Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本咀嚼学会  

咀嚼行動改善に対する啓発活動は多々行われているが、具体的な数値をもって咀嚼行動の改善を図る試みはほとんど行われていない。そこで、咀嚼回数計を使って自身の咀嚼行動を認識し、その問題点や改善点を考え、自発的な咀嚼習慣の行動変容を目指す「かむを測り、気づき、変えるための食育プロジェクト」を考案した。本研究の目的は、給食を用いて本プロジェクトを行い、発育期の児童に与える咀嚼行動変容効果を検討することである。対象は、新潟県内の1ヶ所の小学校5年生19名(男子7名、女子12名)とした。まず咀嚼回数計(シャープ社製bite-scan)を使用して3日間の給食時の咀嚼行動(咀嚼回数、一口あたりの咀嚼回数、食事時間、咀嚼テンポ、姿勢、動作の大きさ)を計測した。その後、咀嚼に関する授業を行うとともに最初の3日間の結果を配布して児童に自分の咀嚼行動の特徴について検討させた。さらに、各自が改善したい目標を掲げ次の5日間において咀嚼回数計を用いた介入を行った。最後に、3日間の給食を用いて再評価を行った。その結果、多くの児童たちは自身の咀嚼行動の長所と短所の両方に気づくことができた。また、介入後には咀嚼回数、食事時間、一口あたりの咀嚼回数、および咀嚼テンポは有意に増加し、姿勢、動作の大きさは有意に改善した。以上より、児童自身で立案した目標に向かって咀嚼行動変容を促した結果、効果的な行動変容を得ることができた。(著者抄録)

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Wiley  

DOI： 10.1002/cre2.490

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Other Link： https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1002/cre2.490

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English  

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Wiley  

BACKGROUND: Understanding the refinement of self-feeding skills is useful for the assessment of oral functional development in children. OBJECTIVES: To determine normative data on lip closing during food intake in the development of independent spoon-feeding in normal children, we tested the hypothesis that lip-closing pressure and spoon operation differ depending on food type. METHODS: Fifteen normal children (eight boys, seven girls; mean age: 6.5 years) were asked to eat test foods (2, 3 and 5 g of yogurt and cream cheese) freely with a spoon. Lip-closing pressures and kinematic data on spoon operation were recorded simultaneously with a strain gauge transducer embedded in the spoon and Vicon motion analysis, respectively. RESULTS: In the most common lip-pressure pattern, only positive pressure was generated. In the second most common pattern, negative pressure occurred first, followed by positive pressure; this pattern was seen infrequently. Positive pressure (P < .001), pressure duration (P < .001) and spoon intra-oral time (P < .05) during intake of cream cheese (an adhesive food) were significantly greater than those during intake of yogurt (a non-adhesive food). Pressure onset occurred at the beginning of the spoon withdrawal period or at the turning point from spoon insertion to withdrawal, depending on the food. CONCLUSIONS: Lip-closing force and spoon operation varied depending on food type in preschool and early elementary school children. Our findings suggest the need to consider the importance of food diversity and to pay attention to the spoon withdrawal period when assessing the development and maturation of lip function.

DOI： 10.1111/joor.13155

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Other Link： https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1111/joor.13155

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Lip closing is an important motor act in food acquisition. Appropriate food capture in anticipatory and early oral stages of feeding is essential for mastication and swallowing. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of food type and quantity on lip closing pressure during food capture with a spoon, and to identify normal lip function during food acquisition in healthy young adults. Twenty young healthy males (age range: 22-30 years) participated in this study. They were asked to eat the test food freely with a spoon. Test foods were yogurt and cream cheese, which were given in quantities of 3, 5 and 10 g in weight; 3 ml water was included as a reference. A strain gauge transducer was embedded in the spoon in advance, and lip closing pressures during food capture were measured and recorded. The Vicon motion analysis system was used to collect three-dimensional kinematic data of spoon operation. Positive pressure with lip closing during capture of adhesive food, such as cream cheese, significantly increased (P < 0.001). Moreover, positive pressure significantly decreased when food quantity increased (P < 0.01), irrespective of food type. Negative pressure that preceded positive pressure appeared more frequently during cream cheese intake and increased when food quantity on the spoon increased (P < 0.001). These findings indicated that participants sucked or squeezed the spoon further during capture of adhesive food. Maximum mouth opening occurred predominantly during the spoon insertion period, while mouth closing occurred predominantly during the spoon withdrawal period. After mouth closing, all subsequent lip pressure events appeared in the withdrawal period. Our results may be useful for comprehending normal lip function during food acquisition in healthy young adults. They may also aid in the diagnosis and management of abnormal lip function in oral hypofunction and dysfunction, which can be examined in future studies.

DOI： 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112743

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Streptococcus pyogenes is a bacterium that causes systemic diseases such as pharyngitis and toxic shock syndrome. S. pyogenes produces molecules that inhibit the function of the human immune system, thus allowing growth and spread of the pathogen in tissues. It is known that S. pyogenes CAMP factor induces vacuolation in macrophages; however, the mechanism remains unclear. In the current study, the mechanism by which CAMP factor induces vacuolation in macrophages was investigated. CAMP factor was found to induce calcium ion uptake in murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells. In addition, EDTA inhibited calcium ion uptake and vacuolation in the cells. The L-type voltage-dependent calcium ion channel blockers nifedipine and verapamil reduced vacuolation. Furthermore, the phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors LY294002 and wortmannin also inhibited the vacuolation induced by CAMP factor. Fluorescent microscopy revealed that clathrin localized to the vacuoles. These results suggest that the vacuolation is related to calcium ion uptake by RAW264.7 cells via L-type voltage-dependent calcium ion channels. Therefore, it was concluded that the vacuoles induced by S. pyogenes CAMP factor in macrophages are clathrin-dependent endosomes induced by activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathway through calcium ion uptake.

DOI： 10.1111/1348-0421.12647

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：(一社)日本衛生学会  

日本全国の7〜9歳児4496名を対象に、第一大臼歯と切歯に限局して発生するエナメル質形成不全(MIH)の有病率と全国8地域の差異を調査した。対象児の地域は妊娠時の母親の居住地とした。ロジスティック回帰分析を使用して、MIH有病率が年齢群、性別、地域間で異なるか否か評価した。その結果、日本全体のMIH有病率は19.8%であった。MIH有病率は、北海道地区が14.0%、東北地区が11.7%、関東信越地区が18.5%、東海北陸地区が19.3%、近畿地区が22.3%、中国地区が19.8%、四国地区が28.1%、九州地区が25.3%であり、この地域差は統計的に有意であった。また、MIH有病率は年齢とともに低下し、性別による差異は観察されなかった。以上から、MIHの有病率には地域差があり、北東部よりも南西部で頻度が高いことが判明した。

DOI： 10.1186/s12199-018-0748-6

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Sweet taste thresholds are positively related to plasma leptin levels in normal weight humans: both show parallel diurnal variations and associations with postprandial glucose and insulin rises. Here, we tested whether this relationship also exists in overweight and obese (OW/Ob) individuals with hyperleptinemia. We tested 36 Japanese OW/Ob subjects (body mass index (BMI) > 25 kg/m²) for recognition thresholds for various taste stimuli at seven different time points from 8:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. using the staircase methodology, and measured plasma leptin, insulin, and blood glucose levels before each taste threshold measurement. We also used the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) to evaluate insulin resistance. The results demonstrated that, unlike normal weight subjects, OW/Ob subjects showed no significant diurnal variations in the recognition thresholds for sweet stimuli but exhibited negative associations between the diurnal variations of both leptin and sweet recognition thresholds and the HOMA-IR scores. These findings suggest that in OW/Ob subjects, the basal leptin levels (~20 ng/mL) may already exceed leptin's effective concentration for the modulation of sweet sensitivity and that this leptin resistance-based attenuation of the diurnal variations of the sweet taste recognition thresholds may also be indirectly linked to insulin resistance in OW/Ob subjects.

DOI： 10.3390/nu10030297

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Streptococcus pyogenes is a bacterium that causes systemic diseases, such as pharyngitis and toxic shock syndrome, via oral- or nasal-cavity infection. S. pyogenes produces various molecules known to function with serum components that lead to bacterial adhesion and invasion in human tissues. In this study, we identified a novel S. pyogenes adhesin/invasin. Our results revealed that CAMP factor promoted streptococcal adhesion and invasion in pharyngeal epithelial Detroit562 cells without serum. Recombinant CAMP factor initially localized on the membranes of cells and then became internalized in the cytosol following S. pyogenes infection. Additionally, CAMP factor phosphorylated phosphoinositide 3-kinase and serine-threonine kinase in the cells. ELISA results demonstrate that CAMP factor affected the amount of phosphorylated phosphoinositide 3-kinase and serine-threonine kinase in Detroit562 cells. Furthermore, CAMP factor did not reverse the effect of phosphoinositide 3-kinase knockdown by small interfering RNA in reducing the level of adhesion and invasion of S. pyogenes isogenic cfa-deficient mutant. These results suggested that S. pyogenes CAMP factor activated the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/serine-threonine kinase signaling pathway, promoting S. pyogenes invasion of Detroit562 cells without serum. Our findings suggested that CAMP factor played an important role on adhesion and invasion in pharyngeal epithelial cells.

DOI： 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.09.007

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：新潟歯学会  

咬合平面は、小児期、成人期および老年期を通して、口腔管理における重要な要素の一つである。成人の欠損補綴を行う際、顔貌より咬合平面を決定するための基準は数多く報告されている。しかしながら、小児においては明確な基準がなく、成人の基準を応用し決定することが多い。そこで本研究では、三次元画像撮影装置を用いて顔貌より小児における咬合平面の評価システムを開発することを目的とした。対象は乳臼歯部にう蝕および治療既往のない小学1年生11名(男児6名、女児5名)とした。成人で頻用される咬合平面板を小児用にサイズを縮小・改変した咬合平面板を座位の姿勢で軽く咬合させ、超高速三次元表面形態撮影装置(以下3dMD)にて顔貌を撮影した。3dMD解析ソフト上で鼻下点および両側耳下点を顎外における仮想咬合平面とし、口腔内に挿入した咬合平面板上の3点をプロットし、これら3点より作られる平面を咬合平面とした。その結果、仮想咬合平面を構成する3点における再現性の検定を行ったところ、個人間変動および個人内変動ともに変動が大きかった。また、2つの平面間の角度は、前頭面では男児-2.146度、女児-2.055度で性差を認めず、矢状面においては、男児4.206度、女児で1.168度であり有意差を認めた。以上より、小児の顎顔面の表面形態より得られた仮想咬合平面から咬合平面を推定することが可能であると考えられた。(著者抄録)

J-GLOBAL

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(公社)日本小児歯科学会  

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Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2017&ichushi_jid=J00647&link_issn=&doc_id=20171201260004&doc_link_id=%2Fdu8shoni%2F2017%2F005504%2F004%2F0442-0450%26dl%3D0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalonline.jp%2Fjamas.php%3FGoodsID%3D%2Fdu8shoni%2F2017%2F005504%2F004%2F0442-0450%26dl%3D0&type=MedicalOnline&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00004_2.gif

Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.15761/DOCR.1000242

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

Studies of mechanisms of feeding behavior are important in a society where aging- and disease-related feeding disorders are increasingly prevalent. It is important to evaluate the clinical relevance of animal models of the disease and the control. Our present study quantifies macaque hyolingual and jaw kinematics around swallowing cycles to determine the extent to which macaque swallowing resembles that of humans. One female and one male adult Macaca mulatta were trained to feed in a primate chair. Videofluoroscopy was used to record kinematics in a sagittal view during natural feeding on solid food, and the kinematics of the hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage, mandibular jaw, and anterior-, middle-, and posterior-tongue. Jaw gape cycles were defined by consecutive maximum gapes, and the kinematics of the swallow cycles were compared with those of the two consecutive non-swallow cycles preceding and succeeding the swallow cycles. Although there are size differences between macaques and humans, and macaques have shorter durations of jaw gape cycles and hyoid and thyroid upward movements, there are several important similarities between our macaque data and human data reported in the literature: (1) The durations of jaw gape cycles during swallow cycles are longer than those of non-swallow cycles as a result of an increased duration of the jaw-opening phase; (2) Hyoid and thyroid upward movement is linked with a posterior tongue movement and is faster during swallow than non-swallow cycles; (3) Tongue elevation propagates from anterior to posterior during swallow and non-swallow cycles. These findings suggest that macaques can be a useful experimental model for human swallowing studies.

DOI： 10.1007/s00455-017-9812-4

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.15761/DOCR.1000237

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.15761/DOCR.1000232

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本摂食嚥下リハビリテーション学会  

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Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2016&ichushi_jid=J03152&link_issn=&doc_id=20170524040003&doc_link_id=%2Fcb5dvsph%2F2016%2F002002%2F003%2F0080-0085%26dl%3D0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalonline.jp%2Fjamas.php%3FGoodsID%3D%2Fcb5dvsph%2F2016%2F002002%2F003%2F0080-0085%26dl%3D0&type=MedicalOnline&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00004_2.gif

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

We compared onset latency, motor-response patterns, and the effect of electrical stimulation of the cortical masticatory area between peripherally and cortically evoked swallows by electrical stimulation in anesthetized rats. The number of swallows and the motor patterns were determined using electromyographic recordings from the thyrohyoid, digastric, and masseter muscles. The onset latency of the first swallow evoked by electrical stimulation of the cortical swallowing area (Cx) was significantly longer than that evoked by stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN). The duration of thyrohyoid burst activity associated with SLN-evoked swallows was significantly longer than that associated with either Cx-evoked or spontaneous swallows. Combining Cx with SLN stimulation increased the number of swallows at low levels of SLN stimulation. Finally, A-area (the orofacial motor cortex) stimulation inhibited Cx-evoked swallows significantly more than it inhibited SLN-evoked swallows. These findings suggest that peripherally and cortically evoked swallows have different response properties and are affected differently by the mastication network. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.02.015

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DOI： 10.19070/2377-8075-1600043

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

This study aimed to investigate how the activity of the masseter (Mas) and suprahyoid (Hyoid) muscles is influenced by the physical properties of food, how changes in the rheological properties of food differ between different foods during the process of food reduction, and how different salivary flow rates affect bolus-making capability during masticatory behavior in healthy humans. Ten healthy adults participated in this study. Electro-myographic (EMG) recordings were obtained from the Mas and Hyoid muscles, and 15 g of steamed rice and rice cake was prepared as test foods. In the ingestion test, the subjects were asked to eat each food in their usual manner. The chewing duration, number of chewing cycles before the first swallow, Mas and Hyoid EMG activity, and chewing cycle time were compared between the foods. Total chewing duration was divided into three substages: early, middle, and late; chewing cycle time and EMG activity per chewing cycle of each substage were compared between the foods and among the substages. In the spitting test, the rheological properties of the bolus at the end of each substage were compared between the foods and among the substages. Finally, stimulated salivary flow rates were measured and the relationships between salivary flow rate and chewing duration, EMG activity, and changes in physical food characteristics were investigated. There were significant differences in total chewing duration and the number of chewing cycles, but not in chewing cycle time, between the foods, which had similar hardness values. The EMG activity levels of the Mas and Hyoid per chewing cycle for the rice cake were significantly greater than for the steamed rice throughout the recording periods. While Mas activity did not change among the substages during chewing, Hyoid EMG activity decreased as chewing progressed. Chewing cycle time also gradually decreased as chewing progressed. The hardness of both foods initially increased, then gradually decreased back to baseline. The adhesiveness of the rice cake initially increased, and did not fall throughout the recording period; the adhesiveness of the steamed rice did not significantly change. Cohesiveness barely changed in either of the two foods during chewing, but was significantly greater for the rice cake than for the steamed rice. Finally, a correlation between the stimulated salivary flow rate and chewing performance was evident only in a change in Mas EMG activity. The current results demonstrate that the activities of the Mas and Hyoid muscles changed as chewing progressed, and were affected by hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness. Salivary flow rate may affect the changes in Mas activity during the process of bolus formation. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.10.004

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

We investigated (1) how peripheral inputs might assist central inputs in the control of voluntary evoked swallowing, (2) inter-individual variation in involuntary and voluntary swallowing initiation, and (3) whether natural chewing behavior affects the initiation of involuntary swallowing in healthy humans. Eleven participants completed a repetitive saliva swallowing test (RSST), chewing test (CHEW), and rest period,(REST). In RSST, participants repetitively swallowed as quickly as possible. In CHEW, subjects chewed gum freely. We delivered pharyngeal electrical stimulation (PEStim) to the laryngopharynx and compared the number of swallows that occurred with and without PEStim. PEStim significantly increased the number of voluntary evoked swallows in RSST, as well as the number of swallows in CHEW and REST trials, although this facilitatory effect was larger in REST trials. We found a positive correlation between the number of swallows at RSST without PEStim and that at REST with PEStim within individuals. Additionally, we found a significant positive correlation between the number of swallows at RSST with PEStim and the sum of that at RSST without PEStim and at REST with PES. Based on the current results, we suggest that (1) peripheral inputs within a certain range appear to facilitate the central inputs that control voluntary swallowing, (2) inter-individual variations in swallowing initiation may arise from differences in the excitability of the common neural network in the lower brainstem, and (3) during chewing, food reduction in the oral cavity is prioritized, such that the neural network associated with chewing may regulate swallowing initiation. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.08.003

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

The aim of the present study was to investigate the adaptation of the swallowing reflex in terms of reduced swallowing reflex initiation following continuous superior laryngeal nerve stimulation. Forty-four male Sprague Dawley rats were anesthetized with urethane. To identify swallowing, electromyographic activity of the left mylohyoid and thyrohyoid muscles was recorded. To evoke the swallowing response, the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), recurrent laryngeal nerve, or cortical swallowing area was electrically stimulated. Repetitive swallowing evoked by continuous SLN stimulation was gradually reduced, and this reduction was dependent on the resting time duration between stimulations. Prior SLN stimulation also suppressed subsequent swallowing initiation. The reduction in evoked swallows induced by recurrent laryngeal nerve or cortical swallowing area stimulation was less than that following superior laryngeal nerve stimulation. Decerebration had no effect on the reduction in evoked swallows. Prior subthreshold stimulation reduced subsequent initiation of swallowing, suggesting that there was no relationship between swallowing movement evoked by prior stimulation and the subsequent reduction in swallowing initiation. Overall, these data suggest that reduced sensory afferent nerve firing and/or trans-synaptic responses, as well as part of the brainstem central pattern generator, are involved in adaptation of the swallowing reflex following continuous stimulation of swallow-inducing peripheral nerves and cortical areas. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.12.008

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本顎口腔機能学会  

DOI： 10.7144/sgf.20.106

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Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2014&ichushi_jid=J02994&link_issn=&doc_id=20140630270002&doc_link_id=%2Fex2gakuk%2F2014%2F002002%2F002%2F0106-0114%26dl%3D0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalonline.jp%2Fjamas.php%3FGoodsID%3D%2Fex2gakuk%2F2014%2F002002%2F002%2F0106-0114%26dl%3D0&type=MedicalOnline&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00004_2.gif

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

ObjectivesBehavioural performance of tablet swallowing was evaluated with different tablet conditions in terms of size, number and surface coating.
MethodsFour different types of tablets were prepared: small or large, and with or without a surface coating. Fourteen normal male adults were instructed to swallow the prepared tablets with 15ml of water. The number of tablets in one trial was changed from one to three. To evaluate swallowing and tablet transport, electromyographic activity was recorded in the left suprahyoid muscles, and videofluorographic images were examined.
Key findingsAll tablet conditions (size, number and surface coating) affected the swallowing performance in terms of total number of swallows, electromyographic burst patterns and location of remaining tablets. Increases in the size and number of tablets increased the number of swallows and electromyographic burst area and duration. In addition, all of these parameters increased while swallowing tablets without a coating compared with tablets with a coating. Location of the remaining tablets was mainly within the mouth.
ConclusionsThis study only clarified the normal pattern of tablet swallowing under several conditions in healthy subjects, but the results may facilitate comprehensive evaluation and treatment planning in terms of administering medication to dysphagic patients.

DOI： 10.1111/jphp.12155

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Objectives Behavioural performance of tablet swallowing was evaluated with different tablet conditions in terms of size, number and surface coating. Methods Four different types of tablets were prepared: small or large, and with or without a surface coating. Fourteen normal male adults were instructed to swallow the prepared tablets with 15 ml of water. The number of tablets in one trial was changed from one to three. To evaluate swallowing and tablet transport, electromyographic activity was recorded in the left suprahyoid muscles, and videofluorographic images were examined. Key findings All tablet conditions (size, number and surface coating) affected the swallowing performance in terms of total number of swallows, electromyographic burst patterns and location of remaining tablets. Increases in the size and number of tablets increased the number of swallows and electromyographic burst area and duration. In addition, all of these parameters increased while swallowing tablets without a coating compared with tablets with a coating. Location of the remaining tablets was mainly within the mouth. Conclusions This study only clarified the normal pattern of tablet swallowing under several conditions in healthy subjects, but the results may facilitate comprehensive evaluation and treatment planning in terms of administering medication to dysphagic patients. © 2013 Royal Pharmaceutical Society.

DOI： 10.1111/jphp.12155

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

The aims of the present study were to determine whether the interval between swallows and the electromyographic (EMG) burst patterns of the suprahyoid muscles is affected by peripheral inputs during swallowing. Eighteen normal adults were asked to perform repetitive voluntary swallowing as quickly as possible, and three variables of swallowing were measured and evaluated, i.e., the swallowing intervals and the time interval between the onset and peak (rising time) and between the peak and offset (falling time) of the suprahyoid EMG burst. During recording, pharyngeal fluid infusion was applied with distilled water or 0.3 M NaCl solution at a very slow infusion rate (0.2 mL/min). The former and latter were used to activate and inhibit the excitation of water-sensitive receptors in the pharynx, respectively. The swallowing interval was significantly shorter during infusion of water than during infusion of NaCl solution. The rising time was also significantly shorter during infusion of water than during infusion of NaCl solution. There was a linear positive correlation between these values and facilitatory effects: the longer either the swallowing interval or rising time with infusion of 0.3 M NaCl solution, the stronger the facilitation of swallowing by the activation of water receptors. Facilitatory effects on the swallowing interval and rising time showed a linear correlation. It is suggested that weak liquid stimulation changed sensory inputs into the swallowing center and synchronously modulated the swallowing interval and time interval between the onset and peak of the EMG burst.

DOI： 10.1007/s00221-013-3641-y

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Nihon University School of Dentistry  

We evaluated the effects of gel consistency and bolus volume on ingestion in humans. Eight healthy men were asked to ingest liquids, and sample foods of different gel consistencies and volumes, as usual. Tongue pressure against the hard palate was recorded at five points, and bolus flow was recorded using videoendoscopic images. The number of squeezes increased as gel consistency and volume increased. The integrated magnitude of tongue pressure during squeezing increased with increasing gel consistency. Bolus propulsion into the pharynx was affected by bolus characteristics, and location of the bolus head at the onset of pharyngeal swallowing was not related to squeezing behavior. The trigger point at which pharyngeal swallowing began was subject-dependent. During swallowing, the magnitude of tongue pressure moderately increased with increasing gel consistency, as compared with squeezing. Tongue pressure was not related to bolus volume. The current results suggest that patterns of tongue pressure during squeezing and swallowing are differentially affected by bolus conditions. However, healthy subjects differed in the techniques used for squeezing and swallowing. (J Oral Sci 55, 191-198, 2013)

DOI： 10.2334/josnusd.55.191

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2015016896

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD  

It has been reported that the jaw opening reflex (JOR) evoked by intra-oral innocuous stimulation was suppressed during a reflex swallow in anesthetized animals only. However, the mechanism of JOR inhibition during swallowing has not yet been elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of peripheral nerve stimulation on masticatory behaviors, as well as the modulation of low threshold afferent evoked JOR responses during chewing and swallowing in freely feeding animals. The JOR in the digastric muscle was evoked by low threshold electrical stimulation of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN). Changes in the peak-to-peak amplitude of digastric electromyographic responses were compared among the phases of chewing and swallowing. IAN stimulation did not produce any differences in cycle duration, gape of the jaw in one cycle, or swallowing interval, suggesting a minimal effect on feeding behaviors. The JOR amplitude during the fast-closing, slow-closing, and slow-opening phases of chewing was significantly smaller than that of the control (recorded when the animal was at rest) and fast-opening phase. During swallowing, the JOR amplitude was significantly less than the control. Inhibition of the JOR during swallowing is assumed to prevent unnecessary opposing jaw opening motion. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.12.047

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The present study was designed to evaluate how typical Japanese staple foods - rice and rice cake - with different physical properties influence the patterns of muscle activity during chewing. Six normal adults were asked to eat rice and rice cake freely in a natural manner. Surface electromyographic recordings of the masseter and suprahyoid muscles were performed. There were large differences between the foods in terms of masticatory duration. The masseter activity per cycle was significantly greater for rice cake than for rice. The masseter activity gradually decreased as chewing progressed, although the suprahyoid activity did not change throughout the sequence of rice cake chewing. The results suggest that the process of bolus formation with rice cake is very different from that with rice in terms of jaw-closing and jaw-opening muscle activities. Practical Applications: This study aimed to examine how the masticatory sequence adapts to variations in the initial properties of foods. This research may enhance our understanding of the oral physiology of bolus formation and changes in the physical properties of foods during chewing. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1745-4603.2012.00364.x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD  

To clarify the functional role of cortical descending inputs involved in the swallowing reflex, the effect of electrical stimulation of two cortical masticatory areas (CMAs: A- and P-area) on rhythmic jaw movements (RJMs) and superior laryngeal nerve (SLN)-evoked swallows were studied. RJMs and swallowing reflex were elicited by repetitive electrical stimulation of CMAs and the SLN, respectively. The electromyographic activities of jaw-closer (masseter), jaw-opener (digastric), and laryngeal-elevator (thyrohyoid) muscles were recorded to identify the RJMs and swallowing reflex. The number of evoked swallows was significantly lower, and swallowing interval was significantly longer during A-area stimulation compared with those without stimulation. Conversely, these parameters were not significantly altered during P-area stimulation. The inhibition of swallows by A-area stimulation was not affected by an increase in sensory input by wooden stick application between upper and lower teeth, or A-area stimulation preceding SLN stimulation. The present findings suggest that the swallowing reflex is inhibited by activation of the A-area, but not the P-area. Since no changes in swallows were seen after the increase in intraoral sensory input and prior activation of masticatory central pattern generator (CPG), swallowing inhibition may be mediated by direct inputs from the A-area or inputs via the masticatory CPG into the swallowing CPG. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.09.005

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

The swallowing reflex is centrally programmed by the lower brain stem, the so-called swallowing central pattern generator (CPG), and once the reflex is initiated, many muscles in the oral, pharyngeal, laryngeal, and esophageal regions are systematically activated. The mylohyoid (MH) muscle has been considered to be a "leading muscle" according to previous studies, but the functional role of the digastric (DIG) muscle in the swallowing reflex remains unclear. In the present study, therefore, the activities of single units of MH and DIG neurons were recorded extracellularly, and the functional involvement of these neurons in the swallowing reflex was investigated. The experiments were carried out on eight adult male Japanese white rabbits anesthetized with urethane. To identify DIG and MH neurons, the peripheral nerve (either DIG or MH) was stimulated to evoke action potentials of single motoneurons. Motoneurons were identified as such if they either (1) responded to antidromic nerve stimulation of DIG or MH in an all-or-none manner at threshold intensities and (2) followed stimulation frequencies of up to 0.5 kHz. As a result, all 11 MH neurons recorded were synchronously activated during the swallowing reflex, while there was no activity in any of the 7 DIG neurons recorded during the swallowing reflex. All neurons were anatomically localized ventromedially at the level of the caudal portion of the trigeminal motor nucleus, and there were no differences between the MH and DIG neuron sites. The present results strongly suggest that at least in the rabbit, DIG motoneurons are not tightly controlled by the swallowing CPG and, hence, the DIG muscle is less involved in the swallowing reflex.

DOI： 10.1007/s00455-011-9363-z

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The present study tested whether electrical stimulation increases the number of voluntary repetitive swallows in humans. In addition, the potential of initiating both voluntary and involuntary swallows was compared using electrical stimulation. Fourteen normal male adults were instructed to perform repetitive voluntary swallowing as quickly as possible over 30. s, and the number of swallows was counted with and without repetitive electrical stimulation (80% of maximal tolerated intensity
0.1. ms in pulse duration
30. Hz) of the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, or laryngopharynx. Although the number of swallows was significantly increased during electrical stimulation of the laryngopharynx, oropharynx, and nasopharynx, there was a wide variation in the number among subjects. The number of reflexively evoked swallows (i.e., involuntary swallows) by pharyngeal stimulation also varied greatly, and there was a significant linear correlation in the number of swallows between voluntary and involuntary swallows. The present study demonstrated the facilitatory effects of pharyngeal electrical stimulation on voluntary swallowing in humans. Furthermore, the potentials of initiation of voluntary swallows are identical to those of involuntary swallows, which suggests that the swallowing central pattern generator is a common component of both neuronal networks and therefore is responsible for inter-individual variations. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.

DOI： 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.02.007

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

The present study tested whether electrical stimulation increases the number of voluntary repetitive swallows in humans. In addition, the potential of initiating both voluntary and involuntary swallows was compared using electrical stimulation. Fourteen normal male adults were instructed to perform repetitive voluntary swallowing as quickly as possible over 30 s, and the number of swallows was counted with and without repetitive electrical stimulation (80% of maximal tolerated intensity; 0.1 ms in pulse duration; 30 Hz) of the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, or laryngopharynx. Although the number of swallows was significantly increased during electrical stimulation of the laryngopharynx, oropharynx, and nasopharynx, there was a wide variation in the number among subjects. The number of reflexively evoked swallows (i.e., involuntary swallows) by pharyngeal stimulation also varied greatly, and there was a significant linear correlation in the number of swallows between voluntary and involuntary swallows. The present study demonstrated the facilitatory effects of pharyngeal electrical stimulation on voluntary swallowing in humans. Furthermore, the potentials of initiation of voluntary swallows are identical to those of involuntary swallows, which suggests that the swallowing central pattern generator is a common component of both neuronal networks and therefore is responsible for inter-individual variations. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.02.007

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本味と匂学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC  

Background and Objective:
We recently showed that adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived cytokine, may function as a negative regulator of the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway and of osteoclast formation in periodontal disease. In this study, we investigated whether the expression levels of adiponectin receptors (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) are related to the presence of periodontitis.
Material and Methods:
We initially examined, using RT-PCR, the expression of the AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 genes at the mRNA level in several oral tissues of C57BL mice. Next, we investigated (using real-time PCR assays) whether inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, could affect the expression levels of these genes in human gingival fibroblasts. Lastly, we compared the expression levels of these receptor proteins in gingival tissues between two healthy subjects and five patients with severe periodontal disease using western blotting analysis.
Results:
The AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 receptors were ubiquitously expressed in the oral tissues of mice. We observed that treatment with tumor necrosis factor-alpha could significantly reduce the expression levels of both AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 genes in human gingival fibroblasts. Moreover, we found that the expression of both receptors was lower in periodontal tissues from patients with severe periodontitis than in patients with healthy periodontal tissues.
Conclusion:
These observations suggest that adiponectin may not function efficiently in sites of periodontal disease because of a decrease in the number of its receptors, and this probable dysfunction may play a role in worsening periodontitis in patients.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2009.01222.x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Pediatric Dentistry  

Although the occurrence of natal/neonatal teeth is a rare condition, we consider important clinical problems confronting pedodontists treating cleft lip and palate (CLP) infants. In daily clinical practice of the Pediatric Dental Clinic of Kyushu University Hospital, a high frequency of natal/neonatal teeth in CLP infants was observed. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of these anomalies in 55 CLP infants, who registered at the Hospital for 1 year 9 months from December of 2006 to August of 2008. As for distributing of the type of CLP among 55 infants, 39, 10 and 6 infants were unilateral, bilateral CLP and isolated CP, respectively. The prevalence of natal/neonatal teeth found in this study was 9.1% (5/55) in 55 CLP infants. Of these, 30% (3/10) were observed in bilateral CLP and 5.1% (2/39) were unilateral CLP. No natal/neonatal teeth were found in isolated CP infants. Further, all the cases were found in the maxilla except for one case. Thus, natal/neonatal teeth appeared at high frequency in CLP infants.

DOI： 10.1016/S0917-2394(09)70152-1

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Language：English   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Pediatric Dentistry  

Dens evaginatus (DE) is a developmental malformation characterized by the presence of an extra cusp or tubercle. Dens invaginatus (DI) is also a dental anomaly found in tooth where the outer surface folds inward. Although each configuration was a rare developmental dental anomaly, the concurrence of DE and DI in a single tooth is an extremely rare. Those anomaly teeth are clinically significant due to the susceptible to dental caries or the possibility of the pulpal disease such as pulpitis and necrosis pulps without clinical history. Therefore, it is important to prevent further worse complications through the early diagnosis and intervention. Here we report that a clinical case of DE and DI concurrently affecting the mandibular central incisor in a 6-year-old Japanese girl, along with a pertinent review of the literature.

DOI： 10.1016/S0917-2394(09)70166-1

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER DIABETES ASSOC  

OBJECTIVE-It has recently been proposed that the peripheral taste organ is one of the targets for leptin. In lean mice, leptin selectively suppresses gustatory neural and behavioral responses to sweet compounds without affecting responses to other taste stimuli, whereas obese diabetic db/db mice with defects in leptin receptor lack this leptin suppression on sweet taste. Here, we further examined potential links between leptin and sweet taste in humans.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-A total of 91 nonobese subjects were used to determine recognition thresholds using a standard stair-case methodology for various taste stimuli. Plasma leptin levels were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at several timepoints during the day under normal and restricted-meal conditions.
RESULTS-The recognition thresholds for sweet compounds exhibited a diurnal variation from 0800 to 2200 h that parallels variation for leptin levels, with the lowest thresholds in the morning and the highest thresholds at night. This diurnal variation is sweet-taste selective-it was not observed in thresholds for other taste stimuli (NaCl, citric acid, quinine, and monosodium glutamate). The diurnal variation for sweet thresholds in the normal feeding condition (three meals) was independent of meal timing and thereby blood glucose levels. Furthermore, when leptin levels were phase-shifted following imposition of one or two meals per day, the diurnal variation of thresholds for sweet taste shifted in parallel.
CONCLUSIONS-This synchronization of diurnal variation in leptin levels and sweet taste recognition thresholds suggests a mechanistic connection between these two variables in humans.

DOI： 10.2337/db07-1103

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

Gymnema sylvestre (gymnema) contains gurmarin that selectively inhibits responses to sweet substances in rodents. The present study investigated possible interaction between gurmarin and the submandibular saliva in rats fed diet containing gymnema. Electrophoretic analyses demonstrated that relative amounts of two proteins in the saliva clearly increased in rats fed the gymnema diet. However, rats previously given section of the bilateral glossopharyngeal nerve showed no such salivary protein induction. Analyses of amino acid sequence indicate that two proteins are rat kallikrein 2 (rK2) and rat kallikrein 9 (rK9). rK2 and rK9, a family of serine proteases, have a striking resemblance of cleavage site in the protein substrates. Interestingly, gurmarin possesses comparable residues with those rK2 and rK9 prefer. The kallikreins significantly inhibited immunoreaction between gurmarin and antigurmarin antiserum. These results suggest that rK2 and rK9 increased by chemosensory information for the gymnema diet via the glossopharyngeal nerve might cleave gurmarin or at least cause specific binding with it. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.154

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本味と匂学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本味と匂学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(公社)日本小児歯科学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：新潟歯学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：新潟歯学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：新潟歯学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(公社)日本小児歯科学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)   Publisher：(公社)日本小児歯科学会  

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)   Publisher：(一社)日本障害者歯科学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)   Publisher：(公社)日本小児歯科学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：(公社)日本小児歯科学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (scientific journal)   Publisher：(公社)日本小児歯科学会  

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Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2017&ichushi_jid=J00647&link_issn=&doc_id=20170707200001&doc_link_id=10.11411%2Fjspd.55.3_331&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.11411%2Fjspd.55.3_331&type=J-STAGE&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00007_2.gif

Language：Japanese   Publisher：(株)ヒョーロン・パブリッシャーズ  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：(公社)日本小児歯科学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：(公社)日本小児歯科学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：(公社)日本小児歯科学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：新潟歯学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：新潟歯学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：(一社)日本障害者歯科学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本顎口腔機能学会  

DOI： 10.7144/sgf.21.144

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2015356211

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：新潟歯学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：日本顎口腔機能学会  

DOI： 10.7144/sgf.20.46

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：(一社)歯科基礎医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：日本歯科衛生学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：日本顎口腔機能学会  

DOI： 10.7144/sgf.19.158

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：(一社)歯科基礎医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：日本歯科衛生学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：日本顎口腔機能学会  

DOI： 10.7144/sgf.18.184

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2012280247

Language：Japanese   Publisher：新潟歯学会  

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Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/default/link?pub_year=2011&ichushi_jid=J00999&link_issn=&doc_id=20120124390006&doc_link_id=%2Fdj2ngtdt%2F2011%2F004102%2F006%2F0107-0110%26dl%3D0&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalonline.jp%2Fjamas.php%3FGoodsID%3D%2Fdj2ngtdt%2F2011%2F004102%2F006%2F0107-0110%26dl%3D0&type=MedicalOnline&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00004_2.gif

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：(一社)歯科基礎医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：(一社)歯科基礎医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：(一社)歯科基礎医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：日本歯科衛生学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (scientific journal)   Publisher：(公社)日本小児歯科学会  

Leptin is a hormone primarily produced in adipose cells ; it regulates food intake, energy expenditure, and body weight mainly via activation of the hypothalamic functional leptin receptor (Ob-Rb).Recently, we found that the peripheral taste organ is also a target for leptin, where it acts on taste receptor cells via Ob-Rb expressed in these cells and specifically inhibits gustatory responses to sweet substances. Such selective sweet response inhibition by leptin was not observed in leptin receptordeficient db/db mice, suggesting that leptin may be a sweet-sensation modulator involved in the regulation of food intake. Here, we further examined potential links between leptin and sweet taste in humans. The present study reveals that recognition thresholds for sweet substances are tightly linked with circulating leptin. The tight linkage between sweet taste thresholds and leptin levels was evident even in the restricted meal conditions with synchronized phase shifts of diurnal variations. This synchronization of diurnal variation in leptin levels and sweet taste recognition thresholds suggests a mechanistic connection between these two variables.

DOI： 10.11411/jspd.48.4_505

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (scientific journal)   Publisher：(NPO)日本咀嚼学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：(公社)日本小児歯科学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：(公社)日本小児歯科学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：(公社)日本小児歯科学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：(公社)日本小児歯科学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：(公社)日本小児歯科学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：(一社)日本障害者歯科学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：(公社)日本小児歯科学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：(公社)日本小児歯科学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：(公社)日本小児歯科学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：(公社)日本小児歯科学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：(公社)日本小児歯科学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：(公社)日本小児歯科学会  

DOI： 10.11411/jspd1963.46.2_141

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：(公社)日本小児歯科学会  

DOI： 10.11411/jspd1963.46.2_150

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：(公社)日本小児歯科学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report   Publisher：(公社)日本小児歯科学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本味と匂学会  

DOI： 10.18965/tasteandsmell.13.2_125

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本生理学会  

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