Language：Japanese   Publisher：(公社)日本薬剤学会  

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SAGE Publications  

Regenerative endodontic procedures using blood clots (BC-REP) for immature teeth typically exhibit a periodontal ligament–like healing pattern. However, a pulp-like healing pattern is observed in the presence of residual pulp. This study aimed to clarify the healing phenotype according to tooth maturity when performing BC-REP in the presence of residual pulp, focusing on migrated mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). BC-REP rat molar models were created in the presence of residual pulp at ages corresponding to tooth developmental stages, from immature to mature (5 wk: immature, root is still growing; 8 wk: near mature, root has finished growing in length but the apex is not formed; 11 wk: mature, the apex is formed). The healing pattern and histological MSC markers (α–smooth muscle actin [α-SMA], CD73, CD90, and CD146) were investigated. The frequency of periodontal ligament–like healing was higher in mature teeth than in immature teeth. In addition, more healing macrophages were observed at the apical site 28 d after BC-REP, which is the final stage of healing. In immature teeth, double-immunopositive cells for proliferation markers (ki67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen [PCNA]) and α-SMA were frequently observed in the vicinity of the root canal orifice 7 d after treatment, which is the early stage of healing. By contrast, in mature teeth, the number of CD73-, CD90-, and CD146-immunopositive cells increased at the apical site after 7 and 28 d. CD90- and CD146-immunopositive cells expressed cell proliferation markers (ki67 or PCNA) after 7 d. MSC migration after BC-REP likely varies based on tooth maturity, resulting in different healing phenotypes.

DOI： 10.1177/00220345251325826

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Other Link： https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full-xml/10.1177/00220345251325826

Language：Japanese   Publisher：(国大)東京科学大学総合研究院生体材料工学研究所  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

This study assessed the biocompatibility and chemical properties of two bioceramic root canal sealers, EndoSequence BC Sealer (EBC) and Nishika Canal Sealer BG (NBG), using a sealer extrusion model. Eight-week-old male Wistar rats were used. The mesial root canals of the upper first molars were pulpectomized and overfilled with EBC, NBG, or, as reference, epoxy resin-based AH Plus (AHP). After 28 days, periapical tissue reactions were assessed using microcomputed tomography and histological staining. The elemental composition and chemical composition of the extruded EBC and NBG were analyzed at Day 1 and 28 using an electron probe microanalyzer and micro-Raman spectroscopy. No periapical lesions were observed with the sealer extrusion. Additionally, inflammation around the extruded EBC and NBG was minimal to mild on Day 28, whereas moderate inflammation was found around the extruded AHP. Silicon concentration in the extruded EBC and NBG decreased significantly from Day 1 to 28, with almost no silicon present on Day 28. Furthermore, the extruded EBC and NBG became calcium- and phosphorus-rich, showing a Raman band for hydroxyapatite on Day 28. In conclusion, EBC and NBG demonstrated favorable biocompatibility and the ability to release silicon elements and produce hydroxyapatite when extruded into the periapical tissues. AHP showed moderate periapical tissue irritancy.

DOI： 10.3390/jfb16010014

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Bioscientifica  

Objective

Interactions between the dental biofilm and host are important to study infectious oral diseases such as dental caries and periodontitis. Previous studies have reported the reaction of a host gingival model cocultured with bacteria or biofilms. However, these studies only report results of a gingival model, and a biofilm cocultured with a gingival model has never been investigated, although the microbiome of dental biofilms is associated with the maintenance of health and the onset of infectious oral diseases. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the reaction of a gingival model and experimental biofilm. An in situ dental biofilm model, which enables biofilm formation in the oral cavity, was used to prepare experimental biofilms.

Methods

The in situ biofilm was cocultured with a reconstructed human gingival (RHG) model. We performed 16S rRNA sequence analysis, metagenomic function prediction analysis, total bacterial cell counts using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and confocal laser microscopy observation in addition to gene expression and histological investigation of RHG.

Results

We found a change in Veillonella abundance in the in situ biofilms cocultured with RHG. Metagenomic function prediction analysis revealed that the activity of certain pathways associated with amino acid production, lactic acid fermentation and the glycolysis system significantly increased in biofilms cocultured with RHG.

Conclusion

The microbiome and functions of dental biofilms can be affected by host gingival tissues. Our findings will contribute to the establishment of a host–biofilm interaction model to understand the pathophysiology of oral infectious diseases.

DOI： 10.1530/mah-24-0008

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Other Link： https://mah.bioscientifica.com/downloadpdf/journals/mah/3/1/MAH-24-0008.xml

Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本歯科保存学会  

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MDPI AG  

This study aimed to assess the antibiofilm effects of dentin desensitizers using a modified Robbins device flow cell system. The test desensitizers were Saforide, Caredyne Shield, and Clinpro White Varnish. Standardized dentin specimens were prepared from human single-rooted premolars, treated with one of the materials, and mounted on the modified Robbins device flow cell system. Streptococcus mutans biofilms were developed for 24 h at 37 °C under anaerobic conditions. Scanning electron microscopy, fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy, viable and total cell counts, acid production, and gene expression analyses were performed. A wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy electron probe microanalyzer was used to analyze the ion incorporations. Clinpro White Varnish showed the greatest inhibition, suggesting its suppression of bacterial adherence and transcription of genes related to biofilm formation. Saforide reduced only the number of viable bacteria, but other results showed no significant difference. The antibiofilm effects of Caredyne Shield were limited. The uptake of ions released from a material into dentin varies depending on the element. Clinpro White Varnish is effective for the short-term treatment of tooth sensitivity due to dentin demineralization. It prioritizes remineralization by supplying calcium and fluoride ions while resisting biofilm formation.

DOI： 10.3390/ijms251910703

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.3390/antibiotics13080743

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本歯科保存学会  

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier BV  

DOI： 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107384

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本バイオフィルム学会  

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MDPI AG  

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dental coating materials on Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation. The test materials were PRG Barrier Coat (PRG), BioCoat Ca (BioC), and FluorDental Jelly (FluorJ). Bovine enamel specimens were demineralized to mimic early enamel lesions. The biofilm was developed on a specimen treated with one of the materials by using a modified Robbins device flow-cell system. Scanning electron and fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy, viable and total cell counts, and gene expression assessments of the antibiofilm were performed. Ion incorporation was analyzed using a wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy electron probe microanalyzer. All materials allowed biofilm formation but reduced its volume. FluorJ was the only material that inhibited biofilm accumulation and had a bactericidal effect, revealing 0.66 log CFU in viable cells and 1.23 log copy reduction in total cells compared with the untreated group after 24 h of incubation. The ions released from PRG varied depending on the element. BioC contributed to enamel remineralization by supplying calcium ions while blocking the acid produced from the biofilm. In summary, the dental coating materials physically prevented acid attacks from the biofilm while providing ions to the enamel to improve its mechanical properties.

DOI： 10.3390/antibiotics13010106

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本歯科保存学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本歯科保存学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MDPI AG  

With the rising number of older adults residing at home, there is a growing need for risk assessment and patient management in home nursing. This study aims to develop point-of-care test (POCT) reagents that can aid in risk assessment and home care, especially in settings with limited resources. Our focus was on creating a C-reactive protein (CRP) POCT, which can accurately diagnose clinically significant judgment values in home nursing. Additionally, we assessed the utility of the HemoCue WBC DIFF system in providing differential counts of white blood cells (WBC). These performances were compared with a laboratory test using blood samples from patients with pneumonia. The CRP POCT showed a comparable result to that of a laboratory method, with an average kappa index of 0.883. The leukocyte count showed good agreement with the reference method. While the correlation coefficients for both neutrophil and lymphocyte counts were deemed acceptable, it was observed that the measured values tended to be smaller in cases where the cell count was higher. This proportional error indicates a weak correlation with the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. CRP POCT and WBC counts provided reliable and accurate judgments. These tools may benefit risk management for older adults at home, patients with dementia who cannot communicate, and those living in depopulated areas.

DOI： 10.3390/diagnostics13142407

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本歯科保存学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本歯科保存学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Hydroxyapatite formation on endodontic hydraulic calcium silicate cements (HCSCs) plays a significant role in sealing the root canal system and elevating the hard-tissue inductivity of the materials. This study evaluated the in vivo apatite-forming ability of 13 new-generation HCSCs using an original HCSC (white ProRoot MTA: PR) as a positive control. The HCSCs were loaded into polytetrafluoroethylene tubes and implanted in the subcutaneous tissue of 4-week-old male Wistar rats. At 28 days after implantation, hydroxyapatite formation on the HCSC implants was assessed with micro-Raman spectroscopy, surface ultrastructural and elemental characterization, and elemental mapping of the material-tissue interface. Seven new-generation HCSCs and PR had a Raman band for hydroxyapatite (v1 PO43- band at 960 cm-1) and hydroxyapatite-like calcium-phosphorus-rich spherical precipitates on the surfaces. The other six HCSCs with neither the hydroxyapatite Raman band nor hydroxyapatite-like spherical precipitates did not show calcium-phosphorus-rich hydroxyapatite-layer-like regions in the elemental mapping. These results indicated that 6 of the 13 new-generation HCSCs possessed little or no ability to produce hydroxyapatite in vivo, unlike PR. The weak in vivo apatite-forming ability of the six HCSCs may have a negative impact on their clinical performance.

DOI： 10.3390/jfb14040213

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier BV  

DOI： 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104760

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Calcium salt precipitation induced by intracanal medicaments contributes to the formation of apical hard tissue during apexification. This study compared the calcium salt-forming ability of a new calcium silicate-based intracanal medicament (Bio-C Temp) with that of two commercial calcium hydroxide pastes (Calcipex Plane II and Vitapex) in a rat subcutaneous implantation model. Polytetrafluoroethylene tubes containing each of the three materials were subcutaneously implanted in 4-week-old male Wistar rats. After 28 days, the composition and amount of calcium salts formed at the material-tissue interface were assessed using micro-Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and elemental mapping. The tested materials produced white precipitates that had Raman spectra with peaks corresponding to hydroxyapatite and calcite. X-ray diffraction detected hydroxyapatite formation on Calcipex Plane II and Vitapex implants, as well as calcite formation on all three materials. Elemental mapping revealed that Bio-C Temp generated significantly smaller calcium- and phosphorus-rich calcified regions within the subcutaneous connective tissue than Vitapex. These results indicate that Bio-C Temp produced less calcium salt in rat subcutaneous tissue than Vitapex, although all materials formed hydroxyapatite and calcite in rat subcutaneous tissue. Bio-C Temp could be less effective than Vitapex in promoting apical hard tissue formation during apexification.

DOI： 10.3390/dj11040091

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

INTRODUCTION: Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) exerts biological actions through its transport pathway involving intracellular synthesis, extracellular transport, and receptor binding. This study aimed to determine the localization of the components of the PGE2-transporting pathway in human dental pulp and explore the relevance of PGE2 receptors (EP2/EP4) to angiogenesis and dentinogenesis. METHODS: Protein localization of microsomal PGE2 synthase (mPGES), PGE2 transporters [(multidrug resistance-associated protein-4 (MRP4) and prostaglandin transporter (PGT)], and EP2/EP4 was analyzed using double immunofluorescence staining. Tooth slices from human third molars were cultured with or without butaprost (EP2 agonist) or rivenprost (EP4 agonist) for 1 week. Morphometric analysis of endothelial cell filopodia was performed to evaluate angiogenesis, and real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to evaluate angiogenesis and odontoblast differentiation markers. RESULTS: MRP4 and PGT were colocalized with mPGES and EP2/EP4 in odontoblasts and endothelial cells. Furthermore, MRP4 was colocalized with mPGES and EP4 in human leukocyte antigen-DR-expressing dendritic cells. In the tooth slice culture, EP2/EP4 agonists induced significant increases in the number and length of filopodia and mRNA expression of angiogenesis markers (vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor-2) and odontoblast differentiation markers (dentin sialophosphoprotein and collagen type 1). CONCLUSIONS: PGE2-producing enzyme (mPGES), transporters (MRP4 and PGT), and PGE2-specific receptors (EP2/EP4) were immunolocalized in various cellular components of the human dental pulp. EP2/EP4 agonists promoted endothelial cell filopodia generation and upregulated angiogenesis- and odontoblast differentiation-related genes, suggesting that PGE2 binding to EP2/EP4 is associated with angiogenic and dentinogenic responses.

DOI： 10.1016/j.joen.2023.01.009

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MDPI AG  

The oral cavity is the second most colonized site of Helicobacter pylori after the stomach. This study aimed to compare the genetic relatedness between gastric and oral H. pylori in Japanese patients with early gastric cancer through multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis using eight housekeeping genes. Gastric biopsy specimens and oral samples were collected from 21 patients with a fecal antigen test positive for H. pylori. The number of H. pylori allelic profiles ranged from zero to eight since the yield of DNA was small even when the nested PCR was performed. MLST analysis revealed that only one patient had a matching oral and gastric H. pylori genotype, suggesting that different genotypes of H. pylori inhabit the oral cavity and gastric mucosa. The phylogenetic analysis showed that oral H. pylori in six patients was similar to gastric H. pylori, implying that the two strains are related but not of the same origin, and those strains may be infected on separate occasions. It is necessary to establish a culture method for oral H. pylori to elucidate whether the oral cavity acts as the source of gastric infection, as our analysis was based on a limited number of allele sequences.

DOI： 10.3390/ijms24032211

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Ascorbic acid (AA; vitamin C) plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis and secretion of collagen to produce the organic matrix of hard tissues. Nevertheless, the detailed mechanism by which AA induces reparative dentinogenesis is still unknown. This study aimed to investigate the pathway and function of AA during wound healing in a rat pulpotomy model. Sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter (SVCT) 2 and glucose transporter (GLUT) 1 were detected in odontoblasts, endothelial cells, and nerve fibers in normal pulp tissues. SVCT2 and GLUT1 were also expressed in odontoblast-like cells in pulpotomized tissues of Wistar rats, and immunopositive cells of SVCT2 were significantly increased at 5 days after pulpotomy (p < 0.05). By contrast, osteogenic disorder Shionogi (ODS) rats, which cannot generate AA, also expressed SVCT2 and GLUT1 in normal and wound healing conditions. However, in ODS rats, when compared with the AA-addition group, the formation of dentin bridges in the AA-loss group was not evident, a layer of osteopontin was significantly increased beneath the wound surface (p < 0.05), and alpha smooth muscle actin at the odontoblast-like cells observed along this layer was significantly increased (p < 0.05), but not Nestin. Moreover, the amounts of type 1 collagen generated in the reparative dentin and beneath the wound healing site were significantly diminished (p < 0.05). Macrophages expressing CD68 and CD206 increased beneath the wound site. Hence, AA may be involved in odontoblast-like cell differentiation and anti-inflammatory response during dental pulp wound healing. Our results provide new insights into the function of AA through SVCT2 and GLUT1 in reparative dentinogenesis and may help in developing new therapeutic targets for dental pulpal disease.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-023-28197-9

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The coronavirus disease pandemic has afforded dental professionals an opportunity to reconsider infection control during treatment. We investigated the efficacy of combining extraoral high-volume evacuators (eHVEs) with preprocedural mouth rinsing in reducing aerosol contamination by ultrasonic scalers. A double-masked, two-group, crossover randomized clinical trial was conducted over eight weeks. A total of 10 healthy subjects were divided into two groups; they received 0.5% povidone-iodine (PI), essential oil (EO), or water as preprocedural rinse. Aerosols produced during ultrasonic scaling were collected from the chest area (PC), dentist's mask, dentist's chest area (DC), bracket table, and assistant's area. Bacterial contamination was assessed using colony counting and adenosine triphosphate assays. With the eHVE 10 cm away from the mouth, bacterial contamination by aerosols was negligible. With the eHVE 20 cm away, more dental aerosols containing bacteria were detected at the DC and PC. Mouth rinsing decreased viable bacterial count by 31-38% (PI) and 22-33% (EO), compared with no rinsing. The eHVE prevents bacterial contamination when close to the patient's mouth. Preprocedural mouth rinsing can reduce bacterial contamination where the eHVE is positioned away from the mouth, depending on the procedure. Combining an eHVE with preprocedural mouth rinsing can reduce bacterial contamination in dental offices.

DOI： 10.3390/ijerph19106048

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media LLC  

OBJECTIVE: Bioceramic-containing root canal sealers promote periapical healing via Ca2+ and OH- release and apatite formation on the surface. This study aimed to compare Ca2+ and OH- release and in vivo apatite formation of three bioceramic-containing root canal sealers: EndoSequence BC sealer (Endo-BC), MTA Fillapex (MTA-F), and Nishika Canal Sealer BG (N-BG). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Polytetrafluoroethylene tubes filled with sealers were immersed in distilled water for 6 and 12 h and for 1, 7, 14, and 28 days to measure Ca2+ and OH- release. Additionally, tubes filled with sealers were implanted in the backs of rats for 28 days, and in vivo apatite formation was analyzed using an electron probe microanalyzer. RESULTS: Endo-BC released significantly more Ca2+ than the other sealers at 6 and 12 h and 1 day. Ca2+ release was significantly lower from N-BG than from Endo-BC and MTA-F at 14 and 28 days. OH- release was significantly higher from Endo-BC than from the other sealers throughout the experiment, except at 1 day. OH- release was lower from N-BG than from MTA-F at 6 h and 7 days. Only Endo-BC implants exhibited apatite-like calcium-, phosphorus-, oxygen-, and carbon-rich spherulites and apatite layer-like calcium- and phosphorus-rich, but radiopaque element-free, surface regions. CONCLUSIONS: Ca2+ and OH- release is ranked as follows: Endo-BC > MTA-F > N-BG. Only Endo-BC demonstrated in vivo apatite formation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Endo-BC could promote faster periapical healing than MTA-F and N-BG.

DOI： 10.1007/s00784-021-04118-w

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Other Link： https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00784-021-04118-w/fulltext.html

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Antimicrobial mouthwash improves supragingival biofilm control when used in conjunction with mechanical removal as part of an oral hygiene routine. Mouthwash is intended to suppress bacterial adhesion during biofilm formation processes and is not aimed at mature biofilms. The most common evidence-based effects of mouthwash on the subgingival biofilm include the inhibition of biofilm accumulation and its anti-gingivitis property, followed by its cariostatic activities. There has been no significant change in the strength of the evidence over the last decade. A strategy for biofilm control that relies on the elimination of bacteria may cause a variety of side effects. The exposure of mature oral biofilms to mouthwash is associated with several possible adverse reactions, such as the emergence of resistant strains, the effects of the residual structure, enhanced pathogenicity following retarded penetration, and ecological changes to the microbiota. These concerns require further elucidation. This review aims to reconfirm the intended effects of mouthwash on oral biofilm control by summarizing systematic reviews from the last decade and to discuss the limitations of mouthwash and potential adverse reactions to its use. In the future, the strategy for oral biofilm control may shift to reducing the biofilm by detaching it or modulating its quality, rather than eliminating it, to preserve the benefits of the normal resident oral microflora.

DOI： 10.3390/antibiotics1106072719106048

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

We performed a comprehensive microbiome analysis of root caries lesions using 22 teeth extracted from patients with severe periodontitis. The carious lesions were mechanically collected and cryo-pulverized following tooth extraction. Differences in the microbiome were compared between independent lesions at the supragingival site (SG) and lesions extending beyond the gingival margin (GCB). DNA was extracted and the microbiome was characterized on the basis of the V3-V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene using paired-end sequencing on an Illumina MiSeq device. The microbiota in root caries lesions showed compositionally distinct microbiota depending on the location. The most abundant OTUs in the SG group were Streptococcus (26.0%), Actinomyces (10.6%), and Prevotella (7.6%). GCB presented Prevotella (11.1%) as the most abundant genus, followed by Fusobacterium (9.6%) and Actinomyces (8.7%). The SG group showed a lack of uniformity in microbiota compared with the GCB group. The bacterial profiles of GCB varied considerably among patients, including periodontal pathogens such as Porphyromonas, Selenomonas, Filifactor, Peptococcus, and Tannerella. Periodontal pathogens inhabit root caries lesions that extend beyond the gingival margin. This study provides a new perspective for elucidating the microbial etiology of root caries.

DOI： 10.3390/microorganisms9112349

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Resin monomers and polymerisation initiators have been shown to be cytotoxic for pulp cells and to disturb odontoblast differentiation. This study aimed to compare the effect of a resin-modified calcium silicate cement (TheraCal LC; TC) and a resin-free calcium silicate cement (ProRoot MTA; PR) on pulpal healing after pulpotomy. Pulpotomy was performed on the maxillary first molars of 8-week-old rats using either PR or TC. After 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days, pulpal responses were assessed by micro-computed tomography, haematoxylin-eosin staining and immunostaining against CD68, which is a pan-macrophage marker. The results showed that pulpotomy with TC induced persistent infiltration of inflammatory cells, including CD68-positive macrophages, and delayed the formation of reparative dentin as compared with that with PR, although both materials allowed pulpal healing over the long term. Therefore, resin-modified TC was not as biocompatible nor bioinductive as resin-free PR when applied on the healthy pulp of rat molars.

DOI： 10.1111/aej.12568

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MDPI AG  

This study compared the apatite-forming ability (AFA) levels of flowable and putty formulations of Nishika Canal Sealer BG Multi (F-NBG and P-NBG, respectively) and attempted to clarify the cause of differences in the AFA levels of F-NBG and P-NBG. NBG samples were aged in simulated body fluid (SBF) or 1-, 5-, or 10-g/L bovine serum albumin-containing SBF (BSA-SBF) and analyzed in terms of their ultrastructures, elemental compositions, and Raman spectra to identify apatite formation. The phosphate ion consumption rates of NBG samples in the media were evaluated as an indicator of apatite growth. The original elemental composition, calcium ion release, and alkalizing ability levels of F-NBG and P-NBG were also evaluated. Apparent apatite formation was detected on all NBG samples except F-NBG aged in 10-g/L BSA-SBF. P-NBG consumed phosphate ions faster than F-NBG. As-prepared P-NBG showed more silicon elements on its surface than as-prepared F-NBG. P-NBG released more calcium ions than F-NBG, although their alkalizing ability levels did not differ statistically. In conclusion, the AFA of P-NBG was greater than that of F-NBG, probably because of the greater ability of P-NBG to expose silanol groups on the surface and release calcium ions.

DOI： 10.3390/app11198969

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

This study aimed to evaluate the anticariogenic biofilm activity of a novel zinc-containing glass ionomer cement, Caredyne Restore (CR), using a flow-cell system that reproduces Stephan responses. Streptococcus mutans biofilms were cultured on either CR or hydroxyapatite (HA) discs mounted on a modified Robbins device. The media were allowed to flow at a speed of 2 mL/min for 24 h while exposed to an acidic buffer twice for 30 min to mimic dietary uptake. Acid exposure enhanced biofilm inhibition in the CR group, which showed 2.6 log CFU/mm2 in viable cells and a 2 log copies/mL reduction in total cells compared to the untreated group after 24 h of incubation, suggesting enhanced anticariogenic activity due to the release of fluoride and zinc ions. However, there was no difference in the number of viable and total cells between the two experimental groups after 24 h of incubation in the absence of an acidic environment. The anticariogenic biofilm activity of CR occurs in acidic oral environments, for example in the transient pH drop following dietary uptake. CR restorations are recommended in patients at high risk of caries due to hyposalivation, difficulty brushing, and frequent sugar intake.

DOI： 10.3390/antibiotics10080977

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

In Japan, gastric Helicobacter pylori infection prevalence has markedly decreased with socioeconomic development. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of oral H. pylori in Japanese adults in 2020 by sex, age, sampling site, and medical history. Unstimulated saliva, supragingival biofilm, and tongue coating were obtained from 88 subjects-with no complaints of upper digestive symptoms-attending a dentist's office for dental check-up or disorders. Supragingival biofilm was collected from the upper incisors, lower incisors, upper right molars and lower left molars to analyze the characteristic distribution. Oral H. pylori was detected using nested polymerase chain reaction. Oral H. pylori prevalence did not statistically differ by sex or age. Supragingival biofilm (30.7%) was the most common oral H. pylori niche; it was also detected in 4.5% of saliva and 2.3% of tongue samples. The lower incisor was the most common site among the supragingival biofilm samples, followed by the upper incisors, lower left molars, and upper right molars. Oral H. pylori DNA was frequently detected in patients with a history of gastric H. pylori infection. Oral H. pylori has a characteristic distribution independent of sex and age, suggesting that it is part of the normal microflora in the adult oral cavity.

DOI： 10.3390/pathogens10010010

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

BACKGROUND: Sulfated vizantin, a recently developed immunostimulant, has also been found to exert antibiofilm properties. It acts not as a bactericide, but as a detachment-promoting agent by reducing the biofilm structural stability. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism underlying this activity and its species specificity using two distinct ex vivo oral biofilm models derived from human saliva. RESULTS: The biofilm, composed mainly of the genus Streptococcus and containing 50 μM of sulfated vizantin, detached significantly from its basal surface with rotation at 500 rpm for only 15 s, even when 0.2% sucrose was supplied. Expression analyses for genes associated with biofilm formation and bacterial adhesion following identification of the Streptococcus species, revealed that a variety of Streptococcus species in a cariogenic biofilm showed downregulation of genes encoding glucosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of water-soluble glucan. The expression of some genes encoding surface proteins was also downregulated. Of the two quorum sensing systems involved in the genus Streptococcus, the expression of luxS in three species, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus gordonii, and Streptococcus mutans, was significantly downregulated in the presence of 50 μM sulfated vizantin. Biofilm detachment may be facilitated by the reduced structural stability due to these modulations. As a non-specific reaction, 50 μM sulfated vizantin decreased cell surface hydrophobicity by binding to the cell surface, resulting in reduced bacterial adherence. CONCLUSION: Sulfated vizantin may be a candidate for a new antibiofilm strategy targeting the biofilm matrix while preserving the resident microflora.

DOI： 10.1186/s12866-020-02033-w

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

A previous study has reported that a novel fluoro-zinc-silicate glass ionomer cement (Caredyne Restore) showed superior anti-biofilm effects by interfering with bacterial adhesion. However, the active ions may degrade with time. This study aimed to assess the valid anti-biofilm effects of Caredyne Restore after being aged by water immersion for 3 weeks. Streptococcus mutans biofilm was allowed to grow on the surface before and after water aging for 24 h using a modified Robbins device flow-cell system. The results showed water aging promoted biofilm formation. Insufficient amount of fluoride and zinc ions were released from Caredyne Restore after water aging under neutral pH condition. An acidic pH is needed to exert effective anti-biofilm properties. As the release of active ions from Caredyne Restore will gradually decrease after the restoration,  the restoration may not prevent biofilm formation after 3 weeks while neutral pH is maintained by the buffering capacity of saliva.

DOI： 10.1080/08927014.2020.1856371

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Streptococcus mutans is the main pathogen of dental caries and adheres to the tooth surface via soluble and insoluble glucans produced by the bacterial glucosyltransferase enzyme. Thus, the S. mutans glucosyltransferase is an important virulence factor for this cariogenic bacterium. Sulfated vizantin effectively inhibits biofilm formation by S. mutans without affecting its growth. In this study, less S. mutans biofilm formation occurred on hydroxyapatite discs coated with sulfated vizantin than on noncoated discs. Sulfated vizantin showed no cytotoxicity against the human gingival cell line Ca9-22. Sulfated vizantin dose-dependently inhibited the extracellular release of cell-free glucosyltransferase from S. mutans and enhanced the accumulation of cell-associated glucosyltransferase, compared with that observed with untreated bacteria. Sulfated vizantin disrupted the localization balance between cell-associated glucosyltransferase and cell-free glucosyltransferase, resulting in inhibited biofilm maturation. These results indicate that sulfated vizantin can potentially serve as a novel agent for preventing dental caries.

DOI： 10.1111/1348-0421.12797

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BACKGROUND: The aim of this in vitro study was to examine the possible enhancement of the biofilm peeling effect of a sonic toothbrush following the use of an antimicrobial mouth rinse. METHODS: The biofilm at a noncontact site in the interdental area was treated by sound wave convection with the test solution or by immersion in the solution. The biofilm peeling effect was evaluated by determining the bacterial counts and performing morphological observations. A Streptococcus mutans biofilm was allowed to develop on composite resin discs by cultivation with stirring at 50 rpm for 72 h. The specimens were then placed in recesses located between plastic teeth and divided into an immersion group and a combination group. The immersion group was treated with phosphate buffer, chlorhexidine digluconate Peridex™ (CHX) mouth rinse or Listerine® Fresh Mint (EO) mouth rinse. The combination group was treated with CHX or EO and a sonic toothbrush. RESULTS: The biofilm thickness was reduced by approximately one-half compared with the control group. The combination treatment produced a 1 log reduction in the number of bacteria compared to the EO immersion treatment. No significant difference was observed in the biofilm peeling effect of the immersion group compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The combined use of a sonic toothbrush and a mouth rinse enhanced the peeling of the biofilm that proliferates in places that are difficult to reach using mechanical stress.

DOI： 10.1186/s12903-020-01144-0

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DOI： 10.1007/s00784-019-02991-0

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Following antimicrobial administrations in oral environments, bacteria become exposed to a sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (sub-MIC), which can induce in vitro single-species biofilms. This study explored the effects of chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) at a sub-MIC on in vitro multi-species biofilms comprising Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis and Actinomyces naeslundii. CHG at a sub-MIC was found to induce in vitro biofilm growth, although the bacterial growth was not significantly different from that in the control. The gene transcription related to S. mutans multi-species biofilm formation with CHG at a sub-MIC was significantly higher than that of the control, but this was not found in S. mutans single-species biofilms. The bio-volume of extracellular polysaccharides with CHG at a sub-MIC was significantly higher than that of the control. This suggests that CHG at a sub-MIC may promote the development of multi-species biofilms by affecting the gene transcription related to S. mutans biofilm formation.

DOI： 10.1080/08927014.2020.1739271

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Streptococcus pneumoniae is often isolated from patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Antibiotics are the primary line of treatment for pneumococcal pneumonia; however, rising antimicrobial resistance is becoming more prevalent. Hinokitiol, which is isolated from trees in the cypress family, has been demonstrated to exert antibacterial activity against S. pneumoniae in vitro regardless of antimicrobial resistance. In this study, the efficacy of hinokitiol was investigated in a mouse pneumonia model. Male 8-week-old BALB/c mice were intratracheally infected with S. pneumoniae strains D39 (antimicrobial susceptible) and NU4471 (macrolide resistant). After 1 h, hinokitiol was injected via the tracheal route. Hinokitiol significantly decreased the number of S. pneumoniae in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and the concentration of pneumococcal DNA in the serum, regardless of whether bacteria were resistant or susceptible to macrolides. In addition, hinokitiol decreased the infiltration of neutrophils in the lungs, as well as the concentration of inflammatory cytokines in the BALF and serum. Repeated hinokitiol injection at 18 h intervals showed downward trend in the number of S. pneumoniae in the BALF and the concentration of S. pneumoniae DNA in the serum with the number of hinokitiol administrations. These findings suggest that hinokitiol reduced bacterial load and suppressed excessive host immune response in the pneumonia mouse model. Accordingly, hinokitiol warrants further exploration as a potential candidate for the treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0240329

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INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to develop a technique to create sequential slices, allowing the fluorescent visualization of bacterial viability in all parts of an infected dentin. METHODS: Cylindrical dentin blocks were prepared from freshly extracted human teeth with a single-rooted canal. Each block was immersed in 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 17% EDTA for 5 minutes before being infected with Enterococcus faecalis. The bacteria were allowed to develop inside dentin specimens for 28 days under anaerobic conditions. The specimens were exposed in 2% NaOCl for either 2 minutes or 20 minutes at 20°C, 37°C, and 45°C, respectively. After staining with calcein AM (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) and propidium iodide, the samples were cryoembedded, mounted on an adhesive film, and sectioned at a thickness of 10 μm along the running of the dentinal tubules. Stacks of fluorescent images were collected in the z dimension using confocal laser scanning microscopy, and the maximum affected distance from a root canal was measured from the 3-dimensional reconstructed image. The reliability of this technique was verified by comparison with a dye bleaching test. RESULTS: Horizontal sequential sections preserving 3-dimensional bacterial distribution and their viabilities could be made without decalcification. The treatment time contributed to the penetration of NaOCl into dentinal tubules, whereas temperature did not significantly affect the penetration. The judgment by confocal laser scanning microscopic analysis was consistent with that of a dye bleaching test. CONCLUSIONS: The horizontal sectioning method has the advantage of creating sequential sections, allowing information to be imaged at every portion.

DOI： 10.1016/j.joen.2019.06.004

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Therapeutic mouthwash (MW) is an adjunctive tool along with a regular oral hygiene routine of daily tooth brushing and daily flossing. Previous systematic reviews have demonstrated that it is effective against dental biofilm and gingival inflammation, for prevention of dental caries, and for managing one's bad breath condition according to the active ingredients. MWs prevent the microorganisms from bacterial adhesion that corresponds to the initial step in biofilm formation. This review summarized the current state of evidence such as anti-biofilm, anti-gingivitis and cariostatic properties of MWs by evaluating systematic reviews from the past six years. The anti-biofilm property has been proven to be effective, with strong evidence of three main clinical efficacies. The most commonly studied active agent was chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), followed by essential oil (EO) and cetylpyridinium chloride. All the systematic reviews are in complete agreement that CHX and EO provide statistically significant improvements in terms of plaque and gingival indices. These effects have held up over the years as the number of studies has increased. While the use of fluoride MW is proven to be effective in improving the oral health of both children and adults, the quality of evidence is still regarded as low.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jdsr.2018.07.001

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DOI： 10.1186/s12903-018-0517-3

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DOI： 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.021

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DOI： 10.1111/1348-0421.12343

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DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0116647

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DOI： 10.1007/s00784-013-1002-7

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DOI： 10.1016/j.job.2012.09.002

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DOI： 10.1128/AEM.02279-08

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DOI： 10.1007/s10266-007-0077-5

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DOI： 10.1128/A-EM.02218-07

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DOI： 10.4012/dmj.27.75

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DOI： 10.1080/08910600410023925

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DOI： 10.1034/j.1399-302X.2001.160109.x

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DOI： 10.1034/j.1399-302X.2001.160104.x

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DOI： 10.1007/s101560100014

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高齢者の介護予防のための口腔機能評価および管理からなる包括的システム(システム)を開発した。介護型のケアハウス入所者25名(男性4名、女性21名、平均83.9±6.4歳)を対象とし、「お口の元気度検査」として口腔機能検査、全身状態などについての検査を行った。プレフレイルまたはフレイルと判定された者が84%、サルコペニアと判定された者が判定1では28%、判定2では56%で、栄養状態については低栄養が8%、低栄養のリスク有が28%であった。オーラルディアドコキネシスという「pa」「ta」「ka」音それぞれを10秒間連続発声して口腔機能を評価する方法で判定し、フレイルと判定された入所者は「pa」「ta」「ka」音いずれも基準値未満が多かった。咀嚼力判定ガムを用いて評価し、フレイルと判定された入所者は、咀嚼力が低かった。

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DOI： 10.2329/perio.56.291

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20代〜40代の歯学部学生および歯科研修医16名を被験者とし、新規歯面コーティング材「ビューティコート」の口腔内における経時的な色調変化を2週間にわたり観察するとともに、チッピングの頻度を調べた。さらに、被験者の感想をアンケート調査した。その結果、色調の変化はコート剤塗布後L*値とa*値が経時的に低下した。チッピングは10名13歯(全被験歯の14%)に認め、発生部位はいずれも切端部付近であり、固形物を切端部で噛み切ることで発生しているケースが多かった。アンケートの結果、使用感に関する項目(「味」「唇や歯肉の違和感」)について「気になる」と答えた人は1名(6%)のみであり、満足度は12名(75%)が「満足」と回答した。

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新規歯面コーティング材ビューティコート(BC)を被験材料とし、質問票調査により審美性の評価を行った。表面滑沢材としてグロスエフェクトのみを用い、バフによる研磨は行わなかった。新潟大学医歯学総合病院受診患者および学生・研修医を対象とした。自分の歯の色が「気に入らない」との回答は対象者の半数以下であったが、調査対象者のほぼ全員が歯の色調改善を希望した。歯の色調を改善するために重要視する項目には回答者間に有意な一致性があり、「非侵襲性」が重要視される傾向を示し、「即効性」や「白さ」の平均順位は低かった。BCの審美性は主として「自然さ」の面で評価が分かれたが、非侵襲性への高い要求にはおおむね合致し、不快感が少なく好印象を与えうる審美効果が得られる材料であることが推察された。

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本歯内療法学会  

各種レジン系シーラーと固形根管充填材との界面に注目し、同部の封鎖性及び接着性について比較検討した。固形根管充填材としてResilon(R)、フレックスポイントネオ(F)及びガッタパーチャポイント(G)を、またシーラーとしてEpiphany(EP)、Superbondシーラー(SB)、シーラペックス(S)及びキャナルスN(C)を使用した。色素浸透試験において、実験群をEP/R群、SB/G群、SB/R群、SB/F群、コントロールとしてC/G群の5群(各n=5)を設定し、直径4mm、厚さ1mmのモールド内にシーラーを注入後、直ちにその中央にマスターポイントを挿入し、37℃浸潤下にて1週間保管した。その後、1%メチレンブルー5mlを試料表面に作用させ、1週間後に表面(色素接触面)および深さ1mmの位置(試料底面)での色素浸透を実体顕微鏡で観察しスコア評価した。その結果、深さ0mm面(色素接触面)では全ての試料間で有意差はなかった。一方、深さ1mm面の位置では、EP/R群は全例で色素浸透が認められなかった。SB/F群はEP/R群、SB/G群と比較して有意に大きいスコアを示した。次いで、接着強さの測定において、実験群をEP/G群、EP/R群、SB/G群、SB/R群、コントロールとしてS/G群、C/G群の計6群(各n=6)を設定し、#35のマスターポイント全周に厚さ2mmおよび5mmを一定体積のシーラーと接触させた状態で硬化させた試料を用い測定を行った。その結果、測定不能であったS/G群を除き、シーラー厚さ2mm,5mmの場合にEP/R群、SB/R群は各々EP/G群、SB/G群、C/G群と比較して有意に大きい測定値を示した。また、全ての群で2mmよりも5mmの方が有意に高い値を示した。

DOI： 10.20817/jeajournal.29.1_30

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本歯科保存学会  

DOI： 10.11471/shikahozon.50.713

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：デンタルダイヤモンド社  

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Language：Japanese  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本接着歯学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本老年歯科医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本歯科審美学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本老年歯科医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本歯科審美学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本歯科保存学会  

40本のエポキシレジン製透明湾曲根管模型(湾曲30°)に一定の規格でプレフレアリングを施した後,K3,ProTaper或いはEndoWaveを各種の使用順序や組合せで用いて根尖径が#30になるまで根管下部の形成を行い,根管形態を画像解析により分析した結果,以下の結論を得た.K3の使用順序を変更しても根管形態に影響はなく,内湾側よりも外湾側根管壁を多く切削したが,K3が内湾側の切削量は最も少なかった.ProTaperをK3又はEndoWaveと組み合わせて使用した場合,根管幅径増加量はK3又はEndoWave単独の場合とほぼ同程度であった.湾曲根管の形態変化は形成の最終段階での使用する1〜2本程度の器具に影響される面が大きいことが示唆された

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Language：Japanese  

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Language：Japanese  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本歯科保存学会  

フッ化ナトリウムと塩酸クロルヘキシジンの配合された歯磨剤(ジェルコート(F))をプラークの付着抑制効果の向上と知覚過敏防止を期待してNWEに混合し,これをホームブリーチングに用いた場合の口腔内環境に与える影響,知覚過敏の出現及び漂白効果について評価した.20歳代の学生30名の被験者をNWE単体群,NWE+ジョルコートF混合群,NWE+10%Carboxymethyl Cellulose群に10名づつに無作為に分けてブリーチングを2週間行い,その後の2週間目でも観察を行った.NWEとジェルコートFの併用によるホームブリーチング中はプラークの付着量と含そう水中の口腔内細菌数が減少傾向を示したが,ジェルコートFによる殺菌効果の増強は明らかではなかった.ジェルコートFの併用により知覚過敏の発生は抑制される傾向を示し,漂白効果の有意な低下はみられなかった.したがって,この併用方法は日常的な口腔ケアの方法として有用である可能性が示唆された

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Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2005&ichushi_jid=J01092&link_issn=&doc_id=20051108460018&doc_link_id=%2Fdo1conde%2F2005%2F004805%2F018%2F0751-0758%26dl%3D0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalonline.jp%2Fjamas.php%3FGoodsID%3D%2Fdo1conde%2F2005%2F004805%2F018%2F0751-0758%26dl%3D0&type=MedicalOnline&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00004_2.gif

Language：Japanese   Publisher：(株)デンタルダイヤモンド社  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本歯科審美学会  

規格支台より複製した模型を用いて,CEREC inLabシステムにより製作されたAluminaセラミッククラウンコーピングの適合性をセメントレプリカ法により検討した.直径10mmの真鍮棒を加工して製作した,高径の異なる3種の特注真鍮製支台を用いた.CEREC inLabシステムで製作したクラウンコーピングの規格支台より複製した模型との間隙量は辺録部で18.0〜39.0μm,内面部で59.5〜71.3μmであった.支台の高さ(2〜6mm)はアルミナクラウンコーピングの支台との間隙量に影響を与えなかった

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本歯科保存学会  

フッ化物徐放性コンポジットレジン修復がエナメル質および象牙質窩縁部の歯質耐酸性に及ぼす影響を明らかにするため,走査型共焦点レーザー顕微鏡(LSM)を用い,人工脱灰後の脱灰深さの測定および微細構造学的観察を行った.フッ化物徐放性コンポジットレジン修復群では,従来型コンポジットレジン修復群と比較して,人工脱灰後の脱灰深さが有意に小さかった.従来型修復群では,脱灰は水平的に進行するとともに,接着界面で楔状の深い欠損が形成された.一方,フッ化物徐放型修復群では,接着界面近くでは小さく,離れると大きくなる曲線的な脱灰形態を示した.よって,フッ化物徐放性コンポジットレジンは,修復物辺縁歯質の耐酸性の向上に有効であることが示唆された

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Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2004&ichushi_jid=J01092&link_issn=&doc_id=20040901240001&doc_link_id=%2Fdo1conde%2F2004%2F004704%2F001%2F0529-0534%26dl%3D0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalonline.jp%2Fjamas.php%3FGoodsID%3D%2Fdo1conde%2F2004%2F004704%2F001%2F0529-0534%26dl%3D0&type=MedicalOnline&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00004_2.gif

Language：Japanese   Publisher：(公社)日本歯科医師会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(公社)日本歯科医師会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(株)デンタルダイヤモンド社  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(株)ヒョーロン・パブリッシャーズ  

通常のホームブリーチングをホームケアとしての観点からその効果を明らかにすることを目的として,ブリーチング前後の口腔内細菌数の変化,歯垢の付着性,色調変化,歯面の形態的変化,歯髄反応,使用感等の口腔内環境への影響について総合的に検討した.ホームブリーチングにより口腔内細菌数の減少や歯垢の付着抑制効果が認められ,術前のPMTCや漂白効果による口腔管理意識の増加など,ホームケアへのモチベーションとしての効果が期待できた.しかし,エナメル質表層組織の粗造化,カルシウム溶出童の増加,知覚過敏,色の後戻り等の問題も既に指摘された

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：新潟歯学会  

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Language：English   Publisher：Niigata University  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本老年歯科医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本口腔衛生学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本歯科保存学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本老年歯科医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本口腔衛生学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本口腔衛生学会  

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Language：English  

DOI： 10.1034/j.1399-302X.2001.160104.x

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Language：English   Publisher：Springer Japan  

DOI： 10.1007/s101560100014

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Language：English  

DOI： 10.1034/j.1399-302X.2001.160109.x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Niigata University  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)  

Web of Science

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：新潟歯学会  

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Presentation type：Public lecture, seminar, tutorial, course, or other speech  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

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Presentation type：Public lecture, seminar, tutorial, course, or other speech  

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Presentation type：Public lecture, seminar, tutorial, course, or other speech  

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Presentation type：Public lecture, seminar, tutorial, course, or other speech  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Public lecture, seminar, tutorial, course, or other speech  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

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