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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier BV  

To investigate the potential of fluorescence spectroscopy in evaluating soybean protein and oil content, excitation emission matrix (EEM) was measured on 34 samples of soybean flours using a front-face measurement, and the accuracy of the protein and oil content prediction was evaluated. The EEM showed four main peaks at excitation/emission (Ex/Em) wavelengths of 230/335, 285/335, 365/475, and 435/495 nm. Furthermore, second derivative synchronous fluorescence (SDSF) spectra were extracted from the EEMs, and partial least square regression and support vector machine models were developed on each of the EEMs and SDSF spectra. The R2 values reached 0.86 and 0.74 for protein and oil, respectively. From the loading spectra, fluorescence at Ex/Em of 230-285/335 nm and 350/500 nm mainly contribute to the protein and oil content prediction, respectively. Those results revealed the potential of fluorescence spectroscopy as a tool for a rapid prediction of soybean protein and oil content.

DOI： 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130403

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Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IOP Publishing  

International communication has sharply increased between educational and research institutions in the various sciences between Japan and Russia amidst globalization's rapid progress. Niigata University has been deliberately increasing collaboration with counterparts in the Russian Far East in the field of agriculture. However, literature comprehending current trends and issues of the bilateral joint research is insufficient. It implies strategical evaluation of the existing projects' efficiency and allocation of future collaboration tasks and funding. This study aimed to grasp the actual situation of Japan-Russia international joint research and its implications for agriculture. The authors used the Web of Science database aggregated by Clarivate Analytics to evaluate the general condition of research output and international joint research in both countries, fields of bilateral co-authorship, and Niigata university collaborative projects' results in terms of publication output in agricultural sciences. Results demonstrated steady efforts to promote international joint research in both countries. However, in terms of the research field, the bilateral relations are strongly manifested in materials science and physics, where the co-authorship rate is high. Agricultural sciences remain insignificant in bilateral cooperation. The number of co-authored publications has slightly increased due to the projects run by the Niigata university from 2015, both in Russian student enrolment and joint research specializing in agriculture. Therefore, the present study concluded that further profound qualitative and quantitative research on factors fostering bilateral collaboration, including international students' role, is needed.

DOI： 10.1088/1755-1315/677/5/052114

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Other Link： https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/677/5/052114/pdf

Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IOP Publishing  

Research indicates that climate change aggravates extreme weather events resulting in flooding or soil waterlogging. Damaging abiotic stress imposed by flooding affects crop production negatively. Recently, floods, adversely affecting regional agriculture, occur in the Primorye region yearly. However, available statistics and research on flooding and its consequences for the region are fragmented and scarce. Based on meteorological data of temperature (1889 - 2019), along with annual (1911 - 2019), monthly, and daily (summer months 2015 - 2019) precipitation data in the Primorye region, this research aimed to grasp the exact situation in flooding events occurrence. The results demonstrated a significant increase in the mean annual temperature and extreme precipitation events. Further, the study discussed the deficiencies in the existing system of flood damage assessment and loss compensation. Deriving from the experience of the Federal Research Center of Agribiotechnology of the Far East named after A.K. Chaika (Ussuriisk), the study attempted to estimate the multifaceted negative economic and environmental impact of flooding events on crop production, including flooding influence on land fertility, the effect on pests and disease manifestation, impact on the crop seed quality. The results call for the further robust investigation of the structure (both tangible and intangible) and scale of flooding effects on regional agriculture and add-up to the knowledge base on the topic.

DOI： 10.1088/1755-1315/677/5/052028

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Other Link： https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/677/5/052028/pdf

Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Farm Machinery Industrial Research Corp.  

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Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

After the collapse of the USSR, main agriculture complexes were destroyed and stopped their work since than soybean production in Russia had a challenging period and has only recently reached the peak level of the USSR production. Currently, soybean production in Russia has several main obstacles. It is essential to study the history and steps of the development of soybean cultivation. The rapid development of soybean production in the USSR was due to protein deficiency. Given the high content of protein and a considerable amount of valuable amino acids together with affordable low cost of production, the government decided to expand the cultivated area of the crop (Glycine max). Mostly, the soybean was used for livestock feed and oil production. The purpose of this paper is to study the dynamics of soybean production in the USSR and the primary agricultural practices that were used. This paper is focused on the Far East area, where since 1958 year, the cultivated area had spread significantly creating the leading industrial production zone of soybean in the USSR.

DOI： 10.1088/1755-1315/548/2/022079

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Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

This study aims to determine the dependence of the red band reflectance and near-infrared band reflectance in the evaluation of crops. The experiment using various fertilizers on soybean crops was analyzed to show the difference in reflections of red and near-infrared wavelengths. We used a multispectral camera attached to a UAV to obtain reflectance data of the surface. In this study, we used the normalized difference vegetation index, calculated based on red and near-infrared bands. The lower the value of red reflectance and the higher of near-infrared reflectance, the more chlorophyll, healthy vegetation, and the higher the crop condition. The decreasing photosynthesis rates and changes in leaf mesophyll are usually associated with decreasing reflectance of wavelengths within the near-infrared spectral range. We processed the obtained images and data from the camera and analyzed the reflectance separately for each plot of the surveyed field and each pixel of the image. The results showed in this paper that, according to a scatter plot analysis, different pixel concentrations were noted, which indicated by different information on the test field plot.

DOI： 10.1088/1755-1315/548/3/032024

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Walter de Gruyter GmbH  

<title>Abstract</title>The optimal design of a subsoiler implement is a complex work that includes optimal design, material properties, structural reliability, random variables, soil properties, soil tillage equipment, and optimum safety measures. The main objectives of this study were to design and simulate the deep placement fertilizer applicator (DPFA) by using the finite element method (FEM). FEM simulation software was used to select the optimum material properties and improve the safety factor by considering a range of loads on DPFA. Three applied forces in a static simulation (4500, 5000 and 6000 N) were considered as were three application depths of fertilizers (0.15, 0.20, and 0.25 m), to improve the safety measures of the design. The simulation results showed that the best material property for DPFA is the AISI 4135 QT carbon steel materials. This yields a high strength of 780MPa and an ultimate tensile strength of 950 MPa (Young’s Modulus of 207 GPa and with Poisson’s Ratio of 0.33). The static simulation for 6000 N shows that the DPFA model had a maximum stress and strain of 379.9 MPa and 25.6×10⁻⁴ mm/mm respectively, with a contact pressure of 207 MPa, and a maximum displacement of 3.1 mm. The study results can provide theoretical and technical support for the development of agricultural tools, especially for DPFA in selecting optimum material properties and improving safety factors.

DOI： 10.1515/eng-2020-0082

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Other Link： https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/eng-2020-0082/pdf

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：新潟大学農学部  

新潟大学農学部公認グローバル人材育成サークルBRIDGE は、英語運用能力の研鑽、国際的な視野から農学の知識を深めることならびに異文化理解を目的として海外研修に参画してきた。今回は新たな試みとして、パンヤピワット経営大学とペラデニア大学を舞台とした海外研修を企画立案・実施した。両大学は、その経営形態や地理的特徴に代表されるように新たな気づきを与える有意義な視察先であった。学生が主体となって海外研修プログラムをけん引することは、本サークルの先導性を学内外に示すとともに、海外との人的・知的ネットワークの形成を通じた農学国際協力人材の育成に貢献する。BRIDGE は農学の視座から海外研修先の新規開拓と定着化を促し、新潟大学を基点とした環東アジア地域への国際展開を支援していきたい。
BRIDGE is a circle for global-minded students which is recognized officially by Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University. We have undertaken overseas training to improve English proficiency, develop agronomic knowledge from an international perspective, and understand cross culture. This time, as a new attempt, we planned and implemented overseas training at Panyapiwat Institute of Management in Thailand and Peradeniya University in Sri Lanka. Visits to both universities were meaningful in that they gave us new information, as typified by their management style and geographical features. The initiative of overseas training programs led by students will show the leadership of this circle on and off campus and contribute to the development of human resources for international cooperation in agriculture through the formation of human and intellectual networks with foreign countries. BRIDGE wants to promote the development and establishment of new overseas training from the perspective of agriculture, and support the international expansion into the East Asian region with Niigata University as a starting point.

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Other Link： https://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010932010

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Farm Machinery Industrial Research Corp.  

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：INST MECHANICS CONTINUA & MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES  

This paper reports a field-scale study to detect differences in the amount of vegetation and chlorophyll content of crops using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) fitted with a multispectral camera. The purpose of this study, on the experimental farm of Niigata University, Niigata, Japan, was to identify poorly-growing areas of vegetation that might require additional soil fertilizer. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized difference red edge (NDRE) were obtained from five spectral band images (red, green, blue, infrared (NIR) and red edge (REDGE)) that were processed by software into a full image map. We used the image map obtained to analyze the farmland and identify variations in the greenness of plants. We compared two layers with different indices and indicated differences in vegetation activity for NDVI and NDRE. NDVI showed visible green color wherever vegetation was present. With NDRE we observed crops with low chlorophyll content, indicating nitrogen limitation in the leaves. These observations demonstrate the efficacy of using NDRE as a sensitive index for monitoring chlorophyll content. Therefore, we propose that different indices may be most useful for different crops, plant density, seeding rates and growth stages.

DOI： 10.26782/jmcms.spl.4/2019.11.00003

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This study evaluated elevation data in an agricultural field using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and a multispectral camera at an experimental site in the Amur Region, Russia. This region experiences waterlogging of soils, which prevents the use of agricultural machinery. Combine harvesters and transports are unable to perform technological processes on overmoistened soils. UAV surveying technology may help achieve a higher level of efficiency of agricultural land management. We processed captured Geo-TIF images using photogrammetry algorithms and recorded deviations in soil moisture on the experimental site. We produced a digital terrain model (DTM) that allowed us to determine areas of low-lying ground in the field that were prone to flooding and waterlogging. Using the UAV derived elevation model to determine low-lying ground may provide new opportunities for the region. Advanced land management may reduce farmers’ costs for maintaining machinery and labor in the field, especially during the harvest season.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Farm Machinery Industrial Research Corp.  

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本土壌肥料学会  

DOI： 10.20710/dohikouen.65.0_73_1

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本土壌肥料学会  

DOI： 10.20710/dohikouen.65.0_259_2

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UAVs create accurate cartographic data for early crop and soil analysis, which is useful when planning land works and crop care activities. During the season, there is a need to organize field monitoring, for example, the geography of the land to provide further land management and field survey to indicate a crop health condition. Currently, there is an acute question about the introduction of new technologies in agriculture. Moreover, there are problems in obtaining new knowledge of agronomists and farmers that it becomes impossible to promote such technologies in poorly developed regions. In this study, we want to show the use of a drone and a multispectral camera in assessing the health of crops for identifying areas with depressed vegetation. These technologies are bringing a useful step in the development of an agricultural management system in the direction of increasing the efficiency of land use. We have started to introduce smart agriculture in Amur Region, Russia, where soybean production is the main direction in the development of the region. This project aims to expand the application of new technologies in Amur Region and in the Far Eastern part of Russia.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：shin-norin  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：新潟大学大学院現代社会文化研究科  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：International Center for Research and Education in Agriculture, Nagoya University  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Farm Machinery Industrial Research Corp.  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Farm Machinery Industrial Research Corp.  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Farm Machinery Industrial Research Corp.  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Farm Machinery Industrial Research Corp.  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Farm Machinery Industrial Research Corp.  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Society of Farm Work Research  

DOI： 10.4035/jsfwr.52.37

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Association on the Environmental Studies  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer  

The new implement “Deep-Placement Fertilizer Applicator” was developed. This implement has mainly two features. At first, it can conduct deep-placement fertilization which is one of environmentally friendly farming method. Second, this implement can save on labor costs because it simultaneously performs tillage, fertilization, seeding and suppression. In addition, an additional mature is not required because the effect of fertilizers is kept over a longer period by the deep-placement fertilization of the slow release fertilizer. In this study the modified model was developed with reverse rotational rotary to reduce power requirements. Experiments were conducted in Andosol soil to investigate the performance of the modified model quantitatively. The performance was compared with that of prototype model with conventional rotary under similar conditions. In this study, actual power requirements and soil pulverization performance were evaluated. The result clearly shows that the modified model was better than the prototype in terms of power requirements reduction and soil pulverization performance. The modified model consumed 16.7, 19.5 and 18.1% less power requirements than the pr

DOI： 10.3103/S1068367415060233

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

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Other Link： http://hdl.handle.net/10191/18613

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

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Other Link： http://hdl.handle.net/10191/18617

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers  

In Japan, rice farming was influenced by the liberalization of the minimum access to rice trading. Because of this problem, the Japanese government promotes the improvement of the productivities of rice production. In the regions where large-scale farms aren't found, community-based group farming based on rural community is expected as a model of farming. In Japanese local areas. rural communities have been the basic units not only of social life but also of farming work. Group farming is an activity based on the rural community aiming to reconstruct rice production through co-operation of agricultural machinery, joint operation.

DOI： 10.1299/jsmemecjo.2010.5.0_261

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Agricultural Machinery and Food Engineers  

In Thailand, the cost of sugarcane harvesting and transportation constitutes a significant portion of the total sugarcane production cost. In order to reduce the total cost, it is necessary to clarify the current shortcomings of the harvesting and transportation processes. A field study was conducted in Udon Thani province, in northeastern Thailand, to accumulate information for analyzing the system's current shortcomings. The accumulated information showed that mechanical harvesting is key for reducing harvesting cost by around 8 to 57 US$ per ha, when compared with manual harvesting in the case of burned and green cutting, respectively. In addition, analyses performed through the use of a simple sugarcane harvesting and transportation simulation based on data obtained by time studies of the harvesting and transportation operations indicated that the field capacity of a chopper-type mechanical sugarcane harvester depends on the condition of the field in which it works, and the number of accompanying trucks it requires. Though the sizes of the fields in this area are relatively small, the accumulated area of fields having row lengths of longer than 160m which allows the effective usage of a chopper was 316 ha or 51% of the total field area in this region. This fact shows that chopper can work at high capacity in half of the sugarcane fields in this region. However, the limited availability of trucks significantly influences the efficiency of mechanical sugarcane harvesting and transportation. In addition, since truck allocation affects the profit distribution among the various groups engaged in sugarcane production (i.e., sugarcane factories, machinery owners, and farmers) a truck allocation plan should be devised based on input from these groups.

DOI： 10.11357/jsam1937.70.2_51

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Other Link： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JALC/00310892876?from=CiNii

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Agricultural Machinery and Food Engineers  

The allocation of mechanical harvesters and trucks to reduce the cost in sugarcane harvest influences the profit distribution among the three groups involved: sugarcane farmers, the owners of the trucks and mechanical harvesters, and sugar factories. These groups usually do not have common interests. Therefore, multi-objective optimization (MOO) was applied in this study to find a compromise solution. The parameters used in the MOO model were evaluated by using a simple sugarcane harvesting and transportation simulation derived from the field study in northeastern Thailand. The results showed that the compromise solution obtained from MOO was more acceptable than the solutions obtained from single-objective optimization. The results of analysis of variance indicated that the main factors influencing cost were the distance to a sugar factory, field size, and their interaction. In addition, cost reduction and efficient operation in mechanical harvesting and transportation were achieved in this study.

DOI： 10.11357/jsam1937.70.2_62

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Other Link： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JALC/00310892883?from=CiNii

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN  

DOI： 10.11357/jsam1937.70.2_62

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Agricultural Machinery and Food Engineers  

DOI： 10.11357/jsam1937.70.Supplement_299

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Agricultural Machinery and Food Engineers  

The field performances of slot openers and residue handling devices have been studied experimentally in conjunction with the role of micro-managed surface residues which are advantageous for seeding and moisture conservation. Hairpinned residues and the area of soil disturbance were identified as the key factors in evaluating drill performance. The drill operations of four slot openers including a bubble coulter, a V-shaped, a VR_A- and a VR_B-slot openers were demonstrated. Regarding of hairpinned residues, a VR_A- and a VR_B-slot openers showed practically significant results to prevent from incorporation of hairpinned residues whereas a residue handling device acted to push the residues away from the slots. A bubble coulter and a V-shaped slot openers pressed the surface residues into the slots. A minimal area of soil disturbance occurred with a V-shaped and a VRB-slot openers. On the contrary, a bubble coulter disturbed a relatively wider area under bare soil (0t/ha) or lower level of residue density (2t/ha). A VR_A-slot opener similarly disturbed a wider area under the given conditions. It can be concluded that a VR_B-slot opener showed an acceptable practicability under the setting conditions. This unit could perform an ideal seedbed making actions in terms of the compressed slot, soil penetration resistance, hairpinned residues, and minimal area of soil disturbance so as to secure a higher percentage of seed germination and soil moisture conservation.

DOI： 10.11357/jsam1937.69.6_75

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Other Link： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JALC/00302503506?from=CiNii

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Agricultural Machinery and Food Engineers  

Minimum tillage systems can possibly reduce soil erosion, conserve soil moisture, and also minimize labor and fuel consumption. To validate the effects of rice crop residues on drill performance, several field trials of four different slot openers were carried out to evaluate their drill performance on sandy loam soil with four different levels of residue density (0, 2, 4, 6t/ha) and three levels of soil moisture content (45%, 50%, 55% d.b.). The seeding of the drill operation was done with four models including a bubble coulter, a V-shaped slot opener, a VRA-slot opener and a VRB-slot opener. Field evaluations of these slot openers have been studied comparatively with regard to their slot formations, which are affected by the residue densities and the soil hardness in the influential zone that is near the bottom of each slot. Significant interactions between the residue density, the soil moisture content and the effects of residue densities have been discussed for each slot opener. In particular, soil penetration resistance tended to increase after the operations of a bubble coulter and a V-shaped slot opener under entire combinations of residue density. In terms of prediction, no significant effects of residue densities were found in the case of a VRA-slot opener and a VRB-slot opener. These two slot openers not only acted effectively to remove the residues prior to the seeding process but also confirmed the importance of a favorable slot profile preparation for stable plant growth.

DOI： 10.11357/jsam1937.69.6_65

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Other Link： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JALC/00302503490?from=CiNii

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Agricultural Machinery and Food Engineers  

Compaction experiments on a Haplic Andosol sandy loam soil were conducted in a soil bin in order to observe the immediate effects of compost incorporation on compaction behavior characterized by penetration resistance, stress state and vertical strain. A selected type of compost processed from cattle manure and sawdust was added to the soil in proportions of 0, 79 and 132g/kg at soil water contents of 58 and 67%. Our results show that penetration resistance decreased with increasing amounts of compost at the lower water content, while the reverse occurred at the higher water content, probably due to changes in soil consistency. Similarly, the peak stresses significantly decreased as the amount of compost increased at the lower water content but this decrease was less pronounced at the higher level of soil moisture. Vertical strain was found to be greater in soil treated with compost than in control soil, indicating that soil-compost mixtures absorb stress transmission by allowing greater deformation.

DOI： 10.11357/jsam1937.68.4_56

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Agricultural Machinery and Food Engineers  

The experiment conducted in this paper combined dead reckoning and Laser Range Finder (LRF) applications in approaching a target with forward and backward movements of an autonomous tractor. In Part 1, an LRF positioning principle using reflectors for a tractor's backward movement toward an implement was discussed. This paper deals with the switching of sensors and navigation following a course composed of multiple segmented paths. Feasible segments were designed on either polar coordinates or Cartesian coordinates. While path design by Cartesian coordinates enabled such steering as parallel parking, polar coordinate-based design enabled movements attended with turns of greater than 90°. It was confirmed by experiments that an autonomous tractor could track a multiple-segment path. Experimental results during two-segment navigation (Cartesian to Cartesian) showed that the final lateral error was 2cm and directional error was 1° at the goal position. Two-segment navigation (Polar to Cartesian) for parking a tractor in a yard showed a final lateral error of 1cm and directional error of 1°.

DOI： 10.11357/jsam1937.68.78

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Other Link： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JALC/00273248642?from=CiNii

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Agricultural Machinery and Food Engineers  

Approaching a farm implement to perform a hitching maneuver is an important task in agricultural automation. Such as, approach to an object requires a robust positioning method. This study aimed to develop a positioning method for an autonomous tractor to approach an implement in the field using an outdoor Laser Range Finder (LRF). Navigation performance based on localization of reflectors by the LRF was examined using an actual-size autonomous tractor. First, the accuracy of LRF positioning using flat reflectors was tested. The positioning errors of the flat reflectors were less than 5cm up to 15m distance from the LRF. Second, field experiments were carried out in which the autonomous tractor approached the implement on a concrete surface and a field covered with grasses. The results of the field experiments showed that the autonomous tractor could approach to the implement's position within a final lateral error of 1cm and directional error of 1°, for the single reflector positioning method, both on the concrete surface and on the field covered with grasses. In the two-reflector positioning method, approaching the implement was done within a lateral error of 1cm for the concrete surface and 2cm for the field covered with grasses; the directional error was less than 1° for both surfaces. These results confirmed that positioning with reflectors as artificial landmarks for an LRF enabled navigation of the vehicle to the implement's position with high accuracy.

DOI： 10.11357/jsam1937.68.68

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Other Link： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JALC/00273248635?from=CiNii

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Society of Farm Work Research  

This paper introduces an outline of a workstation for the agricultural autonomous vehicles. It also describes a background estimation method based on the Kalman filter for detecting an agricultural autonomous vehicle. The detecting system has been achieved in eight steps: generation of a background image and initialization, adaptation of a background image, detection of a foreground image, computation for the connected components of a region; computation for the intersection of two regions; computation for regions with the aid of shape features; transformation of the shape of a region, update of a background image. In this research, performance of the background estimation method based on the Kalman filter has been compared with that of general background subtraction in terms of accuracy, using both images captured on a sunny and cloudy day. The results showed that increasing the accuracy requires more than 10 frames per second to detect an agricultural vehicle in the above conditions.

DOI： 10.4035/jsfwr.40.183

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Agricultural Machinery and Food Engineers  

This paper describes the development of a trajectory controller applicable to guidance systems for a trailer towed by an agricultural vehicle. The controller was basically a feed-forward type, in which a trajectory was given as a polynomial function in Cartesian coordinates. The objective was to navigate the trailer to a given destination by tracking the designed trajectory. Simulations using a kinematic model of the tractor-trailer system verified that the feed-forward controller could guide the trailer to given destinations in an errorless condition. However, when even a small calculation error existed, it resulted in significant offsets from the given destinations in the case of backing-up motion. Therefore, a feedback controller designed based on locally linearized system equations around a given trajectory was introduced in order to stabilize the system's backing-up motion, therefore reducing the final offsets. The performances of feedback designed based on pole-placement technique and based on optimal control method were compared. Although the simulation results showed that both feedbacks could stabilize the system, the optimal controller showed better trajectory tracking performance than did the pole-placement controller.

DOI： 10.11357/jsam1937.67.2_61

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Other Link： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JALC/00247788440?from=CiNii

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Agricultural Machinery and Food Engineers  

A trajectory controller for a trailer proposed in Part I was tested by using an actual-size autonomous tractor and a trailer. A dead reckoning method was used for estimating the position of the tractor-trailer system. The experiment was conducted on a concrete surface. The experimental results showed that the feed-forward controller could not navigate the trailer to the given destination in backward movement, while the proposed feedback control could stabilize the system and guide it to that destination successfully. Performance of the feedbacks designed by the pole-placement technique and the optimal control method were compared. No significant difference in the final positional error was observed between the two feedback types tested. However, the maximum displacements in position that occurred during backward parallel travel from the origin to (8, 3)m in Cartesian coordinates were 14cm using the pole-placement controller and 9cm using the optimal controller. These results indicated that the feedback equipped with the optimal control showed the better trajectory tracking performance.

DOI： 10.11357/jsam1937.67.2_70

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Agricultural Machinery and Food Engineers  

This study attempted to develop a method to predict the degree of soil compactness in terms of bulk density, which varies as soil is subjected to vehicular loads. <i>In situ</i> experiments were carried out by measuring the stresses in soil underneath operating tractors using stress state transducers. The soil at the test site was sampled and investigated in terms of its pertinent properties. A neural network model was then developed to memorize the functional relationships that govern the changes in bulk density as a function of soil properties and stress parameters. The results demonstrated that the model could predict bulk density by a root mean squared error of 4.28% with a correlation coefficient of 0.838. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis was performed to prioritize the significance of each input parameter presented to the network by adopting a method called the Relative Strength of Effect (RSE). The results indicated that both normal and shear stresses were the dominant factors influencing soil compaction. Besides, susceptibility to compaction was found to be dependent mainly on the initial bulk density and the moisture content of soil.

DOI： 10.11357/jsam1937.67.2_77

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Other Link： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JALC/00247788464?from=CiNii

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Society for Tropical Agriculture  

DOI： 10.11248/jsta1957.48.304

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Agricultural Machinery and Food Engineers  

DOI： 10.11357/jsam1937.66.Supplement_15

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Agricultural Machinery and Food Engineers  

In search for the innovative main frame structure, comprehensive research of the battery built-in frame (BBF) has already initiated in automobile industry. In this study, some preliminary experiments have been conducted under the concept of adjustable location of the frame itself while seeking maximization of tractive performance in accordance with corresponding drawbar pull power. The required rise time of torque for the DC motor was found to be shorter by approximately 1/20 than the one of a diesel engine. Three kinds of axle loads for front and rear housing were provided to identify specific interrelationship among the rear axle loads, wheel slip, and tractive efficiency. These results were compared with the one of theoretical approach for the confirmation of their validity.

DOI： 10.11357/jsam1937.63.5_92

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Other Link： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JALC/00075950736?from=CiNii

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Agricultural Machinery and Food Engineers  

The electric tractor (ET) was fabricated and tested as an innovative approach in providing conventional agricultural machinery which puts emphasis on zero emission and potential acceptability for women and the aged. The objectives of this study were to propose the prototype and investigate its performance for the sake of further improvement. The ET was fabricated by converting a 20kW diesel tractor. The performance tests were focused on the energy consumption and drawbar pull characteristics of the ET. As the full-charge capacity of the battery used was 7.2kW·h, the energy consumption and driving range were found to be 0.60kW·h/km and 8.35km, respectively. This performance showed an insufficient level, when considering farming requirements, due to the limited amount of battery supply as well as power transmission losses. However, the ET offered better drawbar pull performance. Since its overall mass was 1065kg, it could attain 5.76kN with 14% slip and 3.89kN with 22% slip on asphalt and hard soil surfaces. The overall efficiency of the ET in transforming electrical power to the power available at the drawbar was 0.21-0.32 on asphalt and 0.17-0.24 on hard soil surfaces. In addition to this, the forthcoming design concept and further refinement were discussed.

DOI： 10.11357/jsam1937.63.3_130

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Other Link： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JALC/00073544586?from=CiNii

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.11357/jsam1937.62.6_125

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.4035/jsfwr.35.141

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.4035/jsfwr.35.133

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Agricultural Machinery and Food Engineers  

A trajectory control algorithm for front-wheel-steering vehicles was developed for the motion of such vehicles, which has a constraint known as "nonholonomic constraint". The trajectory control algorithm steers the vehicle from a starting point to a destination along the path described by a polynomial function without conflicting with this constraint. Though the polynomial function was determined directly from the initial and final conditions of the vehicle's trajectory design, iteration was required to design the trajectory of a mounted implement. The direct application of the algorithm could not stabilize the motion of the rear-mounted implement while the vehicle traveled forward, but it was confirmed through simulations that the algorithm was applicable by reversing the running direction. Thus by reversing the time, the trajectory of the implement mounted on the rear end of the vehicle could be controlled even in forward traveling.

DOI： 10.11357/jsam1937.61.6_131

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Other Link： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JALC/00064205496?from=CiNii

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Agricultural Machinery and Food Engineers  

DOI： 10.11357/jsam1937.61.Supplement_369

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Agricultural Machinery and Food Engineers  

DOI： 10.11357/jsam1937.61.Supplement_371

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Agricultural Machinery and Food Engineers  

Trajectory control method of implements mounted on autonomous agricultural vehicles which are equipped with four-wheel-steering mechanism have been studied. This method was developed based on the fact that lateral moving speed and yaw angular velocity can be controlled individually in four-wheel-steering vehicles. The required condition for tracking was derived from simplified equations of motion with assumptions which include no tire skidding, steady state motion and a flat and level surface. A method for calculating steering angle which fulfills the tracking condition was also proposed. Simulations of 90 degree turns indicated that while the proposed control method make a mounted implement move on a given path preciously, the required steering angle was strongly dependent on the shape of the paths. After comparing three shapes of paths (square corner, circular arc and clothoid curve), it was concluded that the clothoid path is most suitable among the compared path functions.

DOI： 10.11357/jsam1937.60.2_89

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Agricultural Machinery and Food Engineers  

DOI： 10.11357/jsam1937.60.Supplement_377

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Agricultural Machinery and Food Engineers  

DOI： 10.11357/jsam1937.60.Supplement_375

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Agricultural Machinery and Food Engineers  

In this study, the static elastic-plastic analysis for the monocoque-type frame was carried out numerically. Several mechanical characteristics for three models in terms of structural strength were discussed considering those geometry deflection and stress distribution as evaluation criteria. Comparing with an A-model which was modeled on a marketable tractor, the alleviation of plastic strain, maximum geometry deformation and stress were attained by about 14%, 72% and 47% respectively in a B-model increased sidewall thickness. Stress fluctuations caused by parameter's manipulation were pointed out quantitatively through the modification of the thickness of sidewall at differential housing. In a C-model which was added partition wall, the alleviation of plastic strain, maximum geometry deformation and stress were also attained by about 33%, 88% and 54% respectively. It was found that the validity of the setting of the partition wall was confirmed. Accordingly, some quantitative tendencies in von Mises equivalent stress and equivalent plastic strain for specific two nodes in partition wall were clarified putting a prescribed load pattern per one cycle.

DOI： 10.11357/jsam1937.59.11

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Other Link： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JALC/00044150822?from=CiNii

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.11357/jsam1937.56.5_3

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本環境学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers  

Shiitake mushroom is one of the most important crops as well as rice and persimmon in Sado Island. But recently the production is getting on the decrease year by year due to the aging population and labor shortage. The objective of this study is to clarify current situation and issue of dry mushroom production in Sado Island by field survey. The results indicated that the uncared management of dry mushroom production has been practicing for lack of the appropriate technological information and the motivation of farmers was extremely decreasing. In this research, instruction manual of dry mushroom production particular focused on Sado Island was developed to aim to improve basic skills of farmers and the quality as well as to increase the yield.

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (bulletin of university, research institution)  

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Other Link： http://hdl.handle.net/2241/89280

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (bulletin of university, research institution)  

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Other Link： http://hdl.handle.net/2241/89279

Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本熱帯農業学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (scientific journal)   Publisher：農業機械学会  

DOI： 10.11357/jsam1937.61.17

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Other Link： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JALC/00058683118?from=CiNii