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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH  

Four large drainages from glacial lakes occurred during 2006-2014 in the western Teskey Range, Kyrgyzstan. These floods caused extensive damage, killing people and livestock as well as destroying property and crops. Using satellite data analysis and field surveys of this area, we find that the water volume that drained at Kashkasuu glacial lake in 2006 was 194 000 m3, at western Zyndan lake in 2008 was 437 000m(3), at Jeruy lake in 2013 was 182 000m(3), and at Karateke lake in 2014 was 123 000m(3). Due to their subsurface outlet, we refer to these short-lived glacial lakes as the "tunnel-type", a type that drastically grows and drains over a few months. From spring to early summer, these lakes either appear, or in some cases, significantly expand from an existing lake (but non-stationary), and then drain during summer. Our field surveys show that the short-lived lakes form when an ice tunnel through a debris landform gets blocked. The blocking is caused either by the freezing of stored water inside the tunnel during winter or by the collapse of ice and debris around the ice tunnel. The draining then occurs through an opened ice tunnel during summer. The growth-drain cycle can repeat when the ice-tunnel closure behaves like that of typical supraglacial lakes on debris-covered glaciers. We argue here that the geomorphological characteristics under which such short-lived glacial lakes appear are (i) a debris landform containing ice (ice-cored moraine complex), (ii) a depression with water supply on a debris landform as a potential lake basin, and (iii) no visible surface outflow channel from the depression, indicating the existence of an ice tunnel. Applying these characteristics, we examine 60 depressions (>0.01 km(2)) in the study region and identify here 53 of them that may become short-lived glacial lakes, with 34 of these having a potential drainage exceeding 10m(3) s(-1) at peak discharge.

DOI： 10.5194/nhess-18-983-2018

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MDPI  

To assess the current state of glacial lakes, we examine the seasonal lake-area changes of 339 glacial lakes in the Teskey and Kungoy Ranges of the Issyk-Kul Basin, Kyrgyzstan, during 2013-2016 based on optical satellite images (Landsat7/ETM+ and 8/OLI). The glacial lakes are classified into six types based on their seasonal variations in area: stable, increasing, decreasing, appearing, vanishing, and short-lived. We then track the number of each type in a given year and examine how each number changes from one year to the next. We find that many appearing, vanishing, and short-lived types occurred in both mountain ranges, having a large variability in number that is not directly related to the local short-term summer temperature anomaly, nor to precipitation or glacier recession. However, those in the Teskey Range vary significantly more than those in the Kungoy Range. To determine if the changing number and distribution of the various lake types may be due to changes in ground ice, we apply differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) analysis using ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 for the debris landforms behind which glacial lakes appear. In the Teskey Range, ground ice occurs in 416 out of a total of 557 debris landforms, whereas in the Kungoy Range, ground ice occurs in 71 out of 131. In zones with predominant glacier-retreat during 1971-2010 (from Corona KH-4B and ALOS/PRISM), the Teskey Range had 180 new lake depressions as potential lake-basins, whereas the Kungoy Range had just 22. Existing depressions also expanded when melting ice produced subsidence. Such subsidence, together with debris landforms containing ground ice and ice tunnels, appear to cause the observed large number variability. In particular, the deposition of ice and debris by tunnel collapse or the freezing of storage water in a debris landform may close-off an ice tunnel, causing a lake to appear. Subsequent re-opening via melting of such blockage would produce either a vanishing or a short-lived type. In this way, the large variability in the number of each lake type and the distribution of types over this four-year period arises from regional geomorphological conditions and not directly from the local short-term summer temperature anomaly and precipitation or glacier recession.

DOI： 10.3390/geosciences8030099

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MDPI AG  

A comprehensive glacier-glacial lake inventory was developed for the Bhutan Himalayas based on satellite observations between 1987-1990 and 2006-2011. In total, 733 lakes (covering 82.6 km(2)) were delineated between 4000 and 6000 m a.s.l. and their relationships to associated glaciers were documented. Using this new inventory, the scale and potential for glacial lake outburst flooding (GLOF) based on multiple criteria was examined. This included a history of connectivity characteristics of glacial lakes to mother glaciers, potential flood volumes, and debris-cover of mother glaciers in addition to the conventional criteria of expansion rate and lake size. The majority of the lakes with high expansion rates (more than double in size) and large areas (> 0.1 km(2)) met the conditions of being continuously in contact with a mother debris-covered glacier for nearly 20 years. Based on these multiple criteria, two lakes were identified as having potential for large-scale GLOF. Potentially dangerous glacial lakes listed in the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) study were re-visited, and some overlaps with the glacier-glacial lake inventory were found.

DOI： 10.3390/geosciences7030077

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER  

Using field surveys in 2013, 2014, and 2016 plus satellite data from the 1999-2015 period, we analyze the seasonal drainage cycle of supraglacial lakes on seven debris-covered glaciers in the central Tien Shan. We characterize this cycle by the number of lakes and their water levels. The cycle of the Southern Inylchek Glacier starts to increase in the beginning of April, reaches a maximum in May-June, and decreases sharply in June-July. The increase in April to June comes from an inflow of meltwater from snow and ice, and the subsequent decrease arises from a greater connectivity to the englacial drainage network. For the Southern Inylchek Glacier, 94% of the supraglacial lakes that exist and appear during 2013-2015 drain during all three years, indicating that most lakes could connect to the englacial drainage network for three years. Concerning the water level, lakes in close proximity and with the same base-level tend to synchronize their seasonal water levels through the englacial channels. Although the maximum water level of the three-year, field-measured lake is about the same from 2014 through 2016, the date of maximum water level varies between mid-May and mid-June. During this period, the lifetime and size of the supraglacial lakes are controlled by the timing of their connectivity to the englacial drainage network. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.03.002

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MOUNTAIN RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT  

Small glacier lakes are distributed in the Ladakh Range in northwestern India. This area has experienced several glacier lake outburst floods (GLOFs) since the 1970s, damaging settlements along streams. To reduce GLOF risk through a knowledge-based approach focused on nonstructural measures, we held a workshop in May 2012 for residents of Domkhar Village in the northwestern part of the Ladakh Range. More than 100 villagers participated in the workshop, which conveyed useful disaster information to participants while enabling the researchers to understand local knowledge and beliefs about floods. A survey conducted 3 months later confirmed an improvement in residents' knowledge of natural disasters. The researchers also learned useful lessons, such as the need to adjust the program design for diverse participants and the importance of clearly communicating disaster risks and supporting local residents' attempts to incorporate new scientific knowledge into existing local knowledge. Challenges to implementing flood countermeasures in this area included problems relating to land use and emergency communications and the need for coordination of efforts by the government and local residents.

DOI： 10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-15-00035.1

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

Glaciers in Central Asia are among the largest ice masses in the Eurasian continent and have supplied vital water to local inhabitants for thousands of years. The glaciers in this region are generally believed to be remnants of the last deglaciation, however, glacier variability in the central Asian mountains since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) has not been well documented. Here, we report an 86.87 m-deep ice core record drilled on an ice cap in the Tien Shan Mountains of Central Asia. Radiocarbon dating of organic soil from the bottom of the ice-core borehole showed that the age of the soil was 12,656 - 12,434 cal years before present, coincident with the beginning of the Younger Dryas cold period (YD). This result indicates that the ice cap did not exist in the Bolling-Allerod period (BA), which was the warm period before the YD, and that the BA climate was significantly warmer than at present. It also indicates that the ice cap has never entirely disappeared in any warm periods throughout the Holocene. We estimated that during the BA its extent was 43% or less of the present glacier coverage in the mountains. Our results suggest that this region at the end of Pleistocene was considerably warmer than at present, and that most of the present glaciers in this region are not relics of the Last Glacial period, but are composed of ice formed during the YD and Holocene. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).

DOI： 10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.09.006

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：IWA PUBLISHING  

Naryn basin, which has the largest river catchment area in Kyrgyz Republic and many mountain glaciers, is a huge 'water tower' for Kyrgyz Republic and Uzbekistan. Thus, the behavior of its glaciers has a large impact on water resources for the arid flat plain below, providing water for residents, irrigation, and energy in Kyrgyz Republic and Central Asia. We investigated the recent glacier condition in the Naryn basin (Chon Naryn and Kichi Naryn catchments) using topographic maps of 1: 25,000 scale and ALOS/AVNIR-2 satellite imagery. For the 45-year period 1965-2010, glacier area decreased by 17.4% in the Akshyirak massif, and by 20.8% in the Borkoldoy, 21.9% in the Jetim, 24.6% in the Jetimbel, 28.9% in the Naryn, 20.8% in the Sook, 20.9% in the Teskey (south-slope glaciers), and 17.8% in the Uchemchek mountain ranges. The dramatic shrinkage was greater for south-facing than for north-facing glaciers, with respective area losses of 23.6 and 19.8%. The glacier shrinkage might affect not only irrigation water withdrawals during summer but also the planning of four cascade power stations to be constructed in the Chon Naryn and Kichi Naryn catchments.

DOI： 10.2166/ws.2013.217

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Tokyo Geographical Society  

DOI： 10.5026/jgeography.121.iii

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Tokyo Geographical Society  

Establishment of a continuous, detailed glacial chronology based on radiocarbon (¹⁴C) dating has been hindered by the difficulty of collecting organic matter in cold and arid mountainous regions. The development of other numerical dating methods, such as terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating, has recently made it possible to establish a detailed glacial chronology and to compare local glacial chronologies with recent climate proxy data of ice cores obtained from polar and alpine glaciers, and of deposits from sea floors and lake bottoms. This paper reviews recent studies on the glacial chronology of the Southern Hemisphere and high mountains of Asia (Himalayas, Tibet, and Central Asia). There are three main outcomes. (1) Glacial advances from the Late Glacial to Holocene in New Zealand and Patagonia were mostly synchronized with cold periods identified in Antarctic ice cores, while glaciers in the Peru Andes fluctuated oppositely but similarly to the North Atlantic. (2) Differences and similarities between local glacial chronologies in the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau originated from the Indian monsoon and westerlies. For example, some researchers have proposed that the presence of early Holocene moraines and absence of moraines deposited in the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) indicate an enhanced monsoon in the early Holocene because a stronger summer monsoon brings more snow to the Himalayan ranges. (3) The glacial chronologies during the Last Glacial in Central Asia, which is not influenced by the Indian monsoon, differ from those in the Himalayas. The glacier changes agree with climate proxy records from lacustrine deposits and mountain ice cores in Central Asia during the last 1000 years, which indicates the change of precipitation in the area.

DOI： 10.5026/jgeography.121.215

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Other Link： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JALC/10000487664?from=CiNii

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DOI： 10.14989/HSM.12.73

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：INT GLACIOL SOC  

The Advanced Land Observing Satellite (AIDS) is relatively new. Its optical sensors are capable of making high-resolution digital surface models (DSMs). For the first time, the task of constructing a regional-scale inventory of glacial lakes based on AIDS data has been undertaken. This study presents the data-processing methods and the results of validation and analysis on the ALOS-based glacial lake inventory of Bhutan in the Himalaya. The analysis based on GPS measurements taken at Metatshota lake in the Mangde Chu sub-basin, one of the glacial lakes assessed as presenting a potential flood danger, shows a validation estimate of 9.5 m for the location of the AIDS-based polygon, with a root mean square of 11.7 m. A comparison with digitized data from the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) shows that positioning and evaluation of terrain changes can be significantly improved using ALOS data. Preliminary analysis of the glacial lakes in four sub-basins, Mo Chu, Pho Chu, Mangde Chu and Dangme Chu, reveals that the frequency distribution of lake sizes biases towards smaller lakes. Glacial lakes 0.01-0.05 km(2) in area account for similar to 55% of the total number and occupy 13% of the total area. Together our results demonstrate the usefulness of high-resolution ALOS data with accurate DSMs for studying glacial lakes. High priority must be given to continuously improving and updating the glacial lake inventory with high-resolution satellite data.

DOI： 10.3189/172756411797252293

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD  

Discharge was calculated from a mountainous area, including discharge from glaciers, in the Qilian Shan (Qilian Mountains) of northwest China. The studied Yingluoxia basin is 9983 km(2) in area, with glaciers making up 0.3% of the basin. The calculation method was based on the heat balance, requiring only daily temperature and precipitation. Calculated annual discharge from the basin corresponded well with the observed data. Calculated annual discharge from glaciers was 3.6% of the total discharge from the basin.
The temporal trend of the calculated equilibrium line altitude (ELA) at the July 1st Glacier (western side of the Yingluoxia basin) was similar to that of the observed ELA. The calculated annual mass balance of glaciers within the Yingluoxia basin has a larger negative value than the other glaciers in China, as the ratio of accumulation area to the total glacier area in the Yingluoxia basin is much lower than in neighbouring basins to the west. Copyright (c) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

DOI： 10.1002/hyp.7700

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Geographic variability of the recent changes of glacier coverage in the Tien Shan Mountains, Central Asia, is assessed using Corona KH-4B satellite photographs for 1968-1971. Landsat 7 ETM + data for 1999-2002, and ALOS/PRISM and AVNIR data for 2006-2008. The four mountain regions investigated (Pskem, Ili-Kungoy, At-Bashy, and SE-Fergana) cover several distributed glacierized areas in the Tien Shan Mountain system, a region that is affected by highly variable local precipitation regimes. Over the 30 years investigated between similar to 1970 and similar to 2000, glacier area decreased by 19% in the Pskem region, 12% in the Ili-Kungoy region, 12% in the At-Bashy region, and 9% in the SE-Fergana region. In the last 7 years (similar to 2000 to similar to 2007), glacier area shrank by 5% in the Pskem region, 4% in the Ili-Kungoy region, 4% in the At-Bashy region, and 0% in the SE-Fergana region. Glacier behavior has varied markedly in these regions. The most dramatic glacier shrinkage has occurred in the outer ranges of the Tien Shan Mountains. Recent glacier area loss has resulted from rising summer temperatures. Regional differences of glacier-area changes related to local climate conditions, to the altitudinal distribution of glacier areas, and to the relative proportion of glaciers in different size classes. The observed accelerated glacier shrinkage is expected to have two impacts on the more populated outer ranges: 1) water shortages during summer and 2) increased threat from glacier hazards such as glacier lake outburst floods (GLOFs) and ice avalanches. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2009.08.002

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH  

On 24 July 2008, a glacier lake outburst flood (GLOF) occurred at the western (w-) Zyndan glacier lake in the Tong District of Ysyk-Kol Oblast, Kyrgyzstan. The flood killed three people and numerous livestock, destroyed infrastructure, and devastated potato and barley crops as well as pastures. Tuurasuu village and a downstream reservoir on the Zyndan river escaped heavy damage because the main flood was diverted toward the Tong river. RTK-GPS and satellite data (Landsat 7 ETM+, ALOS/PRISM, and ALOS/AVNIR-2) reveal that the flood reduced the lake area from 0.0422 km(2) to 0.0083 km(2), discharging 437 000 m(3) of water. This glacier lake was not present in a Landsat 7 ETM+ image taken on 26 April 2008. It formed rapidly over just two and half months from early May to the late July, when large amounts of snow and glacier melt water became trapped in a basin in the glacier terminus area, blocked by temporary closure of the drainage channel through the terminal moraine that included much dead-ice. In the same mountain region, most other glacier-lake expansions were not particularly large during the period from 1999-2008. Although events like the w-Zyndan glacier lake outburst occur infrequently in the high Central Asian mountains, such fast developing, short-lived lakes are particularly dangerous and not easy to monitor using satellite data. Appropriate measures to protect against such lake outburst hazards in this region include educating residents on glacier hazards and monitoring techniques, providing frequently updated maps of glacier lakes, and planning and monitoring land-use, including house locations.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.14851/jcsir.2010.0.96.0

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DOI： 10.7886/hgs.84.22

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating was applied to glacial sediments and adjacent loess from moraines in the Teskey Ala-Too and At-Bashy Ranges in the inner Tien Shan, Kvrgyz Republic (Kyrgyzstan). Two large glacier expansions during the Last Glacial were observed in the two study areas; Teskcy ( = Terskey) Stages I and II moraines were dated to marine isotope stage (MIS) 4-early-MIS 3 and MIS 2, and At-Bashy Stage II in the At-Bashy Range dated to late-MIS 3-MIS 2. The timing of the two expansions during the Last Glacial coincided with global cold periods and with advances of the major Northern Hemisphere ice sheets. However, the fact that the greater expansion Occurred in MIS 4-early-MIS 3 in the Teskey Ala-Too Range, suggests that climate during MIS 4-early-MIS 3 was more humid than during MIS 2. It is possible that the strengthened Siberian High during MIS 2 restricted the impact of the westerlies and this reduced precipitation in the study area. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.quaint.2008.04.010

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.14851/jcsir.2009.0.145.0

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DOI： 10.14851/jcsir.2008.0.178.0

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI LTD  

Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating was applied to glacial and loess deposits in the north flank of the Terskey-Alatoo Range, Kyrgyz Republic, to elucidate the glacier chronology of the central Asian mountains during the Last Glacial. Moraines in five parts of study area were classified into four stages (Terskey Stages I-IV) based on their geographical position and elevation, and their moraine rock weathering. According to this classification, the oldest moraines (Terskey Stage I) were at 2100-2250m a.s.l. and the second-oldest moraines (Terskey Stage II) were at 2400-2700m a.s.l. Quartz samples from moraines of these two stages were used for OSL dating. The OSL ages of the quartz samples indicate that glacier expansion in the Terskey Stage II occurred between 21 and 29 ka BP. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.quageo.2006.06.007

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF SNOW AND ICE  

DOI： 10.14850/jssi.2007.0.89.0

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES  

DOI： 10.11520/jshwr.20.0.47.0

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：INT GLACIOLOGICAL SOC  

Moraines in five valleys of the Turkestan range of the Pamir-Alay, Kyrgyz Republic, were analyzed based on their geographical position and elevation, morphology and ecological characteristics. The moraines represent four glacial advances: Turkestan Stage I, during the last glacial; Stage II, during the late Holocene; Stage III, during the Little Ice Age (AD 1400-1900); and Stage IV, during the 20th century. In Turkestan Stage I, the glaciers expanded to about 5-10 km from their present termini during marine isotope stage (MIS) 2. Radiocarbon ages for several soil layers buried in a lateral moraine of the Asan-Usin glacier frontal area indicate that glaciers shrank or stagnated between at least similar to 48 and 42 kyr BP, during the warm climate of mid-MIS 3. These findings suggest that the glacier expansion in mid-MIS 3 was relatively small compared to the glacier expansion of MIS 2 during the last glacial.

DOI： 10.3189/172756406781811916

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：INT GLACIOLOGICAL SOC  

Corona images from 1971 and a Landsat image from 2002 are used to assess glacier variations in the last 30years in the western Terskey-Alatoo range (a part of the Tien Shan), in the northeast of the Kyrgyz Republic. The glaciers have shrunk (luring this period. The 269 mountain glaciers measured in the study area had an original combined area of 245 km(2), which has decreased 18.4 km(2), representing a loss of 8% of the original glacier coverage iin 1971. Individual glaciers covering < 1 km(2) account for 28% of the combined glacial coverage, but loss from these small glaciers represents 38% of the total decrease in area. The relative change of area is larger for small-scale glaciers, and its contribution to shrinkage of glacier area is high. This shrinkage has been linked to climate changes as recorded at local stations. Many small-scale glaciers are distributed around Issylk-Kul lake, and rapid glacier reduction is expected in this area in the future.

DOI： 10.3189/172756406781812195

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During the late Holocene, the Raigorodskogo Glacier in the Pamir-Alai, central Asia expanded before 3215, after 1545, and at 310 cal. years BP, as dated by the C-14 -calibrated ages of wood samples from moraine deposits and terrace exposures. The glacier expansions, which were accompanied by increased melt water run-off over the terrace surface, were confined to the proglacial area. The terrace deposits with intercalated buried soil layers provide evidence of two obvious warm periods when the glacier abruptly retreated during the late Holocene, shortly before 1545 cal. years BP and again sometime before ca. 500 cal. years BP. Fallen Juniperus turkestanica, broken by moraine deposits, suggests that the largest glacial expansion during the Little lee Age occurred 310 cal. years BP. The glacier expansion in the Little Ice Age was on roughly the same scale as that which occurred in the cold period after 1545 cal. years BP. Observational records of the glacier terminus and moraine positions indicate that recent glacier advances occurred in the years 19081911, sometime in 1911-1934, and in 1960-1977. These advances were small, while the glacier recessions were larger in the 1900s, with large recessions also sometime in 1911-1934 and in 1977-1998. The glacier recession rate of 27 m/year in 1911 - 1934 was faster than the rates of 13 m/year in 1977 - 1990 and 21 m/year in 1990 - 1998; however, the glacier recession rate has been accelerating recently, particularly after 1990. This recession reflects recent climate warming in inland Asia. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/S0341-8162(02)00007-3

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Tokyo Geographical Society  

Observational records of the locations of glacier termini, glacier mass balance, temperature, and precipitation, and field observations indicate recent glacier variations in the Pamir-Alai, central Asia. Glacier advances occurred at the beginning of the 1900s, and from 1960 to 1975. Small glaciers responded quickly after negative temperature anomalies. Glaciers in the Pamir-Alai and West Tien Shan advanced or stagnated, and those in the North Tien Shan retreated from 1960 to 1975. Then, these glaciers retreated markedly after 1975. The mass balance records of eight glaciers in the Pamir-Alai, North Tien Shan, and East Tien Shan since the 1950s show the same tendency. They were stable from 1960 to 1975, and decreased largely from the late 1970s. The variations of glacier termini from 1960 to 1990 in the Pamir-Alai and West Tien Shan coincide with the mass balance records, while the variations of glacier termini in the North Tien Shan do not coincide with the mass balance records. The differences in glacier variations since the 1960s between the Pamir-Alai and West Tien Shan, and North Tien Shan are due to differences in precipitation pattern.

DOI： 10.5026/jgeography.111.4_486

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

Moraines formed by valley glaciers in Lingshi area, northwestern Bhutan constitute three distinct stages with contrasts in the spatial distribution and size of moraines, and surface features such as clasts, soils and vegetation. Moraines in the Thanza Village area, northern Bhutan, show three stages with similar characteristics to those in the Lingshi area. Using morphostratigraphic criteria, these three stages correlate with some glacial stages in the Khumbu Himal, eastern Nepal. Dates from moraines in the Khumbu Himal provide a tentative chronological sequence of these three stages. Valley glaciers in Bhutan expanded during the following periods: (1) the Takaphu and Raphsthreng Stages are the Little Ice Age and late Holocene glacial advances; (2) the Jykhuje and Tenchey Stages represent the Late Glacial and/or early Holocene glacial advances; and (3) the Lingshi Dzong and Limana Stages are coincident with the Last Glacial period. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/S1040-6182(02)00052-6

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Total pages：1032   Language：Japanese Book type：Scholarly book

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File： field-17_p14-15.pdf

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本雪氷学会  

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