TaqMan assay. Blood biochemical parameters and BMD of the lumbar spine were evaluated. RESULTS: No differences were found in age, body mass index, HbA1c, BMD, number of teeth, bone metabolism parameters between the genotypes. Mean CAL and percentage of sites with PPD or CAL ≥ 5 mm were higher in the G-allele carriers than in the non-carriers. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that G-allele carriage was associated with severe periodontitis (odds ratio = 3.73, 95% CI = 1.36-10.19). CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that the MAEA gene polymorphism was independently associated with severe periodontitis.

DOI： 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.04.008

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Most studies that have demonstrated an association between number of remaining teeth and cognitive impairment have treated teeth as a continuous variable, although the relationship is nonlinear. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the critical number of remaining teeth in hospital outpatients at which the association with cognitive impairment becomes apparent. Japanese adults living on Sado Island who visited Sado General Hospital were invited to participate in Project in Sado for Total Health. In total, 2,530 adults were interviewed and had their teeth counted; 1,476 of these individuals also completed the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and underwent measurement of their serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels. Patients on dialysis and those with hsCRP ≥ 10 mg/L were excluded. The final study group consisted of 565 adults (290 men and 275 women) of mean age 69.8 (range 29-91) years. An MMSE score < 24 was considered to indicate cognitive impairment. The subjects were categorized according to whether they had an edentulous jaw or one to 10, 11-20, 21-27, or ≥28 remaining teeth. One hundred twenty-eight of the 565 study participants were diagnosed to have cognitive impairment. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed associations of cognitive impairment with older age, ischemic heart disease, smoking, and alcohol consumption. After adjustment for covariates, having one to 10 remaining teeth was significantly associated with cognitive impairment. There is a significant association between having only one to 10 remaining teeth and cognitive impairment in hospital outpatients.

DOI： 10.1002/cre2.147

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Blackwell Munksgaard  

DOI： 10.1111/jre.12533

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Background: The interaction of periodontopathic bacteria with host immune system induces the production of inflammatory mediators which leads to alveolar bone loss (ABL), the essential feature of periodontitis. Concurrently, periodontal diseases cause the elevation of blood cytokine levels, the alteration of gut microbiota and the dissemination of enterobacteria to the liver. Owing to these mechanisms, periodontal disease might be a risk for liver dysfunction. Several epidemiological studies have reported associations between periodontal diseases and liver dysfunction, although the association between ABL and liver dysfunction has not been investigated. This cross-sectional study determined if elevated serum liver enzyme levels were associated with ABL in Japanese adults. Material and Methods: Japanese adults living on Sado Island who visited Sado General Hospital were invited to participate in the study. Participants over 40 years of age who underwent dental panoramic radiography and blood tests were included. Drinking and smoking habits were self-administered. After excluding patients with edentulous jaw, diagnosed liver diseases, and those on dialysis, data from 44 men and 66 women with a mean age of 73 years were analyzed. The average percentage of ABL for each participant was calculated for mesial and distal sites of all remaining teeth. The levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) were determined. Univariate analyses were performed to select covariates to be put in multivariate analyses. The association between elevated serum liver enzyme levels and the highest quartile of ABL were assessed by multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: After adjusting for covariates, no significant association was found between elevated serum AST, ALT, or GGT levels as dependent variables and the highest quartile of ABL as an explanatory variable. Conclusions: There was no significant association between the elevation of serum liver enzyme levels and ABL in Japanese adults. Key words:Liver enzymes, dental panoramic radiography, alveolar bone loss, Japanese adults.

DOI： 10.4317/jced.54555

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OBJECTIVES: An interrelationship between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontitis has been suggested due to their common pathogenic mechanisms. Protein carbamylation and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation have been shown to be related to autoimmune conditions, including RA, but their association with periodontitis has not been elucidated. Therefore, we assessed whether or not circulating levels of carbamylated protein (CarP) and NETs are associated with periodontitis severity and influenced by periodontal treatment. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective case-control study that included 40 patients with RA and periodontitis, 30 patients with periodontitis, and 43 systemically and periodontally healthy controls to assess the circulating levels of CarP and NETs and rheumatologic and periodontal conditions. The same assessments were also performed in 22 patients with RA and periodontitis after 2 months of periodontal treatment, including oral hygiene instruction and full-mouth supragingival scaling. RESULTS: Patients with RA and periodontitis showed significantly higher serum levels of CarP and NETs than the control group (P = 0.04 and P < 0.001, respectively). The serum levels of CarP and NETs were significantly correlated positively with the mean values of probing depth (P = 0.01 and P = 0.007, respectively) and clinical attachment level (P = 0.007 and P = 0.001, respectively) in the 40 patients with RA and periodontitis. Multiple logistic regression analyses also revealed significantly positive associations between the serum levels of CarP and NETs and moderate to severe periodontitis (P = 0.03 and P = 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, periodontal treatment significantly decreased the serum levels of CarP and NETs in patients with RA and periodontitis (P = 0.03 and P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: The circulating levels of CarP and NETs are associated with periodontitis severity and influenced by periodontal treatment in patients with RA.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0192365

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本歯周病学会  

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DOI： 10.1111/jcpe.12708

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BACKGROUND: Several studies have reported inconsistent results regarding the association between the PPARγPro12Ala polymorphism and obesity. Obese individuals had higher C-reactive protein (CRP) levels compared with those of normal weight, and PPARγ activation could significantly reduce serum high-sensitive CRP level. We have previously suggested that the Pro12Ala polymorphism represents a susceptibility factor for periodontitis, which is a known risk factor for increased CRP level. OBJECTIVES: The aim was to investigate associations between PPARγ gene polymorphism, serum CRP level, BMI and/or periodontitis among post-menopausal Japanese women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The final sample in this study comprised 359 post-menopausal Japanese women. Periodontal parameters, including PD, CAL and BOP, were measured per tooth. PPARγPro12Ala genotype was determined by PCR-RFLP. Hs-CRP value was measured by a latex nephelometry assay. RESULTS: No significant differences in age, BMI or periodontal parameters were found between the genotypes. The percentages of sites with PD ≥ 4 mm were significantly higher among the hsCRP ≥ 1 mg/l group than the hsCRP < 1 mg/l group (p = 0.003). Positive correlations were found between serum hsCRP levels and the percentages of sites with PD ≥ 4 mm (p = 0.043) in PPARγ Ala allele carriers, and BMI (p = 0.033) in non-carriers. After adjustment for model covariates, BMI was significantly associated with serum hsCRP level. CONCLUSION: The PPARγPro12Ala polymorphism was not independently associated with periodontitis, serum CRP level or BMI in post-menopausal Japanese women. However, serum hsCRP level correlated with periodontitis in Ala allele carriers, and with BMI in non-carriers.

DOI： 10.1111/ger.12110

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BACKGROUND: It has been hypothesized that β-3 adrenergic receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) might have gene-environmental and gene-gene interactions in periodontal disease. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the interaction between β-3 adrenergic receptor and PPARγ gene polymorphism with periodontal disease. METHODS: Three hundred thirty-two postmenopausal females were enrolled, and their serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were examined. β-3 adrenergic receptor and PPARγ genotypes were then determined. An oral examination was performed. The number of remaining teeth was counted, and the probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were measured. Prevalence-rate ratios (PRRs) were calculated by multiple Poisson regression analyses to evaluate the relationship among periodontal disease markers, such as the number of sites with CAL 4 to 5 or ≥6 mm or PD 4 to 5 or ≥6 mm, and β-3 adrenergic receptor polymorphisms, PPARγ polymorphisms, and the interaction term adjusted by age, hsCRP, and HbA1c, after converting the number of remaining teeth (n) to an offset variable. RESULTS: In the participants with body mass index (BMI) ≥25, PRRs of β-3 adrenergic receptor genotype (Trp/Arg and Arg/Arg) for periodontal disease markers were 0.13 to 0.70 (P <0.0001 to 0.74), those of PPARγ genotype (Pro/Pro) were 0.66 to 3.14 (P = 0.01 to 0.68), and those of the interaction term for the two genotypes were 1.69 to 12.61 (P <0.0001 to 0.33). However, in the participants with BMI <25, a constant tendency was not observed. CONCLUSION: The results confirmed a positive relationship between the interaction term for β-3 adrenergic receptor genotype and PPARγ genotype and various periodontal markers in obese elderly females.

DOI： 10.1902/jop.2015.140472

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier Ltd  

DOI： 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.12.005

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Conservative Dentistry  

Purpose: Mouth rinse with chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) has been reported to be effective as a chemical plaque control. However, undesirable side effects such as allergy are known problems. Therefore, we developed a new mouth rinse formulated with both chlorhexidine hydrochloride (CHH) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) as anti-microbial constituents and tested its effects on oral bacteria in patients with chronic periodontitis.<br> Methods: This was a short-term, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Systemically healthy 30 patients with ≥20 teeth were enrolled if they had 1 to 7 sites of residual pockets ≥5 mm after initial periodontal therapy with scaling and root planing. Patients were assigned to three groups and used placebo (control group), or rinse with 0.05% CHG (CHG group), or rinse with 0.05% CHH and 0.05% CPC (CHH+CPC group), for 4 weeks. In each patient, saliva, tongue coating and supragingival plaque were collected and microbiological parameters were measured with real-time PCR. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analyses were also performed.<br> Results: No adverse event was observed. At the baseline, no difference was found in age, sex, number of teeth, or clinical periodontal parameters between the groups. Comparing the data at baseline and after 4 weeks, total bacterial counts and <i>S. mutans</i> in saliva, total bacterial counts in tongue coating and total streptococci in supragingival plaque were significantly decreased in the CHH+CPC group. In the CHG group, total bacterial counts in supragingival plaque were significantly decreased. Significant decreases of total bacterial counts and streptococci in tongue coating were detected in the control group. As the results from T-RFLP analyses, saliva from the CHH+CPC group showed significant reductions of presumed numbers of Streptococcus group in the digested fragments by <i>Msp I</i>, and Streptococcus, Eubacterium group, Parvimonas group and Porphyromonas, Prevotella group in the digested fragments by <i>Hha I</i>. Additionally, in supragingival plaque obtained from the CHG group after 4 weeks, presumed Streptococcus, Veillonella group from <i>Hha I</i> digests were significantly reduced. No change was observed between baseline and after 4 weeks in the other bacterial data.<br> Conclusion: The new mouth rinse formulated with CHH and CPC might be used safely and have equal to greater effects reducing oral bacteria than existing mouth rinse formulated with CHG alone.

DOI： 10.11471/shikahozon.57.219

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OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to elucidate whether the association between beta-3 adrenergic receptor polymorphism and periodontal disease is modified by body weight. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We enrolled 332 postmenopausal women and determined their HbA1C levels (%) and beta-3 adrenergic receptor (rs4994) genotypes. Periodontal parameters including clinical attachment level (CAL) were measured. After selecting subjects for each body mass index (BMI) level, the prevalence rate ratio (PRR) by multiple Poisson regression analysis was calculated to evaluate the relationship between periodontal disease and beta-3 adrenergic receptor polymorphism. The number of sites with CAL≥6 mm was used as a dependent variable, and beta-3 adrenergic receptor genotype [categorized as Arg non-carriers (reference) or Arg carriers], age (y) and HbA1C (%) were adopted as independent variables. We converted the number of probing sites (n) to an offset variable. RESULTS: The PRR of the beta-3 adrenergic receptor genotype for the number of sites of CAL≥6 mm showed a positive association in subjects with BMI≥25.0 and increased markedly with BMI. The PRR in subjects with BMI≥30 was 3.10 (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: This study indicates a positive association between periodontal disease and the beta-3 adrenergic receptor genotype in obese individuals.

DOI： 10.1111/jcpe.12235

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DOI： 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.11.012

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Other Link： http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7019-1872

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DOI： 10.1111/odi.12032

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Conservative Dentistry  

Purpose: Periodontopathic bacteria and inflammation in a residual periodontal pocket after periodontal therapy increase the risk for further progression of periodontitis. A tooth cleaning gel containing antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agents would be effective to inhibit such progression. The tooth cleaning gel 'Jellcoat F' contains 0.05% chlorhexidine hydrochloride as an antibacterial and β-glycyrrhetinic acid as an anti-inflammatory. We evaluated the effects of Jellcoat F on residual periodontal pockets with clinical, microbiological and biochemical analyses. Methods: The present study had a randomized, controlled, double-blinded design. Systemically healthy patients with &ge;20 teeth were enrolled if they had at least two teeth with residual pockets of 6-7 mm depth after at least a month from the completion of active periodontal therapy containing scaling and root planing. Twenty patients were randomly assigned to the test group who used Jellcoat F or the control group who used placebo. Gingival index (GI), plaque index (Pl I), probing pocket depth and bleeding on probing were recorded. In each patient, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was collected from one of the teeth with residual pockets, and subgingival plaque from the other. The levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in GCF and Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola in subgingival plaque were determined. After the collections, residual pockets were filled with Jellcoat F or placebo. Patients were instructed to brush their teeth with Jellcoat F or placebo and also apply the gel with a retainer for 10 minutes before sleeping. After 4 weeks, the same examinations were performed. Results: No adverse event was observed. At the baseline, no difference was observed between the test and control groups in age, sex, number of teeth, levels of periodontopathic bacteria, AST and ALT. Comparing the baseline and 4 weeks, only GI and Pl I were significantly decreased in the test group. No other change was found in both test and control groups. Changes of measurements during the 4 weeks were not statistically different between the groups. The effect of Jellcoat F to improve GI remained significant after being adjusted for age and sex. Conclusion: Application of Jellcoat F for 4 weeks on residual pockets after periodontal therapy with teeth brushing and a retainer did not significantly change the levels of periodontopathic bacteria in subgingival plaque, AST and ALT in GCF However, it might suggest the reduction of clinically evaluated supragingival plaque and gingival inflammation.

DOI： 10.11471/shikahozon.56.344

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DOI： 10.1111/j.1744-313X.2012.01124.x

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DOI： 10.1016/j.jri.2012.01.005

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AIM: To determine whether periodontitis and three prominent members of the periodontal flora are associated with the development of preeclampsia (hypertension plus proteinuria) Materials and Methods: The samples were composed of 127 systemically healthy women. Within 5 days after labour, clinical periodontal parameters and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia in subgingival plaque were evaluated. Maternal serum IgG antibody specific for each bacteria was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to control for confounders (maternal age, body mass index before pregnancy, parity, and smoking). RESULTS: Eighteen women were affected with preeclampsia. The number of A.actinomycetemcomitans was shown to be significantly associated with preeclampsia in the logistic regression model (odds ratio; 1.7, 95% confidence interval; 1.1–2.7). There were statistically significant differences between the preeclamptic and control groups in body mass index before pregnancy, pre-term birth and low birthweight (respectively, p = 0.014, p = 0.010 and p < 0.0001). We found no statistically significant association between preeclampsia and periodontal clinical parameters or the presence of periodontitis. CONCLUSION: In systemically healthy pregnant women, our findings suggested that the levels of maternal subgingival A. actinomycetemcomitans DNA were elevated in preeclamptic women.

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DOI： 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01411.x

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DOI： 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2010.01338.x

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BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest that periodontitis is closely related to obesity and metabolic syndrome. Leptin, a pleiotrophic hormone produced by adipose tissue, has been reported to be related to periodontitis. This study investigates the effects of periodontal treatment on the serum levels of leptin and other cytokines in patients with chronic periodontitis (CP). METHODS: Serum samples were taken from 33 CP patients (22 non-smokers, 11 smokers) and 18 healthy subjects. The serum leptin, adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured before and after non-surgical periodontal treatment. RESULTS: Significant differences between healthy and CP patients were found in serum leptin, IL-6, and CRP levels (P = 0.0018, P = 0.0064, and P = 0.0095, respectively). The serum leptin level was associated with mean probing depth, mean clinical attachment level, mean alveolar bone loss, and body mass index. There were significant associations between serum leptin levels and IL-6 and CRP levels. After non-surgical periodontal treatment, serum leptin, IL-6, and CRP levels were significantly decreased (mean +/- SD before and after, P value, respectively: leptin, 8.02 +/- 5.5, 7.10 +/- 4.4, P = 0.015; IL-6, 1.73 +/- 1.02, 1.36 +/- 0.73, P = 0.048; and CRP, 802.0 +/- 1065, 491.2 +/- 479.3, P = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS: Periodontal treatment is effective in reducing serum leptin, IL-6, and CRP levels. The results suggest that leptin, IL-6, and CRP could be mediating factors that connect metabolic syndrome and periodontitis.

DOI： 10.1902/jop.2010.090741

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BACKGROUND: Recent studies suggest an association between maternal periodontitis and preterm birth, although the association remains controversial. It was suggested that mechanisms such as a genetic predisposition for a hyperinflammatory response cause periodontitis and preterm births. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a nuclear hormone receptor and ligand-dependent transcription factor. PPARgamma inhibits the transcriptional activity of the genes that produce proinflammatory mediators and repress periodontitis. Recently, a common polymorphism, proline(PRO)-to-alanine(ALA) mutation at codon12 in exonB (Pro12Ala: rs 1801282) PPARgamma, was reported to reduce the ability to transactivate responsive promoters. In this study, we tested whether the PPARgammaPro12Ala polymorphism was associated with maternal periodontitis and/or preterm birth. METHODS: Genomic DNA was isolated from the venous blood of pregnant Japanese women (term birth: n = 72; preterm birth: n = 58). The PPARgammaPro12Ala genotype was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Within 5 days after labor, clinical periodontal parameters were evaluated, and periodontopathic bacteria from the subgingival plaque were detected by species-specific PCR. RESULTS: The mean clinical attachment level (P = 0.012), mean probing depth (P = 0.031), mean gingival index (P = 0.037), and percentages of sites with bleeding on probing (P = 0.041) in women with the PPARgammaPro12Ala genotype were significantly higher than in women with the PPARgammaPro12Pro genotype. However, there was no association between preterm birth and periodontitis. CONCLUSION: We suggest that the PPARgammaPro12Ala polymorphism may represent a genetic susceptibility factor for the clinical measurements of periodontitis in a limited number of pregnant Japanese women, but it probably cannot influence the relationship between periodontitis and preterm birth.

DOI： 10.1902/jop.2010.090669

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BACKGROUND: Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) is one of the most harmful periodontal pathogens and it has been reported that Pg is associated with preterm birth (PTB), intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), discovered by animal experiments and clinical research. The relationship between adverse pregnancy outcomes and maternal antibody response to Pg is controversial. On the other hand, the serum C-reactive protein (CRP) has been recognised as a reliable serum marker of periodontal disease. AIMS: To determine the significance of antibody responses to Pg affecting pregnancy outcomes in the first trimester. METHODS: A case-control study was carried out on women with PTB (n = 58), IUGR (n = 91), PIH (n = 32) and without any complications (control, n = 98). The serum level of the CRP and IgG1 against 40-kDa outer membrane protein of Pg (anti-40-kDa OMP Pg-IgG1) in the first trimester was measured. RESULTS: The IUGR group, and PTB patients whose placentas were diagnosed as chorioamnionitis or whose vaginal flora included Lactobacilli, showed a lower level of anti-40-kDa OMP Pg-IgG1 than the control group. There was no difference in the serum CRP level between each case group and control group. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that a lack of humoral immunity against Pg in early pregnancy is associated with IUGR and some PTB.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：JAPANESE SOCIETY OF PERIODONTOLOGY  

DOI： 10.14833/amjsp.2009f.0.28.0

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DOI： 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.01078.x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER ACAD PERIODONTOLOGY  

BACKGROUND: The pathobiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is similar to that of periodontitis in that proinflammatory cytokines and immunoglobulin G Fc receptor (FcgammaR) play an important role. Functional polymorphisms of interleukin (IL)-1 and FcgammaR were shown to be associated with susceptibility to both diseases. Therefore, we evaluated whether the IL-1 and FcgammaR gene polymorphisms represent a common risk factor for RA and periodontitis. METHODS: The study population consisted of Japanese adults with RA (RA group; N = 100), periodontitis only (P group; N = 100), and healthy individuals with no systemic or oral disease (H group; N = 100). Clinical periodontal condition was defined by measurements of probing depth, clinical attachment level, and bleeding on probing. Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood and analyzed for determination of IL-1 genotypes (IL-1A+4845, IL-1B+3954, and IL-1RN+2028) and FcgammaR genotypes (FcgammaRIIA, FcgammaRIIIA, and FcgammaRIIIB) by allele-specific polymerase chain reactions. RESULTS: Among 100 patients with RA, 86% showed periodontal tissue destruction. However, the RA group exhibited milder levels of periodontal tissue destruction than the P group (P <0.01). There was a significant difference in the distribution of IL-1B+3954 C/T genotypes between the RA and P groups and between the RA and H groups (P = 0.03 for both comparisons), with enrichment of the T allele in the RA group (P = 0.04; odds ratio, 2.9 for both comparisons). The combination of IL-1A+4845 T and IL-1+3954 T alleles yielded a strong association with RA and periodontitis (RA versus P group: P = 0.00001; RA versus H group: P = 0.00001). CONCLUSIONS: These results failed to show that IL-1 and FcgammaR gene polymorphisms constitute a common risk factor for RA and periodontitis. However, it was suggested that the distributions of IL-1B+3954 genotypes and IL-1A+4845 and IL-1B+3954 haplotypes were unique to the patients with RA and periodontitis.

DOI： 10.1902/jop.2007.070136

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DOI： 10.1111/j.1744-313X.2007.00701.x

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BACKGROUND: The pathobiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is similar to that of periodontitis in that the immunoglobulin G Fc receptor (FcgammaR) and proinflammatory cytokines play an important role. Genetic variations of FcgammaR and interleukin (IL)-1 are associated with susceptibility to both diseases. Therefore, we evaluated whether the combination of FcgammaR or IL-1 polymorphic genes represents a common risk factor for SLE and periodontitis. METHODS: The study population consisted of Japanese adults with SLE and periodontitis (SLE+P group; n = 46), SLE only (SLE group; n = 25), periodontitis only (P group; n = 58), and healthy individuals with no systemic or oral disease (H group; n = 44). Clinical periodontal condition was evaluated by measurement of probing depth, clinical attachment level, and alveolar bone loss. Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood and analyzed for determination of FcgammaR genotypes (FcgammaRIIA, FcgammaRIIB, FcgammaRIIIA, and FcgammaRIIIB) and IL-1 genotypes (IL-1A +4845 and IL-1B +3954) by allele-specific polymerase chain reactions or DNA sequencing. RESULTS: A significant overrepresentation of the R131 allele of stimulatory FcgammaRIIA and the 232T allele of inhibitory FcgammaRIIB was found in the SLE+P group compared to the H group (P = 0.01 and P = 0.0009, respectively). The combination of FcgammaRIIA-R131 and FcgammaRIIB-232T alleles yielded a strong association with SLE and periodontitis (SLE+P group versus P group: P = 0.01, odds ratio: 3.3; SLE+P group versus H group: P = 0.0009, odds ratio: 11.2). Furthermore, SLE patients with the combined FcgammaR risk alleles exhibited more severe periodontal tissue destruction compared to other SLE patients. The frequencies of IL-1 polymorphic alleles were too low to assess the association with SLE or periodontitis. CONCLUSION: The combination of stimulatory FcgammaRIIA and inhibitory FcgammaRIIB genotypes may increase susceptibility to SLE and periodontitis in the Japanese population.

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We describe the cloning and characterization of Siglec-H, a novel murine CD33-related siglec-like molecule with 2 immunoglobulin domains. Unlike other CD33-related siglecs, Siglec-H lacks tyrosine-based signaling motifs in its cytoplasmic tail. Although Siglec-H has the typical structural features required for sialic acid binding, no evidence for carbohydrate recognition was obtained. Specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies (Abs) were raised to Siglec-H and used to define its cellular expression pattern and functional properties. By flow cytometry, Siglec-H was expressed specifically on plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) precursors in bone marrow, spleen, blood, and lymph nodes. Staining of tissue sections showed that Siglec-H was also expressed in a subset of marginal zone macrophages in the spleen and in medullary macrophages in lymph nodes. Using bone marrow-derived pDC precursors that express Siglec-H, addition of Abs did not influence cytokine production, either in the presence or absence of synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated cytosine-guanine motifs (CpG). In comparison, Siglec-H functioned as an endocytic receptor and mediated efficient internalization of anti-Siglec-H Abs. By immunizing mice with ovalbumin-conjugated anti-Siglec-H Ab in the presence of CpG, we demonstrate generation of antigen-specific CD8 T cells in vivo. Targeting Siglec-H may therefore be a useful way of delivering antigens to pDC precursors for cross-presentation.

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BACKGROUND: FcgammaRIIIb genotypes and smoking are risk factors for periodontal disease. However, the interaction of FcgammaRIIIb- NA1-NA2 polymorphism with smoking remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine if FcgammaRIIIb-NA1-NA2 polymorphism and smoking are associated with periodontal disease progression among elderly people. METHODS: Among 70-year-old subjects, 164 with neither diabetes mellitus nor blood sugar > or =140 mg/dl, who had more than 20 teeth and who could participate in both the baseline and the follow-up examinations were included in the study. The NA1 group comprised subjects with FcgammaRIIIb-NA1NA1 genotype (N = 53), while the NA2 group included subjects with FcgammaRIIIb-NA1NA2 or NA2NA2 genotype (N = 111). We examined the progression of periodontitis by measuring attachment loss during 3 years. RESULTS: The frequency of subjects who showed > or =4 mm additional attachment loss at one or more sites was 55.6% for smokers and 37.2% for non-smokers. The odds ratio (OR) was 2.13 (confidence interval [CI]: 0.92 to 4.76). We found a better association between periodontal progression and smoking in the NA2 group. The OR for smokers was 3.03 (CI:1.12 to 8.33, P = 0.028). Additionally, the mean number of sites with > or =4 mm additional attachment loss per person between smokers and non-smokers in the NA2 group or between smokers and non-smokers in the NA1 group was 2.90 3.42 and 0.74 1.53 or 0.57 0.79 and 0.68 1.03, respectively (P <0.001; analysis of variance [ANOVA]). CONCLUSION: Our results may suggest an association between smoking and periodontal disease progression in elderly people with FcgammaRIIIb-NA2 polymorphism.

DOI： 10.1902/jop.2005.76.2.250

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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of smoking cessation on the peripheral neutrophil mRNA expression levels for inflammatory cytokines, chemokine, growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixteen male smokers (aged 22-39 [25.3+/-4.0] years), with no clinical signs of periodontal and systemic diseases, were recruited. The experiment was performed before (baseline) and at 1, 4 and 8 weeks after smoking cessation. The status of smoking and smoking cessation was verified by exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) concentration and serum cotinine concentration. Neutrophils were isolated from each subjects' peripheral blood, then the cell was stimulated with N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP). The mRNA expression levels for interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and MMP-8 were analyzed by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions. The same experiment was performed on 11 non-smoking controls (four female and seven male), aged 23-27 (24.4+/-1.2) years. RESULTS: Eleven of 16 smokers successfully completed smoking cessation for 8 weeks. At 1 day after smoking cessation, there was a statistically significantly lower CO concentration than at baseline (p<0.01). Also, cotinine concentration markedly decreased at the second measurement, which was taken at 1 week. All of the analyzed mRNA expression levels of neutrophils from smokers were statistically significantly lower than that in non-smokers (p<0.01: IL-1 beta, IL-8, VEGF; p<0.05: TNF-alpha, MMP-8). The MMP-8 mRNA levels were statistically significantly increased at 8 weeks after smoking cessation compared with the baseline (p<0.05). Although the other mRNA expression levels were also elevated gradually from the baseline, they did not reach the statistically significant levels at 8 weeks after smoking cessation. CONCLUSION: The results showed that the neutrophil transcript levels in smokers were generally lower than those in non-smokers, which could be related to an impairment of neutrophils by smoking effects. The significant increase of MMP-8 mRNA levels were associated with the effects of smoking cessation, while recovery of the other mRNA levels seemed to require a bit longer period beyond 8 weeks after smoking cessation.

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DOI： 10.1902/jop.2003.74.3.378

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BACKGROUND: Functional polymorphisms of immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc receptors (FcγR) have been shown to be associated with generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) or recurrence of chronic periodontitis (CP) in Japanese patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether FcγR polymorphisms are also associated with severity of CP. METHODS: Fifty Japanese non-smoking patients with severe CP and 39 Japanese non-smoking patients with moderate CP were identified according to established clinical criteria, including measurements of probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and alveolar bone loss (BL). FcγR genotypes for 3 bi-allelic polymorphisms (FcγRIIa-R/H131, FcγRIIIa-158V/F, FcγRIIIb-NA1/NA2) were determined in these CP patients and 64 race-matched, non-smoking healthy controls by means of allele-specific polymerase chain reactions. RESULTS: There was a significant over-representation of FcγRIIIa-158V allele in severe CP patients compared to moderate CP patients (odds ratio 2.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-4.01, χ 2 = 4.86, P = 0.028). In addition, we found a strong association between CP severity and FcγR composite genotype comprising FcγRIIIa-158V plus FcγRIIIb-NA2 (severe CP versus moderate CP: odds ratio 4.69, 95% CI 1.52-15.10, χ 2 = 9.35, P = 0.002; severe CP versus healthy controls: odds ratio 4.10, 95% CI 1.62-10.59, χ 2 = 11.13, P = 0.0009). Moreover, CP patients positive for the composite genotype exhibited more severe signs of periodontitis than composite genotype-negative individuals (positive versus negative; mean PD: 3.8 mm versus 3.2 mm, P = 0.005; mean CAL: 4.5 mm versus 3.7 mm, P = 0.005; mean % BL: 37.6% versus 29.9%, P = 0.008). CONCLUSION: Our results document the FcγRIIIa-158V allele and possibly FcγRIIIb-NA2 to be associated with severity of CP in Japanese patients. J Periodontol 2001;72:1324-1331.

DOI： 10.1902/jop.2001.72.10.1324

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DOI： 10.1177/00220345010800120501

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DOI： 10.1902/jop.2001.72.10.1324

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：American Academy of Periodontology  

DOI： 10.1902/jop.2000.71.9.1425

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DOI： 10.2177/jsci.21.supplement_225

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Various laboratory techniques have been applied to the microbiological diagnosis of periodontal disease. However, certain disadvantages persist. In this study we examined the specific peptidase activity in periodontal pockets by using the chair-side test system, SK-013 as a microbiological diagnostics technique. SK-013 can rapidly (within 15 min) evaluate the peptidase activities derived from periodontopathic bacteria such as Treponema denticola and Bacteroides species. We applied SK-013 to patients with periodontitis, gingivitis, dental caries, other types of periodontal infectious disease and periodontally healthy controls and then evaluated the clinical specificity of SK-013, assessing its cut-off level. SK-013 activity was determined both spectrophotometrically and by using the color standard. Phase contrast microscopy was also utilized for determination of subgingival microorganisms. SK-013 activity was specifically detected in the periodontitis group. Setting its cut-off level at 0.2 Try U/ml based on the number of spirochetes in the subgingival pocket, we got good sensitivity, specificity, predictive value and efficacy in terms of the diagnostic value of SK-013. Using the same cut-off level, a good coincidence was also shown in both spectrophotometrically and by using the color standard. These results indicate that SK-013 is a useful chair-side diagnostic method for periodontal disease.

DOI： 10.2329/perio.33.154

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The purpose of the present study was to examine the diagnostic value of SK-013 (Sunstar, Osaka) in evaluating the efficacy of periodontal pocket curettage. SK-013 is a highly sensitive reagent which is used to measure the specific peptidase activities produced by Treponema denticola, Bacteroides (Porphyromonas) gingivalis and Bacteroides forsythus. Sixty-four periodontitis patients were selected for the study. Of the 64 patients, 33 were treated by plaque control instruction and periodontal pocket curettage (T group), and the other 31 patients received no treatment for periodontal disease (NT group). One site was monitored in each patient. The clinical status of each site was assessed using clinical indices such as the gingival index (GI), plaque index (PlI), probing depth (PD), attachment level (AL), bleeding on probing (BOP) and tooth mobility. In the T group, the clinical and enzymatic examinations were made at five separate appointments as follows: (1) at baseline prior to plaque control instruction; (2) 4 weeks after plaque control instruction; and (3) 2, 4, and 8 weeks after periodontal pocket curettage. The same examinations were performed but, only at baseline and after 12 weeks, in the NT group. As a result, periodontal pockets were reduced in depth following plaque control instruction, while the enzymatic activity showed no significant change before and after plaque control. Two weeks after periodontal pocket curettage, both clinical indices (GI, PD, AL, BOP) and SK-013 activity were significantly reduced and these improvements were maintained for 4 weeks. No significant discrepancy was observed in the NT group between clinical assessment and enzymatic activity during the experimental period. This finding suggested that SK-013 is a clinically useful diagnostic method for assessing the effect of initial periodontal therapy.

DOI： 10.2329/perio.33.164

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DOI： 10.1111/j.1365-2842.1990.tb01429.x

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There have been various laboratory methods for the microbiological diagnosis of periodontal disease. However, there have been some disadvantages in these methods.<BR>In this study of the application of a chair-side test for microbiological diagnosis, the activity of peptidases in periodontal pockets of patients was examined by using the assay system SK-013. SK-013 consists of synthetic substrates and is capable of rapidly (in 15 min) evaluating the activity of specific peptidase from <I>Treponema denticola</I> and <I>Bacteroides species</I>. Using SK-013, we evaluate the correlation betweenthe enzymatic activity, clinical periodontal parameters and subgingival level of microorganisms, including phase contrast microscopy. We calculated the sensitivity and efficacy of SK-013 as a diagnostic indicator in the presence of Spirochetes and in periodontitis. A positive correlation were demonstrated between enzymatic activity, clinical periodontal parameters, the numbers of total cell count, Spirochetes, and M & S ratio. SK-013 was highly sensitive and efficacous (sensitivity: 92%, efficacy: 96%).<BR>We concluded that the assay system SK-013 is a useful chair-side method for diagnosing periodontal disease.

DOI： 10.2329/perio.32.241

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The purpose of the present study was to examine the diagnostic value of the SK-013 (Sunstar, Osaka) in evaluating the effect of initial preparation. The SK-013 is a highly sensitive reagent to measure peptidase activity specifically produced by <I>Bacteroides gingivalis</I>, <I>Bacteroides forsythus</I>, and <I>Treponema denticola</I>. Thirty-six sites in 16 periodontitis patients were monitored in this study. The clinical status of each site was assessed using the clinical indices such as gingival index (GI), plaque index (PlI), probing depth (PD), and bleeding on probing (BOP). The composition of subgingival microflora in samples was determined using phase contrast microscopy. Clinical, microbiological, and enzymatic examinations were made at five separate appointments, as follows: (1) at baseline prior to plaque control instruction; (2) 4 weeks following plaque control instruction; and (3) 2, 4, 8 weeks following scaling and root planing of periodontal sites. The results of these examinations were compared statistically. The correlation was positive between the total counts of bacteria including spirochetes and motile rods and the enzymatic activity identified using the SK-013. Also the enzymatic profile was highly correlated with microbiological findings other than clinical indices. These results show that the SK-013 is a clinically useful diagnostic method for assessing the effect of initial periodontal therapy.

DOI： 10.2329/perio.32.249

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DOI： 10.11471/shikahozon.58.109

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DOI： 10.1038/sj.gene.6364021

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DOI： 10.1034/j.1399-0039.2001.580509.x

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DOI： 10.1128/IAI.69.5.2935-2942.2001

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DOI： 10.1034/j.1399-0039.2001.057004363.x

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DOI： 10.1034/j.1600-0765.2001.360304.x

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DOI： 10.1034/j.1600-0765.2001.360607.x

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DOI： 10.1902/jop.2000.71.9.1425

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DOI： 10.1016/S0022-1759(00)00240-4

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DOI： 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.00984.x

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DOI： 10.1023/A:1022344031223

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DOI： 10.1016/S0003-9969(96)00110-0

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DOI： 10.2329/perio.38.243

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DOI： 10.2329/perio.38.243

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