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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

It was tried to prepare hybrid microcapsules composed of porous inorganic particles and epoxy resin shell and to apply to the self-healing agent. A water soluble imidazole of gelation promoting agent as the core material was microencapsulated in the porous inorganic particles, which were coated with epoxy resin. The porous inorganic particles were prepared with the interfacial reaction between sodium silicate and calcium ion in the (W/O) dispersion. In the experiment, the concentration of sodium silicate and the mixing speed to form the (W/O) dispersion were mainly changed. The porous inorganic particles were immersed in the aqueous solution dissolving imidazole and then, added in the corn oil dissolving epoxy resin to be microencapsulated with gelated epoxy resin. The hybrid microcapsules containing imidazole with the mean diameters from 200 to 400 mu m were able to be prepared and to induce the gelation reaction of epoxy resin by breaking the hybrid microcapsule shell due to heating. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

DOI： 10.1002/pat.3202

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DOI： 10.4236/jcdsa.2013.33a2012

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We have tried to microencapsulate β-carotene with curdlan of a thermogelation type polysaccharide. Microcapsules were prepared by utilizing reverse dispersion, in which salada oil was the continuous phase (O') and the curdlan water slurry (W) was the dispersed phase. β-carotene (O) as a core material was broken into fine oil droplets in the dispersed phase to form the (O/W) dispersion. The (O/W) dispersion was poured in the continuous phase (O') and stirred to form the (O/W)/O' dispersion at room temperature and then, temperature of the dispersion was raised to 80 °C to prepare curdlan-microcapusles containing β-carotene. In this microencapsulation process, the concentrations of curdlan and oil soluble surfactant and the impeller speed to form the (O/W)/O' dispersion were mainly changed stepwise. We were able to prepare microcapsules by the microencapsulation method adopted here. The content of core material was increased with the curdlan concentration and decreased with the impeller speed and the oil soluble surfactant concentration. With the curdlan concentration, the drying rate of microcapsules was decreased and the retention ability for water was increased due to the stable preservation of β-carotene. © 2013 by the authors
licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

DOI： 10.3390/pharmaceutics5040609

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：THE MEMBRANE SOCIETY OF JAPAN  

DOI： 10.5360/membrane.35.146

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD  

Microencapsulation of Bistetrazol diammonium (BHT center dot 2NH(3)) as a hydrophilic powdery flame retardant was tried by the interfacial reaction method in reverse emulsion. In this microencapsulation method, water droplets containing BHT center dot 2NH(3) and hydrazine as gelation agent for epoxy resin were dispersed in the continuous phase of corn oil. When epoxy resin was added to the continuous phase, BHT center dot 2NH(3) as a core material was microencapsulated by the reaction of epoxy resin with hydrazine on the interface between the surface of water droplet and the continuous phase. The content of the core material from 70 to 85%, and the microencapsulation efficiency from 89 to ca 100% were able to be attained under the experimental conditions adopted here. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

DOI： 10.1002/pat.1410

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Spherical calcium carbonate vaterite crystals were synthesized and the effect of them on stabilization of suspension polymerization of methyl methacrylate was investigated. Suspension polymerization of methyl methacrylate could be stabilized with calcium carbonate vaterite crystals and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate of the concentrations from 25 to 100 ppm. Poly(methyl methacrylate) beads coated with spherical calcium carbonate vaterite crystals were prepared. With an increase in the concentration of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate from 25 to 100 ppm, the amount of calcium carbonate vaterite crystals adhered on the surface of poly methyl methacrylate bead increased and the mean diameters of the polymer beads decreased. (c) 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Society of Powder Technology Japan.

DOI： 10.1016/j.apt.2008.10.003

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：RAPRA TECHNOLOGY LTD  

Hydrophilic, solid, powdery diammonium bitetrazole (BHT.2NH(3)) as a fire retardant was microencapsulated with epoxy resin by the method of in situ gelation in droplets to give water resistance. In this method, a nonaqueous solvent was adopted as the continuous phase instead of water to prevent the hydrophilic core material from leaking out. In the experiment, it was mainly the agitation speeds during preparation of droplets containing BHT.2NH(3) and during the microencapsulation process, the gelation temperature, and the oil-soluble surfactant species that were varied. The content of core material could be increased by using a non-aqueous solvent instead of water phase. The content of core material increased with gelation temperature and independently of the agitation speeds during first droplet preparation and during the microencapsulating process. The leakage ratio increased with agitation speeds and decreased considerably with gelation temperature.

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To give water resistance to Bistetrazol-diammonium (BHT-2NH(3)) as a fire retardant agent, micro-encapsulation with epoxy resin was tried by the droplet coalescence method. In this method, two kinds of epoxy resin droplets were prepared; one is the larger epoxy resin droplet containing BHT-2NH(3) as a core material and the other the smaller droplets containing Imidazole as a gelation agent. The larger epoxy resin droplets were made to coalesce with the many smaller droplets during the micro-encapsulation process to prepare microcapsules. In the experiment, the agitation velocities for preparation of the droplets and for coalescence were mainly changed. With increase in the impeller speed, the content of core material increased, became maximum because of increase in the coalescence frequency, and then decreased because of breakup of droplets. With increase in the impeller speed, the leakage ratio of core material decreased, became minimum, and then increased. (C) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/app.28211

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JOHN WILEY & SONS INC  

1,3,5-trimethylbarbituric acid (TMBA), an amphiphilic material used widely for redox catalysts, such as organic peroxide, aromatic tertiary amine, and anhydride, was microencapsulated by the drying-in-liquid method with polyethylene methacrylate (PEMA) as a wall material. To prevent osmotically induced leakage of the core material into the continuous water phase during the microencapsulation process, TMBA was beforehand dissolved into the continuous water phase. In the experiment, the amount of TMBA dissolved and holdup of the dispersed oil phase were changed. The microencapsulation efficiency increased with the increase in the amount of TMBA dissolved but remained 36% at the highest even with the saturated level of TMBA. Also, the microencapsulation efficiency decreased with increase in holdup. The microcapsules containing TMBA were used for preparing a biological hard tissue-adhesive material and estimated for the microencapsulation effects. The adhesives containing the microencapsules were found to have excellent bonding properties and high storage stability. (C) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/app.28825

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JOHN WILEY & SONS INC  

Solid powder generating minus ion was microencapsulated by polystyrene with the drying-in-liquid method. In the microencapsulation, (R)-(+) limonene as the solvent for polystyrene and ethylene glycol as the continuous phase were adopted instead of the conventional organic solvent such as dichloromethane, benzene and toluene, and water, respectively. It was mainly investigated whether the solvents adopted here could be applied to the drying-in-liquid method or not and how the viscosity of the shell solution and the oil soluble surfactant affected the content of core material. The oil soluble surfactant made hydrophilic solid powder more hydrophobic and resulted in an increase of the content. Microcapsules containing solid powder could be prepared with the drying-in-liquid method using (R)-(+) limonene and ethylene glycol. An increase in the viscosity of the shell solution repressed the movement of solid powder particles in a droplet of the shell solution during the microencapsulation process and resulted in the higher content. (C) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/app.24765

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD  

Spherical silica particles were synthesized using the sol-gel method by hydrolyzing tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) with an alkali catalyst, and it was investigated how the experimental conditions (the reaction temperature, the concentration and dropping rate of the hydrolysis catalyst solution) affected the size and morphology of silica particles. Furthermore, the silica particles were doped with sodium fluoride to measure their ion release ability. The mean diameters of the silica particles changed according to the reaction temperature and the dropping rate of the hydrolysis catalyst, namely the higher the reaction temperature or the slower the dropping rate the smaller are the mean diameters. The surface area of the silica particles was significantly different depending on the dropping rate of the hydrolysis catalyst, namely the slower the dropping rate the larger the specific surface area. The specific heat capacity and thermal reduction (TG) of the silica particles were significantly different according to the reaction temperature, namely the higher the reaction temperature the lower the specific heat capacity and the TG. It was found that the fluoride-retaining ability was proportional to the surface area of silica particles. The fluoride ion release was equilibrated on elapsing 5 min. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

DOI： 10.1002/pat.1064

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JOHN WILEY & SONS INC  

Polyurea microcapsules containing a pyrethroid insecticide were prepared by the reaction between hexamethylene diisocyanate isocyanurate and ethylenediamine in an oil-in-water emulsion. This study was performed to establish the operational conditions of preparing microcapsules by interfacial polymerization and to investigate how the operational conditions affected the characteristics of microcapsules such as the morphology, wall thickness, mean diameter, and particle size distribution. Microcapsules prepared in this study were found to be spherical and monocore. The microcapsule yields, ranging from 94 to 98%, were almost equal to the theoretical values. The wall thickness of the microcapsules increased with the diameter of the microcapsules and the concentration of hexamethylene diisocyanate isocyanurate. In comparison with the results for microcapsules prepared with a mixture of hexamethylene diisocyanate uretidione and isocyanurate, the diameters and wall thickness of the microcapsules were found to be larger. (c) 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/app.27238

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.11618/adhesion.43.13

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DOI： 10.1252/kakoronbunshu.33.363

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JOHN WILEY & SONS INC  

To investigate the dependence of the shell thickness on both the microcapsule size and the concentration of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI) and to analyze the chemical structure of the polyurea shell, polyurea microcapsules were prepared by using the reaction between HMDI uretidione/isocyanurate and ethylene diamine (EDA) in an oil-in-water emulsion. In the experiment, the concentrations of hexamethylane diisocyanate and EDA were changed. The shell thickness was correlated well with the mean size and the concentration of HMDI on the surface area per unit volume of microcapsule. From the solid-state C-13 NMR spectroscopy analysis, the uretidione and isocyanurate ring structures were found to be not changed before and after the reaction. From the wide-angle X-ray diffraction analysis, it was suggested that the chemical structure of the polyurea shell was amorphous. From the FTIR spectra analysis, it could be concluded that polyurea microcapsules were prepared by the reaction between HMDI uretidione/isocyanate and EDA.

DOI： 10.1002/app.25061

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD  

We developed a method to prepare hemispherical hollow silica microcapsules (HHSM) with different affinity surfaces using spherical vaterite calcium carbonate (SVCC) as a template. The preparation process composed of the adhesion of calcium carbonate onto the surface of methyl methacrylate (MMA) droplets followed by suspension polymerization, the partial etching of calcium carbonate on the polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) mother particle, the formation of silicon dioxide powder by sol-gel reaction and their deposition onto the etched flat surface of calcium carbonate, the surface modification of deposited silicon dioxide with silane coupling agent, the removal of the mother particle with acetone, the formation of silicon dioxide powder by sol-gel reaction and deposition onto the exposed hemispherical surface of calcium carbonate, and the surface modification of deposited silicon dioxide with silane coupling agent. The synthesized microcapsules had a complete hemispherical structure and both hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces. Copyright (C) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

DOI： 10.1002/pat.939

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

We attempted to prepare microcapsules by absorbing n-pentadecane as the phase change material (PCM) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) as the shell material into oil absorbable polymer particles.
We could prepare the microcapsules containing PCM with the polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) shell. In the experiment, the volume of methyl methacrylate monomer and the soaking time for oil absorbable polymer particles to soak into MMA were changed stepwise.
With the increase in the volume of MMA absorbed, the diameters and mechanical strength of microcapsules were increased.
Furthermore, it was found that the amount of PCM leaking from the microcapsules was decreased with the volume of MMA absorbed. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.12.019

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Porous biodegradable microspheres can be prepared by using the direct melting dispersion method without any noxious organic solvents, in which the biodegradable polymer is directly melted and stirred to form the liquid-liquid dispersion followed by cooling in the continuous phase, such as ethylene glycol with the higher melting temperature than polymer.
In the experiment, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) was adopted as the biodegradable polymer. As particulate porogen, magnetite powder was pre-mixed into the melted polymer and removed by hydrochloric acid aqueous solution after preparation of the microspheres to make them porous. It was found that the inner surface area was significantly increased by removing magnetite powder. Copyright (C) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

DOI： 10.1002/pat.853

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Colour Material  

Composite nanoparticles of polyester resin with pigment were prepared by phase-inversion emulsification followed by dry-in-liquid method.<BR>In the experiment, the effects of the impeller speed at the phase inversion, the concentration of emulsifier, and the amphiphilic solvent on the characteristics of composite particles containing carbon black as a colorant were investigated.<BR>Monodispersed composite particles with the mean diameter of 120 nm were able to be prepared by using polyoxyethylen lauryl ether as an emulsifier and acetone as an amphiphilic solvent.

DOI： 10.4011/shikizai1937.79.487

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DOI： 10.3136/nskkk.53.255

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DOI： 10.3136/nskkk.53.248

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Adhesion Society of Japan  

In order to apply to the one liquid type blocking adhesive, it was tried to microencapsulate the hardening agent for epoxy resin with epoxy resin by the interfacial hardening reaction method.In the experiment, the reaction time, the concentration of epoxy resin as the shell material and the impeller speed during the microencapsulation process were changed stepwise.It was investigated how these experimental conditions affect the structure, the gelation time and storage stability of microcapsules.It is found that the size, the content of hardening agent and the shell thickness of microcapsules could be controlled by changing the reaction time, the concentration of epoxy resin and the impeller speed.As a result, the storage stability and the gelation time of microcapsules were able to be changed widely.

DOI： 10.11618/adhesion.42.272

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Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) was microencapsulated with polyethyl methacrylate (PEMA) by the drying-in-liquid method to apply to a liquid type adhesive. In the experiment, two kinds of calcium carbonate with different shape and size were used as stabilizers. Microencapsulation efficiency over 90% was obtained under the experimental conditions adopted here. Microcapsules prepared were characterized for medical applications. It was found that adhesive biomaterials prepared using microcapsules had sufficient ability for initiating radical polymerization even after two-month storage at 40°C and a relative humidity of 75%. Copyright © 2006 The Society of Chemical Engineers, Japan.

DOI： 10.1252/jcej.39.994

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

Polymer microspheres coated with two kinds of solid powders were prepared by the semi-chemical recycle method of waste plastics. Magnetite (Fe3O4) and silicon carbide (SiC) were added as solid powders so as to give thermal and electric conductivity and magnetization. Waste expanded polystyrene was used as raw materials of polymer matrix of composite particles. In the experiment, the oil phase dissolving expanded polystyrene was dispersed to form the O/W dispersion in the continuous water phase in which polyvinyl alcohol and magnetite powders were added. And then, silicon carbide powder was added into the O/W dispersion. Composite particles prepared had the structure that a polymer particle was covered with two kinds of solid powders. The amount of each solid powder adhered on the surface of polymer microsphere was strongly affected by an addition time of silicon carbide powder. Furthermore, the gradient adhesion layer due to two solid powders was found to be formed on the surface of polymer microsphere. (c) 2006 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.

DOI： 10.1007/s10853-006-6273-9

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Colour Material  

White-colored composite nanoparticles were prepared by miniemulsion polymerization using a metal soap as colorant for improved dispersion stability.<BR>The effects of the concentration of the white colorant and the emulsification conditions on the formation of composite nanoparticles, the particle size distribution, the dispersion stability and the degree of suppression were investigated. As a result, white-colored composite nanoparticles were formed, of which diameter was 95-175nm.<BR>It was found that the composite nanoparticles were superior to titanium dioxide pigment in the dispersion stability but inferior in the degree of suppression.

DOI： 10.4011/shikizai1937.78.468

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DOI： 10.3136/nskkk.52.80

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Colour Material  

Composite nanospheres composed of hydrophilic dye and polystyrene were prepared by mini emulsion polymerization. In the experiment, the concentration of dye, the concentration of initiator, the concentrations of oil-soluble and water-soluble surfactants, and HLB of oil-soluble surfactant were mainly changed. It was found that the microencapsulation efficiency of dye was increased with the concentration of oil-soluble surfactant and decreased with the concentration of water-soluble surfactant. It was suggested that the microencapsulation efficiency of dye was increased by the inclusion of hydrophilic dye with the hydrophilic group of the oil-soluble surfactant.

DOI： 10.4011/shikizai1937.78.260

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Colour Material  

We tried to prepare composite particles that have carbon-black-dispersed polystyrene core and magnetite-powder-coated surface.<BR>In the experiment, the size and amount of magnetite powder added were mainly changed.<BR>As a result, the intended composite particles was prepared by suspension polymerization. With smaller size of magnetite powder, the size distribution of composite particles became narrower and the mean size became smaller. It was thought that the adhesion layer of magnetite powder was formed by the hydrophilic-hydrophobic interaction between magnetite powder and styrene droplets. The adhesion layer of magnetite powder was packed closely and formed multilayer.

DOI： 10.4011/shikizai1937.78.45

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Society for Food Science and Technology  

It was investigated whether methylcellulose microcapsules containing l-glutamine were able to be prepared by using coalescence between two kinds of droplets in W/O emulsion or not. Methylcellulose as the shell material was dissolved in the one aqueous droplets and the tannic acid as the gelation agent for methylcellulose was dissolved in the other aqueous droplets. It was found that methylcellulose microcapsules were able to be prepared by coalescence between the two kinds of droplets. The mean microcapsule diameter and the content rate of l-glutamine were found to increase with the concentration of methylcellulose. Moreover, it was found that microcapsules were not destroyed in the water phase and l-glutamine was released through the ungelated part of the microcapsule shell.

DOI： 10.3136/nskkk.52.406

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Other Link： http://hdl.handle.net/10191/17606

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Polyurea microcapsules containing a pyrethroid insecticide were prepared by the reaction between hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI) uretidione/isocyanurate and ethylene diamine (ED) in an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion. This study was performed to investigate how the concentrations of dimer and trimer affect the characteristics of microcapsules such as the morphology, the wall thickness, the size distribution of microcapsules, the microcapsule yield and mechanical property and to investigate the dust mite repellent effect of the microcapsules adhered to the fabrics. Microcapsules prepared in this study were 0.2-6.0 μm in size and single cored. All the microcapsule yields were almost 98%. It was found that the wall thickness of microcapsules decreases with an increase in the diameter of microcapsules and increases with an increase in the concentration of HMDI uretidione/isocyanurate. The mechanical property was increased with the concentration of HMDI uretidione/isocyanurate. Polyurea microcapsules showed a high dust mites repellent effect. Copyright © 2005 The Society of Chemical Engineers, Japan.

DOI： 10.1252/jcej.38.929

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

We have conducted a study of composite polymer particles with a gradated resin composition by suspension polymerization, in which the resin composition gradually changes from the surface to the center of the particles. The binder resin of the polymer particles consists primarily of styrene, butyl acrylate, and methacrylic acid (MAA). Fourier transform infrared/photoacoustic spectroscopy analysis of the polymer particles by suspension polymerization has proved that MAA, having a higher polarity, concentrates near the surface of the particles, and this results in a formation similar to a core-shell structure. These composite polymer particles are excellent in blocking resistivity because the resin, containing a higher concentration of MAA, has a high glass-transition temperature. Composite polymer particles with a gradated MAA concentration could be used for toner applications in low-power hot-roll fusing electrophotography systems because the melting property of the core resin is controlled and allows fusing at lower temperatures. (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/app.21823

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Microcapsules containing limonene oil as a core material were prepared by interfacial polycondensation polymerization between isocyanate and amine. In the experiment, emulsions were made by dispersing limonene oil in the aqueous solution of poly(vinyl alcohol) and then, microencapsulation was started. It was investigated how the adsorption layer of poly(vinyl alcohol) affected the growth rate of microcapsule shell. The growth rate of the microcapsule shell was estimated by measuring the transient shell thickness of microcapsules which were sampled out at anytime of microencapsulation process. It was found that the growth rate of microcapsule shell decreases with the adsorption amount of poly(vinyl alcohol) on the interface. Copyright © 2005 The Society of Chemical Engineers, Japan.

DOI： 10.1252/jcej.38.45

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Colour Material  

Encapsulation of fine inorganic powders with organic polymers by soap-free polymerization was investigated. Used inorganic powders were TiO<SUB>2</SUB> and Fe<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>, and styrene and methyl methacrylate were adopted as monomers.<BR>In order to prevent coagulation of the powders and to increase the encapsulation efficiency, we added a nonionic surfactant (Emulgen 106) and an ionic surfactant (Sodium dodecylsulfate) before and during the polymerization process. The effect of these surfactants on encapsulation efficiency was investigated. The transient state in the encapsulating process was observed by measuring continuously the zeta potential and size of capsules. It was made clear that the encapsulation efficiency and the dispersion stability were significantly different depending on the combination of the powder and monomer species. Encapsulation efficiency of TiO<SUB>2</SUB> and Fe<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> with methyl methacrylate and the dispersion stability were increased by the stepwise addition of the anionic surfactant. Powders could be encapsulated satisfactory in primary particulate under the limited conditions.

DOI： 10.4011/shikizai1937.77.303

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In order to obtain the fundamental information required to prepare microcapsules by interfacial polycondensation polymerization, oil-in-water emulsions were prepared by dispersing limonene oil in the aqueous solution of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with different degrees of polymerization and saponification. Emulsion prepared was characterized by measuring the droplet diameters and the physical properties of emulsion. Emulsion stability was estimated by measuring the transient height of the oil phase layer and the interfacial excess concentration for each PVA. PVA with higher surface activity showed smaller occupied interfacial area due to the larger excess concentration and resulted in stabilized emulsion. © 2004 The Society of Chemical Engineers, Japan.

DOI： 10.1252/jcej.37.882

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Composite particles composed of poly(styrene-co-n-butyl acrylate) and magnetite powder treated with the various coupling agents were prepared by using suspension polymerization. The effect of the surface treatment by coupling agents on the structure of composite particles was mainly investigated by observing the dispersion state of magnetite powder in composite particles and triboelectric charge property. The treatment by the coupling agents with an unsaturated carbon bond and hydrophobic group of a long carbon chain resulted in a better inclusion of magnetic powder into composite particles. The coupling agent species greatly affected the triboelectric charge property of composite particles. It was found that a specific coupling agent with a high polarity acted as the charge controlling agent for the toner application. The effect of the surface treatment on the particle size distribution was also discussed. © 2004 The Society of Chemical Engineers, Japan.

DOI： 10.1252/jcej.37.731

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Biodegradable and controlled-release capsules composed of waste paper fibers as matrix and limonene droplets as core materials were prepared by utilizing the liquid-liquid dispersion. Encapsulation was performed due to coalescence between a droplets containing binder and fibers and those dissolving a gelling agent. In this experiment, methylcellulose as a binder and tannic acid as a gelling agent were used respectively. Paper fibers were treated hydrophobic prior to the encapsulation operation in order to improve waterproofing of capsules. It was investigated whether capsules could be prepared by this encapsulation process or not. Furthermore, it was investigated how the fiber concentration affected the morphology and release characteristics of capsules. As a result, it was found that capsules were able to be prepared due to coalescence between two kinds of droplets and the capsule morphology was extremely changed with the fiber concentration. Moreover, it was found that the change in morphology considerably affected the release characteristics. Namely, in the case of the lower fiber concentration, monocore-type capsule containing limonene droplets were formed. However, as the fiber concentration increased, multicore-type capsules were formed.

DOI： 10.1252/jcej.36.1236

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JOHN WILEY & SONS INC  

Composite particles composed of solid powders and polymer were prepared by semichemical recycle of wasted plastics. Waste expanded polystyrene was used as raw materials of polymer matrix of composite particles. Both magnetite and silicon carbide powders were used as solid powders to give thermal and electric conductivity and magnetization, respectively. In the experiment, the oil-phase dissolving expanded polystyrene was dispersed in fine droplets into the continuous water phase. Two kinds of powders were added at the same time or separately in the O/W dispersion. Composite particles were found to have the structure that polymer particle was covered with two kinds of solid powders. The mean diameter of composite particles and the content of each solid powder were strongly affected by the addition time when silicon carbide powder was added into the dispersion. Furthermore, it was found that the gradient adhesion layer due to two solid powders was able to be formed on the surface of polymer particle. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/app.11920

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

Silica gel microspheres were prepared by sol-gel process of silicon tetraethoxide in reverse suspension. Subsequently, titanium tetra-2-propoxide solution was added to the system for producing titania gel. The composite microspheres prepared were analyzed with optical microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, and X-ray diffraction. Lowering the titanium alkoxide concentration in the continuous phase was effective to depress the agglomeration of fine titania particles. When the titanium alkoxide solution was divided into four parts and each aliquot was added separately, the covering state with titania became more uniform. The composite microspheres prepared were suspended in dye solution under ultraviolet irradiation and examined for the possibility of treating wastewater. The dye concentration rapidly decreased more than with a commercial titania powder, due to the effects of both photodegradation and adsorption. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/S0025-5408(03)00027-8

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1252/kakoronbunshu.28.569

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Society of Chemical Engineers, Japan  

Biodegradable capsules which consisted of recycled paper fibers as matrix material and limonene as core material were prepared by the simple nozzle method. Methyl cellulose was used as a binder of matrix fiber. Capsules were prepared by gelling methyl cellulose with tannic acid.<br>It was investigated how such preparing conditions of capsules as the concentrations of methyl cellulose and fibers affected a few characteristics of capsules. It was found that the structure, mechanical strength and water absorbed and drying properties were strongly dependent on the preparing conditions.

DOI： 10.1252/kakoronbunshu.27.629

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1002/app.1484

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Composite particles composed of solid powders and a polymer were prepared by semi-chemical recycle of wasted plastics. Wasted expanded polystyrene was used as a raw material. Also, both of magnetite and silicon carbide powders were used as solid powders. In the experiment, the oil phase dissolving expanded polystyrene was dispersed as much fine droplets in the continuous water phase. Two kinds of powders were added at the same time or separately in the O/W dispersion. The mean diameter of composite particles was strongly affected by the addition time when silicon carbide powder was added into the dispersion. Composite particles were found to have the structure that a polymer particle was covered with solid powders. Furthermore, it was found that the gradient adhesion layer due to two solid powders was able to be formed on the surface of a polymer particle.

DOI： 10.1252/jcej.34.1177

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Microcapsules composed of waste paper fibers and plastics were prepared by semichemical recycle method. Newspaper and expanded polystyrene (EPS) for packing electric appliances were used as the raw materials of paper fiber (FB) and plastics, respectively. In this experiment, fibers were treated with a few surface treating agents prior to the encapsulation operation in order to improve the dispersability in the nonaqueous liquid phase and then in the shell of microcapsules. Microcapsules prepared thus were found to be of single-cored type. Furthermore, it was found that the mechanical strength of microcapsules was increased by addition of fibers and there were the optimum concentrations of the surface treating agents. © 2001 John Wiley &amp
Sons, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/app.1379

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Colour Material  

Spherical toner produced by a suspension polymerization was deformed by the load of the shearing forces. The deformation process consisted of the melting of the toner, the loading of the shearing forces to the liquified toner, and the cooling of the deformed droplet.<BR>In the experiment, a high shearing force was created in the small space between the rotor and the stator with a high rotating speed of the rotor and a high viscosity of the continuous phase. It was found that the degree of the deformation of toner increased with the rotating speed and the viscosity of the continuous phase.

DOI： 10.4011/shikizai1937.72.426

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Society of Chemical Engineers, Japan  

In suspension polymerization of styrene, it was discussed how the solid powder prepared under the various conditions affects the polymer particle size distribution. In the experiment, calcium carbonate powder was used as the stabilizer, which was prepared at different temperatures. The shape and the diameter of calcium carbonate prepared are extremely different.<BR>It is found that the addition of calcium carbonate prepared at 20°C formes larger polymer particles than at 70°C.

DOI： 10.1252/kakoronbunshu.25.758

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.  

Composite particles composed of organic polymer and inorganic powder were prepared by two methods
suspension polymerization and drying-in-liquid method. The hydrophilic powders such as nickel, magnetite and indium oxide were added into the continuous water phase. Composite particles which were uniformly covered with these powders were prepared. It was investigated how the operating conditions, such as the size of solid powder, the amounts of powders added and the impeller speed, affected the characteristics of composite particles. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/S0927-7757(98)00462-2

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Kluwer Academic Publishers  

Sol-gel process of silicon alkoxide was performed in reverse suspension to limit the sites of hydrolysis and dehydration-condensation of alkoxide to the inside of the dispersed droplets and to prepare silica particles of tens μm in diameter. Acetic acid aqueous solution was used as a dispersed phase, and hexane as a continuous phase. The dispersed phase was poured into the continuous phase, in which silicon alkoxide has dissolved, with stirring to form a reverse suspension. Silica particles of 67 μm in mean diameter were obtained by calcining the gel particles produced. Effects of pH of the dispersed phase and concentration of dispersion stabilizer on the characteristics of the silica particles were discussed. The formation mechanism of the gel particle was inferred with applying Jander's model, which is often used to analyze solid phase reaction of particles.

DOI： 10.1023/A:1004579222986

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Colour Material  

For the purpose of an application as heat-storage materials, a water-absorbent polymer was encapsulated with polystyrene (PS) by the drying-in-liquid method. Many tiny pores were observed in the wall of the capsules prepared. It was found that the mechanical strength of the capsules decreased with PS concentration and was dependent on the thickness of the wall and the capsule diameter. The capsules were also found to show supercooling phenomenon that is a the heat-storage characteristic.

DOI： 10.4011/shikizai1937.71.291

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Colour Material  

Colored polystyrene microspheres were prepared by adding few dyes to the dispersion polymerization. Effects of the operating conditions, such as stabilizer species and their concentrations and dye species and their adding time, on the formation of colored microspheres and their size distributions were investigated. The electro-rheology effect of the colored microspheres was also measured. As a result, uniform colored microspheres with the mean diameter of 2 to 3μm were found to be prepared by the addition of the poly (vinylpyrrolidone) as the stabilizer.

DOI： 10.4011/shikizai1937.71.232

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Society of Chemical Engineers, Japan  

Suspension polymerization was performed using Tricalcium Phosphate (TCP) as a stabilizer. The zeta potential of TCP in the continuous water phase varied with surfactants adsorbed on TCP, and by changing surfactants, the effect on the polymer particle size was investigated.<BR>At about 0 mV zeta potential of TCP, it coagulated, but the adhesion amount of TCP on the droplet surface increased. Consequently, polymer beads with smaller size and higher uniformity were prepared.

DOI： 10.1252/kakoronbunshu.24.633

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1252/kakoronbunshu.24.509

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Society of Chemical Engineers, Japan  

Composite particles composed of waste polymer and waste paper fibers were prepared by a chemical crushing method.<BR>Newspaper was used as paper fiber. Polystyrene beads, which were prepared by suspension polymerization, were adopted as the waste polymer. In the experiment, in order to adjust the affinity for the polymer solution, paper fibers were pretreated using a few treatment agents.<BR>It is found that the mechanical strength of the composite particles increases by addition of fibers. Furthermore, it is found that there is an optimum concentration for each treatment agent.

DOI： 10.1252/kakoronbunshu.24.603

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.3136/nskkk.44.199

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Colour Material  

Composite particles composed of magnetite and polystyrene were prepared by suspension polymerization. Magnetite powder was treated by silane coupling agent for the adjustment of the affinity for the applicable liquid-liquid system. During the polymerization, poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was added into the system for the prevention of the coalescing of polymer droplets.<BR>The use of highly hydrophobic magnetite caused polymer droplets to coalesce, resulted in the composite particles in which magnetite powder was dispersed. The quick addition of poly (vinyl alcohol) prevented coalescence, resulted in the composite particles uniformly coated by magnetite powder.<BR>It was found that the structure of composite particles could be controlled by adjusting the addition time of poly (vinyl alcohol).

DOI： 10.4011/shikizai1937.70.503

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1252/kakoronbunshu.23.230

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Language：Japanese Book type：Scholarly book

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Language：Japanese Book type：Scholarly book

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (trade magazine, newspaper, online media)   Publisher：化学工業者  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (trade magazine, newspaper, online media)   Publisher：化学工業社  

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