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DOI： 10.1038/s41598-019-51266-x

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DOI： 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00528

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Peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase (Pth) cleaves the ester bond between the peptide and the tRNA of peptidyl-tRNA molecules, which are the products of defective translation, to recycle the tRNA for further rounds of protein synthesis. Pth is ubiquitous in nature, and its activity is essential for bacterial viability. Here, we have determined the crystal structure of Pth from Thermus thermophilus (TtPth) at 1.00 Å resolution. This is the first structure of a Pth from a thermophilic bacterium and the highest resolution Pth structure reported so far. The present atomic resolution data enabled the calculation of anisotropic displacement parameters for all atoms, which revealed the directionality of the fluctuations of key regions for the substrate recognition. Comparisons between TtPth and mesophilic bacterial Pths revealed that their structures are similar overall. However, the structures of the N- and C-terminal, loop-helix α4, and helix α6 regions are different. In addition, the helix α1 to strand β4 region of TtPth is remarkably different from those of the mesophilic bacterial Pths, because this region is 9 or 10 amino acid residues shorter than those of the mesophilic bacterial Pths. This shortening seems to contribute to the thermostability of TtPth. To further understand the determinants for the thermostability of TtPth, we compared various structural factors of TtPth with those of mesophilic bacterial Pths. The data suggest that the decreases in accessible surface area and thermolabile amino acid residues, and the increases in ion pairs, hydrogen bonds, and proline residues cooperatively contribute to the thermostability of TtPth.

DOI： 10.1002/prot.25643

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The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) protein ABCE1 is an essential factor in ribosome recycling during translation. However, the detailed mechanochemistry of its recruitment to the ribosome, ATPase activation and subunit dissociation remain to be elucidated. Here, we show that the ribosomal stalk protein, which is known to participate in the actions of translational GTPase factors, plays an important role in these events. Biochemical and crystal structural data indicate that the conserved hydrophobic amino acid residues at the C-terminus of the archaeal stalk protein aP1 binds to the nucleotide-binding domain 1 (NBD1) of aABCE1, and that this binding is crucial for ATPase activation of aABCE1 on the ribosome. The functional role of the stalk•ABCE1 interaction in ATPase activation and the subunit dissociation is also investigated using mutagenesis in a yeast system. The data demonstrate that the ribosomal stalk protein likely participates in efficient actions of both archaeal and eukaryotic ABCE1 in ribosome recycling. The results also show that the stalk protein has a role in the function of ATPase as well as GTPase factors in translation.

DOI： 10.1093/nar/gky619

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Ribosomal stalk proteins recruit translation elongation GTPases to the factor-binding center of the ribosome. Initiation factor 5B (eIF5B in eukaryotes and aIF5B in archaea) is a universally conserved GTPase that promotes the joining of the large and small ribosomal subunits during translation initiation. Here we show that aIF5B binds to the C-terminal tail of the stalk protein. In the cocrystal structure, the interaction occurs between the hydrophobic amino acids of the stalk C-terminal tail and a small hydrophobic pocket on the surface of the GTP-binding domain (domain I) of aIF5B. A substitution mutation altering the hydrophobic pocket of yeast eIF5B resulted in a marked reduction in ribosome-dependent eIF5B GTPase activity in vitro In yeast cells, the eIF5B mutation affected growth and impaired GCN4 expression during amino acid starvation via a defect in start site selection for the first upstream open reading frame in GCN4 mRNA, as observed with the eIF5B deletion mutant. The deletion of two of the four stalk proteins diminished polyribosome levels (indicating defective translation initiation) and starvation-induced GCN4 expression, both of which were suppressible by eIF5B overexpression. Thus, the mutual interaction between a/eIF5B and the ribosomal stalk plays an important role in subunit joining during translation initiation in vivo.

DOI： 10.1128/MCB.00067-18

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

Ribosomes in all organisms contain oligomeric and flexible proteins called stalks, which are responsible for the recruitment of translational GTPase factors to the ribosome. Archaeal ribosomes have three stalk homodimers (aP1)(2) that constitute a heptameric complex with the anchor protein aP0. We investigated the factor binding ability of aP1 proteins assembled onto aP0, by gel-retardation assays. The isolated aP0(aP1)(2)(aP1)(2)(aP1)(2) complex, as well as the form bound to the Escherichia coli 50S core, as a hybrid 50S particle, interacted strongly with elongation factor aEF2, but weakly with aEF1A. These interactions were disrupted by a point mutation, F107S, at the C-terminus of aP1. To examine the ability of each copy of aP0-associated aP1 to bind to elongation factors, we constructed aP0.aP1 variant trimers, composed of an aP0 mutant and a single (aP1) 2 dimer. Biochemical and quantitative analyses revealed that the resultant three trimers, aP0(aP1)(2)(I), aP0(aP1)(2)(II), and aP0(aP1)(2)(III), individually bound two molecules of aEF2, suggesting that each copy of the aP1 C-terminal region in the aP0.aP1 trimers can bind tightly to aEF2. Interestingly, the unstable binding of aEF1A to each of the three aP0.aP1 trimers was remarkably stabilized in the presence of aEF2. The stability of the aEF1A binding to the stalk complex may be affected by the presence of aEF2 bound to the complex, by an unknown mechanism. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.12.175

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP  

Argonaute proteins are key players in the gene silencing mechanisms mediated by small nucleic acids in all domains of life from bacteria to eukaryotes. However, little is known about the Argonaute protein that recognizes guide RNA/target DNA. Here, we determine the 2 angstrom crystal structure of Rhodobacter sphaeroides Argonaute (RsAgo) in a complex with 18-nucleotide guide RNA and its complementary target DNA. The heteroduplex maintains Watson-Crick base-pairing even in the 30-region of the guide RNA between the N-terminal and PIWI domains, suggesting a recognition mode by RsAgo for stable interaction with the target strand. In addition, the MID/PIWI interface of RsAgo has a system that specifically recognizes the 50 base-U of the guide RNA, and the duplex-recognition loop of the PAZ domain is important for the DNA silencing activity. Furthermore, we show that Argonaute discriminates the nucleic acid type (RNA/DNA) by recognition of the duplex structure of the seed region.

DOI： 10.1038/ncomms11846

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

Initiation factor 5B (IF5B) is a universally conserved translational GTPase that catalyzes ribosomal subunit joining. In eukaryotes, IF5B directly interacts via a groove in its domain IV with initiation factor 1A (IF1A), another universally conserved initiation factor, to accomplish efficient subunit joining. Here, we have determined the first structure of a crenarchaeal IF5B, which revealed that the archaea-specific region of IF5B (helix 15) binds and occludes the groove of domain IV. Therefore, archaeal IF5B cannot access IF1A in the same manner as eukaryotic IF5B. This fact suggests that different relationships between IF5B and IF1A exist in archaea and eukaryotes. Proteins 2016; 84:712-717. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/prot.25009

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Two types of elongation factors alternate in their binding to the factor-binding center of the ribosome. Both binding events are accompanied by GTP hydrolysis and drive the translation elongation cycle. The multicopy ribosomal protein family, termed the stalk, contributes actively to the elongation process. Recent evidence indicates that the mobile C-terminal tail of archaeal stalk aP1 directly interacts with both the elongation factors aEF1A and aEF2. To investigate the functional significance of these interactions in recruitment of elongation factors to the factor-binding center of the ribosome, we substituted the archaeal stalk complex aL10 center dot aP1 for the bL10 center dot bL12 stalk complex in the Escherichia coli 50S subunit. The resultant hybrid ribosome accessed archaeal aEF1A and aEF2 in a manner dependent on the C-terminal tail containing the hydrophobic residues Leu103, Leu106 and Phe107. Bases G2659 and A2660 in the sarcin/ricin loop (SRL) of 23S rRNA were protected against DMS modification by both factors as was A1067 by aEF2. Mutagenesis indicated that this protection was dependent on the intact C-terminal tail of aP1. The results suggest a crucial role for the interactions between the stalk C-terminal tail and elongation factors in their recruitment to the SRL of 23S rRNA within the ribosome.

DOI： 10.1111/gtc.12256

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

In all organisms, the large ribosomal subunit contains multiple copies of a flexible protein, the so-called 'stalk'. The C-terminal domain (CTD) of the stalk interacts directly with the translational GTPase factors, and this interaction is required for factor-dependent activity on the ribosome. Here we have determined the structure of a complex of the CTD of the archaeal stalk protein aP1 and the GDP-bound archaeal elongation factor aEF1 alpha at 2.3 angstrom resolution. The structure showed that the CTD of aP1 formed a long extended alpha-helix, which bound to a cleft between domains 1 and 3 of aEF1 alpha, and bridged these domains. This binding between the CTD of aP1 and the aEF1 alpha center dot GDP complex was formed mainly by hydrophobic interactions. The docking analysis showed that the CTD of aP1 can bind to aEF1 alpha center dot GDP located on the ribosome. An additional biochemical assay demonstrated that the CTD of aP1 also bound to the aEF1 alpha center dot GTP center dot aminoacyl-tRNA complex. These results suggest that the CTD of aP1 interacts with aEF1 alpha at various stages in translation. Furthermore, phylogenetic perspectives and functional analyses suggested that the eukaryotic stalk protein also interacts directly with domains 1 and 3 of eEF1 alpha, in a manner similar to the interaction of archaeal aP1 with aEF1 alpha.

DOI： 10.1093/nar/gku1248

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

AmyI-1 is an alpha-amylase from Oryza sativa (rice) and plays a crucial role in degrading starch in various tissues and at various growth stages. This enzyme is a glycoprotein with an N-glycosylated carbohydrate chain, a unique characteristic among plant alpha-amylases. In this study, we report the first crystal structure of AmyI-1 at 2.2-angstrom resolution. The structure consists of a typical (beta/alpha)(8)-barrel, which is well-conserved among most alpha-amylases in the glycoside hydrolase family-13. Structural superimposition indicated small variations in the catalytic domain and carbohydrate-binding sites between AmyI-1 and barley alpha-amylases. By contrast, regions around the N-linked glycosylation sites displayed lower conservation of amino acid residues, including Asn-263, Asn-265, Thr-307, Asn-342, Pro-373, and Ala-374 in AmyI-1, which are not conserved in barley alpha-amylases, suggesting that these residues may contribute to the construction of the structure of glycosylated AmyI-1. These results increase the depths of our understanding of the biological functions of AmyI-1.

DOI： 10.1080/09168451.2014.917261

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

Lateral ribosomal stalk is responsible for binding and recruiting translation factors during protein synthesis. The eukaryotic stalk consists of one P0 protein with two copies of P1 center dot P2 heterodimers to form a P0(P1 center dot P2)(2) pentameric P-complex. Here, we have solved the structure of full-length P1 center dot P2 by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. P1 and P2 dimerize via their helical N-terminal domains, whereas the C-terminal tails of P1 center dot P2 are unstructured and can extend up to similar to 125 A away from the dimerization domains. N-15 relaxation study reveals that the C-terminal tails are flexible, having a much faster internal mobility than the N-terminal domains. Replacement of prokaryotic L10(L7/L12)(4)/L11 by eukaryotic P0(P1 center dot P2)(2)/eL12 rendered Escherichia coli ribosome, which is insensitive to trichosanthin (TCS), susceptible to depurination by TCS and the C-terminal tail was found to be responsible for this depurination. Truncation and insertion studies showed that depurination of hybrid ribosome is dependent on the length of the proline-alanine rich hinge region within the C-terminal tail. All together, we propose a model that recruitment of TCS to the sarcin-ricin loop required the flexible C-terminal tail, and the proline-alanine rich hinge region lengthens this C-terminal tail, allowing the tail to sweep around the ribosome to recruit TCS.

DOI： 10.1093/nar/gkt636

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Peptidyl-tRNA is produced from the ribosome as a result of aborted translation. Peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase cleaves the ester bond between the peptide and the tRNA of peptidyl-tRNA molecules, to recycle tRNA for further rounds of protein synthesis. In this study, peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase from Thermus thermophilus HB8 (TthPth) was crystallized using 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol as a precipitant. The crystals belonged to the orthorhombic space group P212121, with unit-cell parameters a = 47.45, b = 53.92, c = 58.67Å, and diffracted X-rays to atomic resolution (beyond 1.0Å resolution). The asymmetric unit is expected to contain one TthPth molecule, with a solvent content of 27.13% (V M = 1.69Å3Da-1). The structure is being solved by molecular replacement. © 2013 International Union of Crystallography All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1107/S1744309113003424

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

Peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase (Pth) cleaves the ester bond between the peptide and the tRNA of peptidyl-tRNA molecules, which are produced by aborted translation, to recycle tRNA for further rounds of protein synthesis. Pth is ubiquitous in nature, and its enzymatic activity is essential for bacterial viability. We have determined the crystal structure of Escherichia coli Pth in complex with the tRNA CCA-acceptor-T Psi C domain, the enzyme-binding region of the tRNA moiety of the substrate, at 2.4 A resolution. In combination with site-directed mutagenesis studies, the structure identified the amino acid residues involved in tRNA recognition. The structure also revealed that Pth interacts with the tRNA moiety through the backbone phosphates and riboses, and no base-specific interactions were observed, except for the interaction with the highly conserved base G53. This feature enables Pth to accept the diverse sequences of the elongator-tRNAs as substrate components. Furthermore, we propose an authentic Pth:peptidyl-tRNA complex model and a detailed mechanism for the hydrolysis reaction, based on the present crystal structure and the previous studies' results.

DOI： 10.1093/nar/gks790

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

Ribosomal protein P0 forms a pentameric complex with two heterodimers of the flexible stalk proteins P1 center dot P2 and plays a role in the functional interaction of eukaryotic ribosomes with translational factors. To investigate the functionality of domains of P0 characteristic to eukaryotes, we constructed various chimeras between silkworm P0 and Escherichia coli counterpart L10. Replacement of the C-terminal region of L10 with that of P0 allowed the binding of two P1 center dot P2 heterodimers, which supported ribosomal activity dependent on eukaryotic elongation factors eEF-2/eEF-1a, but not activity dependent on bacterial factors EF-G/EF-Tu. Conversely, replacement of the C-terminal region of P0 with that of L10 allowed binding of two bacterial L12 homodimers, which resulted in a low level of activity dependent on bacterial factors. Insertion of the extended region of P0 that is absent in the bacterial counterpart into L10 did not affect L12 binding or bacterial factor-dependent activity, but deletion of this region from P0 resulted in a 40% reduction in eukaryotic factor-dependent activity. The results indicate that the C-terminal regions of P0 and L10 are responsible for binding of the cognate stalk dimers and ribosomal specificity for translation factors and suggest that the extended region participates in accessibility only for eukaryotic factors.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2012.01586.x

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

Peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase (Pth) cleaves the ester bond between the peptide and the tRNA of peptidyl-tRNA molecules, which are the product of aborted translation. In the present work, Pth from Escherichia coli was crystallized with the acceptor-TC domain of tRNA using 1,4-butanediol as a precipitant. The crystals belonged to the hexagonal space group P61, with unit-cell parameters a=b = 55.1, c = 413.1 angstrom, and diffracted X-rays beyond 2.4 angstrom resolution. The asymmetric unit is expected to contain two complexes of Pth and the acceptor-TC domain of tRNA (VM = 2.8 angstrom 3 Da-1), with a solvent content of 60.8%. The structure is being solved by molecular replacement.

DOI： 10.1107/S1744309111038383

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC  

AzoR is an FMN-dependent NADH-azoreductase isolated from Escherichia coli as a protein responsible for the degradation of azo compounds. We previously reported the crystal structure of the enzyme in the oxidized form. In the present study, different structures of AzoR were determined under several conditions to obtain clues to the reaction mechanism of the enzyme. AzoR in its reduced form revealed a twisted butterfly bend of the isoalloxazine ring of the FMN cofactor and a rearrangement of solvent molecules. The crystal structure of oxidized AzoR in a different space group and the structure of the enzyme in complex with the inhibitor dicoumarol were also determined. These structures indicate that the formation of a hydrophobic part around the isoalloxazine ring is important for substrate binding and an electrostatic interaction between Arg-59 and the carboxyl group of the azo compound causes a substrate preference for methyl red over p-methyl red. The substitution of Arg-59 with Ala enhanced the V-max value for p-methyl red 27-fold with a 3.8-fold increase of the K-m value. This result indicates that Arg-59 decides the substrate specificity of AzoR. The V-max value for the p-methyl red reduction of the R59A mutant is comparable with that for the methyl red reduction of the wild-type enzyme, whereas the activity toward methyl red was retained. These findings indicate the expansion of AzoR substrate specificity by a single amino acid substitution. Furthermore, we built an authentic model of the AzoR-methyl red complex based on the results of the study.

DOI： 10.1074/jbc.M710070200

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Language：Japanese  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-LISS  

DOI： 10.1002/prot.21467

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC  

The crystal structure of AzoR (azoreductase) has been determined in complex with FMN for two different crystal forms at 1.8 and 2.2 angstrom resolution. AzoR is an oxidoreductase isolated from Escherichia coli as a protein responsible for the degradation of azo compounds. This enzyme is an FMN-dependent NADH-azoreductase and catalyzes the reductive cleavage of azo groups by a ping-pong mechanism. The structure suggests that AzoR acts in a homodimeric state forming the two identical catalytic sites to which both monomers contribute. The structure revealed that each monomer of AzoR has a flavodoxin-like structure, without the explicit overall amino acid sequence homology. Superposition of the structures from the two different crystal forms revealed the conformational change and suggested a mechanism for accommodating substrates of different size. Furthermore, comparison of the active site structure with that of NQO1 complexed with substrates provides clues to the possible substrate-binding mechanism of AzoR.

DOI： 10.1074/jbc.M513345200

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Monomeric sarcosine oxidase (MSOX) is a flavoprotein that catalyzes the oxidation of sarcosine to generate formaldehyde, glycine, and hydrogen peroxide, and is utilized in quantification of creatinine in serum. Crystal structure of MSOX from Bacillus sp. NS-129 (without ligand) has been determined at 1.86 Å. Unlike the published structures of MSOX from Bacillus sp. B-0618 (without or with carboxylate-containing ligand), the two molecules in the asymmetric unit adopt distinct conformations at the active site loop (Gly56 to Glu60) with a maximal root-mean-square (RMS) displacement of 3.3 Å for Cα atom of Arg59. The multiple conformations seen at the active-site loop suggest that high flexibility of the loop would be important for the activity of MSOX.

DOI： 10.2183/pjab.81.220

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Azoreductase AzoR is an oxidoreductase isolated from Escherichia coli as an enzyme responsible for the reduction of azo compounds. As the first step toward the elucidation of the molecular mechanism of function, we determined the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme by X-ray crystallography at 1.8 Å resolution. The crystal structure has revealed that AzoR is an FMN-containing and homodimeric enzyme. Each monomer consists of a twisted central parallel β-sheet surrounded on both sides by helices. The overall folding of the protein resembles NQO1, originally called DT-diaphorase [NAD(P)H: quinone reductase, EC 1.6.99.2], a mammalian FAD containing protein without significant sequence identity.

DOI： 10.2183/pjab.81.225

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC  

The zona pellucida, which surrounds the mammalian oocyte, consists of the ZPA, ZPB, and ZPC glycoproteins and plays roles in species-selective sperm-egg interactions via its carbohydrate moieties. In the pig, this activity is conferred by tri- and tetraantennary complex type chains; in cattle, it is conferred by a chain of 5 mannose residues. In this study, porcine zona glycoproteins were expressed as secreted forms, using the baculovirus-Sf9 insect cell system. The sperm binding activities of the recombinant proteins were examined in three different assays. The assays clearly demonstrated that recombinant ZPB bound bovine sperm weakly but did not bind porcine sperm; when recombinant ZPC was also present, bovine sperm binding activity was greatly increased, but porcine sperm still was not bound. The major sugar chains of ZPB were pauci and high mannose type chains that were similar in structure to the major neutral N-linked chain of the bovine zona. In fact, the nonreducing terminal alpha-mannose residues were necessary for the sperm binding activity. These results show that the carbohydrate moieties of zona glycoproteins, but not the polypeptide moieties, play an essential role in species-selective recognition of porcine and bovine sperm. Moreover, Asn to Asp mutations at either of two of the N-glycosylation sites of ZPB, residue 203 or 220, significantly reduced the sperm binding activity of the ZPB/ZPC mixture, whereas a similar mutation at the third N-glycosylation site, Asn-333, had no effect on binding. These results suggest that the N-glycans located in the N-terminal half of the ZP domain of porcine ZPB are involved in sperm-zona binding.

DOI： 10.1074/jbc.M414242200

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BLACKWELL PUBLISHING  

DOI： 10.1107/S1744309105007918

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD  

Carboxypeptidase 1 from the thermophilic eubacterium Thermus thermophilus (TthCP1, 58 kDa), a member of the M32 family of metallocarboxypeptidases, was crystallized by the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method using PEG 8000 as the precipitant. The crystals diffracted X-rays to beyond 2.6 Angstrom resolution using a synchrotron-radiation source. The crystals belonged to the orthorhombic space group C222(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 171.0, b = 231.6, c = 124.9 Angstrom. The crystal contains three molecules in an asymmetric unit (V-M = 2.11 Angstrom(3) Da(-1)) and has a solvent content of 61.5%.

DOI： 10.1107/S0907444904012557

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