Language：English   Publisher：KOREAN SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE  

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a useful technique for the non-destructive analysis of fruit quality. The key quality parameters of table grapes (Vitis vinifera) that affect consumer preference are the soluble solids content (SSC), pH, firmness, and seedlessness. This research focused on using NIR spectroscopy for assessing the quality of 'Kyoho' table grapes, as a non-destructive analysis under laboratory and field conditions. NIR spectra for each sample were acquired in the wavelength range of 400-1000 nm, using a visible/NIR spectrometer with fibre optics in the interactance mode. Partial least-square regression was used to calibrate the NIR spectral data with all the measured properties of table grapes. The best prediction model for firmness was the Savitzky-Golay first derivative (SGD1) with a coefficient of determination (Rprediction2) of 0.7427 in the laboratory, and 0.7804 in the field. The Rprediction2values for pH in the laboratory and the field was 0.6276 using multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), and 0.7676 using SGD1, respectively. These values were similar to the Rprediction2values of SSC, which were 0.6926 using MSC, and 0.8052 using the Savitzky-Golay second derivative, respectively. In both analyses the R(2)of the calibration model was between 0.6944 and 0.8877. The partial least-square discriminant analysis was used to classify the percentage of seedlessness, which was 93.10% in the laboratory using SGD1 or MSC, and 79.31% in the field using MSC. Therefore, NIR spectroscopy is an efficient non-destructive technique for rapidly analysing Japanese table grape qualities in laboratory and field settings.

DOI： 10.1007/s13580-020-00256-4

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER  

Quality evaluation of passion fruit is an important practice before consuming or processing. The fruit's total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), and pulp content (PC) were predicted by near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Prediction models were constructed by chemometrics of the partial least squares (PLS) regression on the NIR spectra from interactance spectroscopy. Accurate prediction results were obtained and showed high correlations (r) between the predicted and reference values (0.84, 0.91, and 0.99 for TSS, TA and PC, respectively). Small standard errors of prediction (SEPs) and bias were also found. A robust prediction model of pulp content provided the greatest value of the residual predictive deviation (RPD = 6.4). Variable selection effectively highlighted the important wavelengths and helped to prune the unimportant variables for the TSS, TA and PC produced calibrations with satisfactory results in the predictions (r = 0.84 - 0.98). In conclusion, nondestructive NIR spectroscopy can be a potential predictor for determining purple passion fruit quality.

DOI： 10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108712

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MDPI  

Shredded cabbage is widely used in much ready-to-eat food. Therefore, rapid methods for detecting and monitoring the contamination of foodborne microbes is essential. Short wavelength near infrared (SW-NIR) spectroscopy was applied on two types of solutions, a drained solution from the outer surface of the shredded cabbage (SC) and a ground solution of shredded cabbage (GC) which were inoculated with a mixture of two bacterial suspensions, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. NIR spectra of around 700 to 1100 nm were collected from the samples after 0, 4, and 8 h at 37 degrees C incubation, along with the growth of total bacteria, E. coli and S. typhimurium. The raw spectra were obtained from both sample types, clearly separated with the increase of incubation time. The first derivative, a Savitzky-Golay pretreatment, was applied on the GC spectra, while the second derivative was applied on the SC spectra before developing the calibration equation, using partial least squares regression (PLS). The obtained correlation (r) of the SC spectra was higher than the GC spectra, while the standard error of cross-validation (SECV) was lower. The ratio of prediction of deviation (RPD) of the SC spectra was higher than the GC spectra, especially in total bacteria, quite normal for the E. coli but relatively low for the S. typhimurium. The prediction results of microbial spoilage were more reliable on the SC than on the GC spectra. Total bacterial detection was best for quantitative measurement, as E. coli contamination could only be distinguished between high and low values. Conversely, S. typhimurium predictions were not optimal for either sample type. The SW-NIR shows the feasibility for detecting the existence of microbes in the solution obtained from SC, but for a more specific application for discrimination or quantitation is needed, proving further research in still required.

DOI： 10.3390/agriengineering1020018

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Eating quality evaluation of Khao Dawk Mali 105 rice (KDML105) based on near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) of single kernels was developed to measure the amylose content of uncooked rice, and texture of cooked rice. The rice samples were scanned using near infrared transmittance spectrometry over the wavelengths of 940-2222 nm before cooking. Calibration models of amylose content and cooked rice texture were generated by partial least squares (PLS) regression based on first derivative upon logarithms of transmittance. The PLS regression for amylose content (AC) which were expressed as coefficients of determination (R-2) were 0.95 and 0.92 for calibration and prediction, respectively. Root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) was 9.9 g/kg, dry weight. The texture of cooked rice was expressed in springiness (H1), resilience (A1), deformation (H2) and cohesiveness (A2) from low and high compression tests. The PLS prediction results (R-pre(2)) for H1, A1, H2 and A2 were 0.61, 0.86, 0.87 and 0.91, respectively. The RMSEP (and bias) were 0.03 (0.004), 0.01 (0.001), 0.02 (0.005) and 0.01 (0.000), correspondingly. The validity of each calibration model was statistically evaluated. The use of NIRS was feasible to predict amylose content of uncooked rice, and eating quality (texture) of cooked rice before cooking. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.01.014

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Society of Agricultural Machinery and Food Engineers  

In order to revitalize agricultural production activities in an inter-mountainous area, we built a cultivation facility utilizing regional resources with a view to developing ‘sixth industrialization’, and evaluated the effectiveness of the system.

For this research, idle facilities were used as horticultural facilities to cultivate sweet potatoes. Heat pumps were introduced to the cultivation environment with hot spring drain water and mountain stream water used as a heat source. In addition, a multi-stage cultivation system incorporating a subsurface heating device, also utilizing hot spring drain water heat, was constructed to promote tuberous root enlargement and increase yield. In conclusion, we examined how to efficiently utilize hot spring drain water as a heat source and confirmed the effectiveness of a system based on the use of regional resources on increasing yield.

DOI： 10.11357/jsamfe.79.3_248

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Other Link： https://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010925040

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：AGRONOMSKI FAKULTET SVEUCILISTA U ZAGREBU  

Consumer acceptance and satisfaction regarding the quality of product is an important issue in marketing. Soluble solids content, so-called SSC, is the most important quality parameter used to indicate sweetness of fresh and processed horticultural products.Due to the increasing demand of internal quality assurance in the fresh product, industry has spurred the development of wide range of advanced, rapid, real time, reliable and non-invasive technologies for quality assessment. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has shown significant potential to analyze postharvest quality parameters of several types of fruits and vegetables.This paper presented an experimental research of the possibility of visible/near infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy for monitoring internal quality of persimmon fruit. Calibration model relating Vis/NIR spectra (700-1100 nm) to SSC during de-astringency process was developed based on interactance mode of measurement. The developed calibration model was subsequently tested its accuracy by external validation set. The prediction performance was analyzed by using correlation coefficient of prediction (R-pre) between NIR model predicted values and measure values, standard error of prediction (SEP), root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEP), and bias, for preliminary estimation of the sweetness of persimmon fruit during de-astringency.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BEGELL HOUSE INC  

Flat-fan air inclusion nozzles, usually with a high-pressure range of 1-1.5 MPa, have been widely used as one of the best drift control methods on agricultural boom sprayers in Japan. To get a better understanding of the relationship between the nozzle design parameters (pre-orifice diameter and final orifice area) and the initial spray characteristics (droplet size characteristics, spray angle, liquid flow rate, and included air within droplets), the influence of the above parameters of the KIRINASHI ES series nozzles on the initial spray characteristics was investigated under different nozzle pressures. The results show that the pre-orifice diameter, final orifice area, and nozzle pressure significantly affect the volume median diameter (D-v0.5). In addition, the nozzle pressure and the pre-orifice diameter had positive correlations with the spray angle while the pre-orifice diameter and the final orifice area significantly influenced the spray liquid density which can indicate the quantity of included air within droplets. The corresponding multivariate regression analysis was carried out and relatively high values of the coefficient of determinations (R-2) were obtained between several nozzle parameters and the D-v0.5, and also the spray liquid density and the liquid flow rate.

DOI： 10.1615/AtomizSpr.2015011488

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

In Japan, fertilised chicken eggs are used to produce influenza vaccines; however, some eggs die and then contaminate the vaccine stock solution, which causes large economic losses and raises health concerns. Therefore, a non-destructive test that allows distinction of normal and unsuitable chicken eggs was developed, first using visible and near-infrared (VNIR) spectroscopy and subsequently a light-emitting diode (LED) light source. Eggs were sampled from an egg farm, and each of the eggs categorised as either normal or unsuitable using candling. Linear discriminant analysis was applied using wavelength absorbance data to distinguish between normal and unsuitable eggs. All of the optical absorbance values of the normal eggs were found to be higher than those of unsuitable eggs. To reduce the production cost, LED lights and photodiodes were used as the light source and light receptors, respectively. A discrimination rate of 92.9% was obtained when LED was used as the light source. (c) 2015 IAgrE. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2015.03.011

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI LTD  

Visible and short-wave near infrared spectroscopy (Vis/SWNIRS) was investigated using a non-destructive method for evaluating passion fruit quality. In this study, interactance and transmission measurements were performed and their competences were compared. Prediction models of soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), ascorbic acid content (ASC), ethanol concentration (EtOH), peel firmness (PF) and pulp percentage (PP) were developed based on multivariate methods of partial least square regression (PLSR) analysis. The PLS models from interactance measurements provided better prediction results than the transmission technique. The best model was obtained from interactance SSC calibration with a correlation coefficient between measured and predicted values (R) of 0.923. Furthermore, the PLS models generated from interactance and transmission spectra also provided satisfactorily prediction results for EtOH, PF and PP. However, all calibrations failed to predict ASC by providing low correlations and high root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEP). (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2014.06.028

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER  

The feasibility of Vis-NIR spectroscopy was investigated for its ability to determine the quality of cabbage. This study aims to compare the prediction ability of interactance and reflectance measurements in determining the quality of cabbage (moisture, SSC and ascorbic acid contents). The wavelength ranges of 500-1100 nm were used in this experiment. Two types of data preprocessing were applied to enhance the calibration model based on partial least squares (PLS) regression with respect to the logarithms of reciprocal absorbance (log (1/R)), its first and second derivatives. The PLS regression models for moisture content yielded correlation coefficients (R-2) of 0.48-0.67 and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 2.34-2.83 g/kg for interactance, with R-2 of 0.58-0.74 and RMSEP of 2.50-3.25 g/kg for reflectance. The PLS statistics for SSC were R-2 of 0.59-0.66 and RMSEP of 0.20-0.22 degrees Brix for interactance and R-2 of 0.53-0.64 and RMSEP of 0.22-0.27 degrees Brix for reflectance, respectively. Statistics for ascorbic acid content were R-2 of 0.24-0.61 and RMSEP of 0.11-0.15 g/kg FW for interactance and R-2 of 0.35-0.38 and RMSEP of 0.13 g/kg FW for reflectance. Finally, it is possible to use the Vis/NIR spectroscopy as a rapid tool for evaluating the cabbage quality. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.07.009

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI LTD  

Numerous vegetable types, such as the large Japanese radish known as "daikon" are prone to internal defects that are impossible to detect with the human eye. Nondestructive measurement provides a suitable technique for detecting defects such as black heart, and air cavities that make such radishes unmarketable. In this paper, we report on the development of a nondestructive detection algorithm for visible/near infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy that can be used to detect internal defects in Japanese radishes. Using the first derivative, selected Vis/NIR wavelengths were calculated by a stepwise forward selection method and then used as classifying parameters in a LDA, PLS-DA, and a neural network. The LDA and neural network were then used to build the detection algorithm based on leave-one-out cross validation. The PLS-DA was then used to build the detection algorithm based on double loop leave-one-out cross validation. When the LDA and PLS-DA were used for the prediction set (removed samples), both of the overall discriminant rate were 90.1%. When the error goal was 0.05 and the number of hidden neurons was 13, the discriminant rates for normal radishes, radishes with internal defects, and the total for all samples were 97.0%, 82.9% and 92.4%, respectively. These results show the potential of the proposed techniques for detecting defects and predicting the internal quality of Japanese radishes. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.10.041

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：新潟大学教育・学生支援機構  

本研究では, カリキュラムマップを用いた成績評価に基づく学習成果の可視化において, 既に整備されている人材育成の枠組みを活用する力法と, その課題を明らかにするととを目的とする．既存のJABEE学習教育目標と主専攻プログラムの到達目標を整理する手法を用いた可視化を提案すると共に, 到達目標毎の配点のばらつきによる可視化された学習成果の見え方について議論した．

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Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/026500910

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI LTD  

European spray nozzle drift classifications have enabled the objective evaluation of the drift reduction performance of different nozzles with various operating parameters available in certain areas. The drift potential index reduction percentage (DIXRP) for one series of drift reduction nozzles used in Japan was investigated by wind tunnel tests. Based on the reference spray (Hypro ISO F110 03), most of the YAMAHO KIRINASHI ES nozzles had DIXRP values above 50% at nozzle heights from 0.3 m to 0.5 m, which means these nozzles can be considered as drift reduction nozzles. The best nozzle height range was found to be between 0.3 m and 0.4 m above the crop canopy. In addition, the DIXRP values were above 80% for a nozzle height of 0.3 m, except for one nozzle (the ES 05) which had the smallest droplet size and low flow rate which contributed to the large decrease in the DIXRP values when nozzle pressure increased. Large droplet diameter, high droplet velocity and low recommended nozzle height are considered to be important factors that can provide good drift reduction performance although droplet velocity was not measured in this study. The DIXRP value was inversely proportional to nozzle height. In addition, the influence of nozzle size on the DIXRP values was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.01), although the influence was not as obvious as that of nozzle height. Finally, a nozzle classification system for use in Japan based on the relative drift potential has been established. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.cropro.2012.12.017

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：CZECH UNIVERSITY LIFE SCIENCES PRAGUE  

Cabbage is an important leafy vegetable in Thailand, providing income to many small farmers, processors, and other entrepreneurs, and serving as a health food for rural and urban people. However, cabbage is inherently perishable. During the process of distribution and marketing, substantial losses are incurred which range from a slight loss of quality to total spoilage. Postharvest losses may occur at any point in the marketing process, from the initial harvest through assembly and distribution to the final consumer. The causes of losses are mainly physical damage during handling and transport, water loss, or sometimes simply because there is a surplus in the marketplace and no buyer can be found. The objective of this research was to quantify the postharvest loss of cabbage during transport from the farm to the retail market in Thailand with the optimum remaining leaves and positioning of cabbage on the truck in order to improve the cabbage transport system. The cabbage heads were divided into 4 groups at the farm (0, 2, 4 and 6 wrapper leaves). In addition, the cabbages were also positioned on the truck in different locations (9 locations) and then transported to collection centers, wholesale markets and retail markets. The postharvest losses of cabbage were quantified along the supply chain. The results showed that the highest postharvest loss of cabbage from farm to retail market was found in non-wrapper leaves of cabbages (22 %) while cabbages with 2, 4 and 6 wrapper leaves maintained the postharvest quality by protecting the cabbage head from bruising during transport at about 6, 3 and 2 %, respectively. Moreover, the different locations of cabbages on the truck also affected the severity of postharvest loss. The most severe loss of cabbage heads was found on the top layer of the truck at about 25 % loss in non-wrapper leaf cabbages and a little physical damage in the middle or bottom parts on the truck. Interestingly, cabbages with at least 2 or more wrapper leaves were the most effective in maintaining the postharvest quality during transport from farm to retail market. In this research, we recommended that cabbage farmers keep at least 2 wrapper leaves after harvest to prevent bruising of the cabbage head during transport and fasten the top layer of cabbages on the truck to avoid severe postharvest loss.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：CZECH UNIVERSITY LIFE SCIENCES PRAGUE  

In Japan, fertilized chicken eggs are used to produce influenza vaccines. However, some fertilized eggs do not develop after fertilization, develop late, or die during development. If these unsuitable eggs are overlooked and included with normal eggs in the vaccine production process, the manufacturer must dispose whole of the vaccine stock solution in a tank, which results in large economic losses and raises health concerns. Therefore, a nondestructive method that allows distinction of normal and unsuitable chicken eggs was developed, using visible and near-infrared (VNIR) spectroscopy and a light-emitting diode (LED) light source. Normal and unsuitable eggs were sampled from an egg farm, where an experienced farmer assessed the eggs by candling. Linear discriminant analysis was applied using wavelength absorbance data to distinguish between normal and unsuitable eggs, and all of the optical absorbance values of the normal eggs were found to be higher than those of unsuitable eggs. The rate of discrimination between the two types of eggs exceeded 95.8 % when LED board was used. To reduce the production cost, LED lights and photodiodes were used as the light source and light receptors, respectively. The discrimination rate when LED was used as the light source was lower than that when a halogen lamp was used, but was almost the same discrimination rate. LED should be used singly to prevent the adjacent LED light sources from affecting detection because the surrounding LED lights affected the photodiode, thereby reducing the discrimination rate.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：CZECH UNIVERSITY LIFE SCIENCES PRAGUE  

It is possible to produce agricultural crops throughout the year using greenhouse horticulture in the cold snowy region. However, heating costs for creating the optimal cultivation environments are high - e.g. (Ohashi, Nakano, 2005). In addition, agricultural production in the greenhouse without oil consumption is desired for the realization of a low-carbon society. In order to reduce oil dependency, the heat pump for cooling and heating without oil consumption has aroused remarkably concern again in recent years, especially the water heat pump and air source heat pump which has been widely used in the agricultural field On one hand, the heating efficiency of air source heat pumps decreases due to defrost on the heat exchanger of the outdoor unit in winter of the cold snowy region - e.g. (Furuno et al., 2009).On the other hand, the water heat pump which uses groundwater heat is expected to have the ability of stable operation in winter. However, the problem remains in aspect of the initial investment such as the digging cost of the groundwater well, which restricts the development of water heat pumps. In this study, I focused on the use of the existing equipment which included the groundwater system for melting snow that is popular in the cold snowy region and the agricultural water that is popular in the agricultural areas. Those existing equipment were used as heat supplies and an environment conscious heating and cooling system was build in the greenhouse to reduce the initial investment cost. Comparison with the practices cultivated by oil boilers in winter, CO2 emission was reduced by approximately 12 % by the present system. Furthermore, this system also created a cool environment in summer with a temperature of 20 degrees C in the greenhouse by using the agricultural water. Therefore, the usefulness of the environment conscious heating and cooling system all year round by using the water heat pump was confirmed

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：CZECH UNIVERSITY LIFE SCIENCES PRAGUE  

Compared with conventional nozzles, drift reduction nozzles with larger droplet diameters have been proven to significantly reduce the amount of spray drift. KIRINASHI ES nozzles have been widely used as drift reduction nozzles in Japan, especially in the Hokkaido region. However, the working parameters for the nozzles (henceforth referred to as nozzle parameters) being used on boom sprayers in Japan are different from those being used in Europe and America. The nozzle using in Japan was called high-pressure nozzles in this study due to the relatively higher nozzle pressure comparing with the nozzle pressure using in other regions. A wind tunnel test for spray drift was carried out before and a classification system was also established. In this study, a deeper analysis was used to investigate the relationship among nozzle parameters and the drift reduction performance of low-pressure nozzles after using a laser analyzer to obtain the droplet size characteristics. The results indicated that the droplet size characteristics were found to have little influence on the drift potential while nozzle height had the strongest influence, followed by nozzle size and nozzle pressure.

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

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Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/024093939

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：新潟大学農学部  

可視・近赤外スペクトルの測定により、ゼラチン法による渋味判定法で取得される濁度について、非破壊的に推定する方法を検討した。供試果実には、新潟県内５か所の産地から生産者３戸ずつ計15戸の生産者から集めた290果を用いた。670と730nm の吸光度二次微分値を説明変数とした検量線を用いて、等分散性を考慮したデータセット（以下，試験１）、ランダムに選抜した５組のデータセット（以下，試験２）の濁度推定を実施した。試験１でSEP は0.235、試験２ではSEP は0.215～0.244であった。また試験２における濁度の実測値と推定値の単相関係数は0.44～0.52であった。
This study aimed to develop nondestructive techniques based on near-infrared absorption spectroscopy for theestimation of turbidity that is acquired when determining astringency with the gelatin method. For this study, 290 pearswere collected. The samples were harvested from three farmers of five areas in Niigata prefecture, comprising a total of 15areas. Two data sets were analyzed as: a homoscedastic data set（Test 1）, five series of selected random data set（Test 2）.Turbidity was estimated using a calibration curve of explanatory variables with the second derivative value of absorbance at670 nm and 730 nm. In Test 1, the standard error of prediction (SEP) was 0.235. In Test 2, SEP was 0.215 to 0.244. Further, InTest 2, the simple correlation coefficient (r) of measured values and the estimated value of turbidity was 0.44 to 0.52.

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Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/023777694

Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

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Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/11117471

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

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Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/9683243

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Agricultural Structures, Japan  

The control techniques of practical charcoaling were considered based on measurement data and the carbonization process. The measurement data included amount of moisture, amount of tar and flow flux of the exhaust fumes from the chimney outlet. The results were as follows:<br>(1) The transition judgment from the 1st stage to the 2nd stage was confirmed by a change in the heating rate from negative to positive in the upper part of the kiln. Charcoaling know-how is the act of reducing the amount of ventilation in response to this.<br>(2) The transition judgment from the 2nd stage to the 3rd stage was confirmed by a reduction in the amount of moisture and tar in the exhaust gas. Charcoaling know-how is the act of extending the opening area of the chimney outlet in response.<br>(3) It is possible to control the carbonization time during the transition period from the 2nd stage to the 3rd stage by controlling the ventilation rate. At this stage it is important for uniform quality in charcoal production and for maintenance of the charcoal production quantity that the temperature in the upper and central parts of the kiln be maintained close to 500°C, and that the chimney outlet be extended in order to cancel the carbonization delay in the lower part of the kiln.<br>(4) The transition judgment from the 3rd stage to the 4th stage was confirmed by the equalization of the temperature in the kiln. Charcoaling know-how was the act of opening of the chimney outlet in response.<br>(5) It is more efficient if the latent heat of the exhaust fumes from the chimney outlet is recovered. In addition, to recover exhaust heat out of kiln consistently, it is more effective to use a number of charcoal kilns under time-lag control based on the parameters of transition from the 2nd stage to the 3rd stage.<br>From these results, control techniques of practical charcoaling can be quantitatively obtained. These are important parameters to systematize the utilization of exhaust heat from charcoal kilns.

DOI： 10.11449/sasj1971.39.183

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Agricultural Structures, Japan  

The cultivation system that is able to use local energy through the year was proposed. The energy demanded of greenhouses and the energy supplied from carbonization was compared, and the effect of the system was evaluated from the viewpoint of thermal energy. The results are as follows:<br>(1) To use available heat efficiently for warming greenhouses, the amount of circulating warm water is about 4, 000L per hour for TDC (Two Days Carbonization) and about 6, 500L per hour for ODC (One Day Carbonization), respectively.<br>(2) During the winter experiment, using warm water heated by the exhaust heat of kilns to heat greenhouses (assume temperature in greenhouse is 20°C), average ratio of alternate heating load is 38.8% from that of TDC, and is 61.6% from that of ODC, respectively.<br>(3) For cooling greenhouses, to use available heat more efficiently, the volume of water tank should be as big as possible.<br>(4) To use available heat efficiently for cooling greenhouses, the amount of circulating cold water is about 3, 000L per hour for TDC and about 4, 500L per hour for ODC, respectively.<br>(5) During the summer experiment, using cold water made by absorption chiller to cool greenhouses (assume temperature in greenhouse is 14°C during the night), average ratio of alternate cooling load is 86.1% from that of TDC and is almost 96.9% from that of ODC, respectively.<br>From the results above, it can be considered that the cultivation system using local energy at all the year round proposed by this study can contribute to decrease oil expenditure and cultivation cost. And moreover, the system can be considered as a useful cultivation system in the snowy and cold areas because the creation of a new cultivation environment can be expected.

DOI： 10.11449/sasj1971.38.167

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Society of Agricultural Informatics  

The purpose of this study was to develop decision support systems for environmental conservation farming which can evaluate and justify optimal cropping combinations and cropping areas. To be useful, these tools need to sustain high levels of agricultural gross income and be able to calculate the volume of greenhouse gas emissions. Decision support systems developed by the authors of this paper have been enhanced with the functions that calculate the volume of greenhouse gas emissions according to “The guidelines for calculation of greenhouse gas emissions from industry”, create greenhouse cropping plans and that can calculate heating expenses. Experimental farming models for Niigata prefecture with multiple management approaches for rice paddy farming and greenhouse cropping were used. Farming plans and the associated volume of greenhouse gas emissions were evaluated. Heating expenses were forecast for various cropping combinations. The variation in working hour availability was captured by allowing a selection between having the cropping season early, in the middle or late in the month. The increase ratio of the agricultural gross income comparing to the standard cropping plan was expected to be up by 10% (1.78 million yen). Suppressing the volume of greenhouse gas emissions by 10% or 20% reduced agricultural gross income by 0.1% (128,000 yen) and 0.5% (781,000 yen) respectively in comparison with a standard cropping plan. It was shown that garland chrysanthemum (winter harvesting) was the most environmentally friendly crop and the profit margin of greenhouse gas emissions in this cropping type was the highest among the various cropping combinations.

DOI： 10.3173/air.15.395

DOI： 10.3173/air.17.50_references_DOI_GrcqWWoTzWJZsR2zgh5Zjrmgh2V

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Agricultural Structures, Japan  

Heat balance of the charcoal kilns was calculated based on the measurement of temperature variations within the kilns. Temperature in kilns of two kinds of carbonization methods, (one is ODC, One Day Carbonization; the other is TDC, Two Days Carbonization), was measured, and the reusable heat of those methods were compared. The results are as follows:<br>(1) In TDC, the carbonization cycle is 72 hours, the carbon yield is 15% of raw wood and the maximum temperature of carbonization is 950°C; and in ODC, those values are 43 hours, 10% and 940°C, respectively.<br>(2) The heating rate in the pyrolysis stage of ODC is 0.47°C·min^-1 faster than that of TDC. It plays an important role on the charcoal harvest of ODC lower than that of TDC.<br>(3) According to the results of heat balance analyses in the kilns, the amount of exhaust heat out of TDC is 54.9% of total heat. on the other hand, that of ODC is 49.9%.<br>(4) The reusable heat per unit time of ODC is 70% higher than that of TDC. From that, the heat supply of ODC is more stable than that of TDC for heating greenhouse in snowy cold area.<br>(5) The reusable heat per input wood from TDC is more effective than that from ODC based on the heat balance analyses.<br>From these results, it is available to reuse the heat exhausted out of the charcoal kiln

DOI： 10.11449/sasj1971.37.61

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Agricultural Structures, Japan  

In researching the heat-releasing mechanisms of greenhouses in snowy and cold areas, the heat characteristics, such as the heat loss coefficient, over-all heat transfer coefficient and ventilation heat transfer coefficient, can be very effective factors. However, they are subject to the changes of covering methods, heating methods and operating conditions and so on. These characteristics must be minutely calculated in pursuit of enhancing energy-saving capacities or reducing the heating cost. In this paper, the heat characteristics of the greenhouse are calculated based on the results obtained from the measured values of meteorological parameters, inner and outer wall temperatures and so on. The present state and the feature of the temperature management of the greenhouse in snowy and cold areas were discussed using above heat characteristics. As a result, the following has become clear:<br>(1) The proportion of the over-all heat transfer, ventilation heat transfer, and soil heat transfer to total heating load was 46%, 46%, and 8%, respectively.<br>(2) The heat loss coefficient of the greenhouse was 8.18kJ·h^-1·m^-2·K^-1, over-all heat transfer coefficient was 8.05kJ·h^-1·m^-2·K^-1 and ventilation heat transfer coefficient was 0.13kJ·h^-1·m^-2·K^-1.<br>(3) It was proved that the greenhouse used in this study was an airtight one.<br>(4) In nighttime, the actual amount of heat supply in greenhouse was almost the same as the value calculated from the heating load using degree-hour method. However, the value of the amount of heat supply in daytime was up to 3.6 times as much as the calculated value.<br>(5) The features of the temperature management or issues of enhancing energy-saving cultivation were pointed out by analyzing the data measured in the greenhouse in snowy and cold areas.

DOI： 10.11449/sasj1971.36.37

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