Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media LLC  

DOI： 10.1007/s10265-018-1037-6

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This data paper reports census data of ground-dwelling beetle and other fauna of the forest floor environment; collections were made from a network of 22 forest sites in Japan. To our knowledge, this represents the largest dataset for long-term monitoring of a ground-dwelling beetle community and other taxa in a ground environment in forests, which covers a broad climatic range in the temperate zone and is freely available. The network forms part of the Monitoring Sites 1000 Project launched by the Ministry of the Environment, Japan. It covers subalpine, cool- and warm-temperate and subtropical climatic zones and the four major forest types of Japan. Thirty-three permanent plots usually 1 ha in size were established in old-growth, secondary natural and a few plantation forests. Censuses of the ground-dwelling beetle community were conducted using pitfall trapping and forest floor environment monitoring every year from 2004 to the present. During the initial 9 years of the census (2004-2012), 59,762 beetle individuals (including 3182 larvae) of more than 314 species were recorded. This dataset includes taxonomy and biomass of each beetle individual and each taxonomic group of other invertebrates coincidently captured in pitfall trapping. The dataset also includes data related to ground coverage by forest floor vegetation, dry mass of the accumulated organic litter layer, and carbon and nitrogen contents and cellulose decomposition rate in organic layer and surface mineral soil. The data could be used to investigate geographical patterns and intra- and inter-annual dynamics of individual body mass, populations and community structures of ground-dwelling beetles, and their relationships with the forest floor environment. Furthermore, the data could be analyzed with other open datasets related to tree community dynamics and litter fall continuously measured in the same study plots. This dataset also provides information related to the distribution and average body mass of each beetle species.

DOI： 10.1007/s11284-016-1379-2

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

In this paper we propose a new method, 'bioelectrical impedance method' to distinguish clonal plant in the forest community. Bioelectrical impedance methods have rarely used in forestry and forest ecology except a case of water status measurement in tree, though it has been applied in many other fields especially in medical uses, such as BMI (body mass index) measurement. The internal soil impedance, internal tree impedance and grounding impedance of clonal tree were measured by using an LCR meter. The impedance of internal soil was decreased as VWC of soil increased. Internal tree impedance and grounding impedance showed similar pattern to the soil in frequency response. Comparing the three parameters, we found that the orders of them were as follows; internal soil impedance < grounding impedance < internal trunk impedance. The AC signal was transferred between trunks connected underground though soil impedance and grounding impedance were smaller than internal tree impedance. AC signal was transferred clearly at relatively lower frequency and the frequency from 5 kHz to 10 kHz was favorable to the measurement. Those results suggested that it was possible to distinguish clonal tree ramets from other timbers without any destruction by using AC signals with relatively low voltage.

DOI： 10.1109/SICE.2015.7285482

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Nihon Ringakkai  

To determine the effect of disturbance on clonal structures of natural forest of Cryptomeria japonica, we have investigated spatial distribution and size structure of this species in two forests. We have set up two plots, the first one is disturbed by typhoon while another one is not affected by typhoon disturbance, and investigated the clonal structure using SSR markers. We found three types of clonal structure: (a) gathered and middle size ramets, (b) apart and different size ramets, and (c) many small ramets in line. The (a) and (b) are thought to be layering clones from withdrawn juvenile or bud by heavy snow pressure. The (c) were buds from an uprooted individual by typhoon disturbance. The result suggests that typhoon disturbance and snow pressure are one of the factors to form different clonal structures.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE  

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a highly polymorphic genomic region that plays a central role in the immune system. Despite its functional consistency, the genomic structure of the MHC differs substantially among organisms. In birds, the MHC-B structures of Galliformes, including chickens, have been well characterized, but information about other avian MHCs remains sparse. The Japanese Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon, Pelecaniformes) is an internationally conserved, critically threatened species. The current Japanese population of N. nippon originates from only five founders; thus, understanding the genetic diversity among these founders is critical for effective population management. Because of its high polymorphism and importance for disease resistance and other functions, the MHC has been an important focus in the conservation of endangered species. Here, we report the structure and polymorphism of the Japanese Crested Ibis MHC class II region. Screening of genomic libraries allowed the construction of three contigs representing different haplotypes of MHC class II regions. Characterization of genomic clones revealed that the MHC class II genomic structure of N. nippon was largely different from that of chicken. A pair of MHC-IIA and -IIB genes was arranged head-to-head between the COL11A2 and BRD2 genes. Gene order in N. nippon was more similar to that in humans than to that in chicken. The three haplotypes contained one to three copies of MHC-IIA/IIB gene pairs. Genotyping of the MHC class II region detected only three haplotypes among the five founders, suggesting that the genetic diversity of the current Japanese Crested Ibis population is extremely low. The structure of the MHC class II region presented here provides valuable insight for future studies on the evolution of the avian MHC and for conservation of the Japanese Crested Ibis.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0108506

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

Japanese population of the Japanese crested ibis Nipponia nippon was founded by five individuals gifted from the People's Republic of China. In order to exactly evaluate genetic structure, we first performed development of novel genetic makers using 89 microsatellite primer pairs of related species for cross-amplification. Of these, only three primer pairs were useful for the genetic markers. Additionally, we sequenced allelic PCR products of these three markers together with 10 markers previously identified. Most markers showed typical microsatellite repeat units, but two markers were not simple microsatellites. Moreover, over half of the markers did not have the same repeat units as those of the original species. These results suggested that development of novel genetic markers in this population by cross-amplification is not efficient, partly because of low genetic diversity. Furthermore, the cluster analysis by STRUCTURE program using 17 markers showed that the five founders were divided into two clusters. However, the genetic relationships among the founders indicated by the clustering seemed to be questionable, because the analysis relied largely on a small number of triallelic markers, in spite of the addition of the three useful markers. Therefore, more efficient methods for identifying large numbers of single nucleotide polymorphisms are desirable.

DOI： 10.1111/asj.12155

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The Japanese crested ibis is an internationally conserved, critically threatened bird. Captive-breeding programs have been established to conserve this species in Japan. Since the current Japanese population of crested ibis originates only from 5 founders donated by the Chinese government, understanding the genetic diversity between them is critical for an effective population management. To discover genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and short tandem repeats (STRs) while obtaining genotype data of these polymorphic markers in each founder, reduced representation libraries were independently prepared from each of the founder genomes and sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq2000. This yielded 316 million 101-bp reads. Consensus sequences were created by clustering sequence reads, and then sequence reads from each founder were mapped to the consensus sequences, resulting in the detection of 52,512 putative SNPs and 162 putative STRs. The numbers of haplotypes and STR alleles and the investigation of genetic similarities suggested that the total genetic diversity between the founders was lower, although we could not identify a pair with closely related genome sequences. This study provided important insight into protocols for genetic management of the captive breeding population of Japanese crested ibis in Japan and towards the national project for reintroduction of captive-bred individuals into the wild. We proposed a simple, efficient, and cost-effective approach for simultaneous detection of genome-wide polymorphic markers and their genotypes for species currently lacking a reference genome sequence. © 2013 Taniguchi et al.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0072781

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ZOOLOGICAL SOC JAPAN  

The Japanese crested ibis Nipponia nippon is a critically threatened bird. We assessed genetic diversity and structure in the Sado captive population of the Japanese crested ibis based on 24 and 50 microsatellite markers developed respectively for the same and related species. Of a total of 74 loci, 19 showed polymorphisms in the five founder birds of the population, and therefore were useful for the analysis of genetic diversity and structure. Genetic diversity measures, A, ne, He, Ho and PIC, obtained by genotyping of the 138 descendants were similar to those of other species with population bottlenecks, and thus considerably low. The low level of genetic diversity resulting from such bottlenecks was consistent with the results of lower genetic diversity measures for the Sado captive relative to the Chinese population that is the source population for the Sado group as determined using previously reported data and heterozygosity excess by Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium tests. Further, individual clustering based on the allele-sharing distance and Bayesian model-based clustering revealed that the founder genomes were equally at population in total, and with various admixture patterns at individual levels inherited by the descendants. The clustering results, together with the result of inheritance of all alleles of the microsatellites from the founders to descendants, suggest that planned mating in captive-breeding programs for the population has succeeded in maintaining genetic diversity and minimizing kinship. In addition, the Bayesian model-based clustering assumed two different components of genomes in the Sado captive Japanese crested ibis, supporting a considerably low level of genetic diversity.

DOI： 10.2108/zsj.30.432

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER JAPAN KK  

DOI： 10.1007/s11284-012-0980-2

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

The Japanese crested ibis Nipponia nippon is a critically threatened bird. Accurate sexing is necessary to perform effective management of captive breeding toward a national project for a tentative release of the Japanese crested ibis on Sado Island. A PCR-based sexing method targeting a 0.6 kb EcoRI fragment (EE0.6) sequence on W chromosome with AWS03 and USP3 primers has been developed for the Japanese crested ibis. However, the primers were selected from the EE0.6 sequences from bird species other than the Japanese crested ibis. In this study, we determined the W- and Z-linked EE0.6 sequences in the Japanese crested ibis, and clarified Japanese crested ibis sequence mismatch in the binding sites of the primers. Further, we found no polymorphism in the primer binding sites among five founder birds for the Sado captive Japanese crested ibis population. These findings validated the PCR-based sexing method with the AWS03 and USP3 as accurate molecular sexing methods of captive Japanese crested ibis on the Sado Island. Additionally, we designed a primer set for a novel PCR-based sexing, based on the EE0.6 sequences obtained in this study. This novel sexing method may be useful for future ecological research following the release of Japanese crested ibis on Sado Island. This is the first report to show the EE0.6 sequences in Japanese crested ibis.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2011.00971.x

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Language：English   Publisher：SPRINGER TOKYO  

This data paper reports tree census data collected in a network of 34 forest sites in Japan. This is the largest forest data set freely available in Japan to date. The network is a part of the Monitoring Sites 1000 Project launched by the Ministry of the Environment, Japan. It covers subarctic to subtropical climate zones and the four major forest types in Japan. Forty-two permanent plots, usually 1 ha in size, were established in old-growth or secondary natural forests. Censuses of woody species a parts per thousand yen15 cm girth at breast height were conducted every year or once during 2004 to 2009. The data provide species abundance, survivorship and stem girth growth of 52,534 individuals of 334 tree and liana species. The censuses adopted common census protocol, which provide good opportunities for meta-analyses and comparative studies among forests. The data have been used for ecological studies as well as for the biodiversity reports published by the Ministry of the Environment.

DOI： 10.1007/s11284-011-0847-y

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

The Japanese Crested Ibis Nipponia nippon is a critically threatened bird. The post-hatch eggs of the current captive population of this species on Sado Island have been stored at room temperature for the long-term. In this study, we investigated the suitability of the vascularized chorioallantois membrane from the eggs as a non-invasive DNA source. Using microsatellite loci developed for the Japanese Crested Ibis, we performed three experiments for comparison of genotypes obtained among DNA. First, DNA from five different sites of the identical membrane showed the same genotypes at either of two loci examined. Second, DNA from the membrane of each full-sibling birds and blood of their parents showed the genotypes that were consistent with Mendelian parent-offspring relationships at any of eight loci examined. Third, DNA from the membrane and blood of the same bird showed the matched genotypes at any of eight loci examined. These results indicate that the vascularized chorioallantois membrane from post-hatch eggs stored at room temperature for the long-term can be used as a reliable DNA source of offspring that had hatched from the egg. This study will promote a molecular genetics study on genetic diversity of the current captive Japanese Crested Ibis population on Sado Island.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2011.00902.x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS  

Radial growth responses to climate were studied in two species of birch broadly distributed across Kamchatka Peninsula Wood cores were obtained in different locations and environments, from upper to lower treelines, and from wet maritime sites at the Pacific to the subcontinental interior of the peninsula. Response functions were calculated using the four longest meteorological records (1920s-2000) in Kamchatka. In Betula ermanu Cham, the dominant species in mountains and maritime woodlands, ring width in high-elevation (500-600 m) trees increased with warm and less rainy June and July and decreased with rainy/snowy cool weather during the prior September and October Radial growth in B ermanii low-elevation trees increased with higher winter precipitation, suggesting that water from inching snow prevents water stress and possibly desiccation in low-elevation trees In Benda platyphylla Sukaczev, a common taiga species in interior Kamchatka, low summer temperatures limited growth at its upper distributional limit (300-350 m) and in cool, wet sites dominated by Picea ajanensis Lindl. et Gord On drier sites dominated by Lam cajanderu Mayr growth was limited by warm April and dry June weather. Variable responses along elevation-continentality gradients reinforce the necessity of a site-dependent differentiation for the assessment of impacts of climate change on species performance and geographic range shifts.

DOI： 10.1139/X09-179

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER TOKYO  

Island ecosystems differ from mainland ecosystems in their long-term isolation. On Sado Island, Japan, cattle grazing in the past gradually changed forests into grasslands, thereby altering the diversity of indigenous insects. We compared ground-dwelling beetle diversity on Sado Island to that on the nearby mainland. Contrary to previous reports, the island isolation effect resulted in lower gamma and beta diversity than on the mainland, because of the low species richness of beetles with low dispersal abilities. Few flightless beetles could invade Sado Island, even when the beech forests on the island were relatively adjacent to those on the mainland. Such a history of ecosystem formation could be the general pattern for continental-island mountain forests that were never connected to those of the mainland. We did not observe low alpha diversity of ground-dwelling beetles, suggesting that the cattle grazing history of the island has not changed environmental conditions for ground-dwelling beetles enough to reduce their diversity. In addition, cattle grazing increases the abundance of merdivorous insects by increasing the abundance of their food resource.

DOI： 10.1007/s10310-008-0092-6

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：INST ARCTIC ALPINE RES  

We studied the course of primary succession following deglaciation and the convergence/divergence of plant community development with respect to topographic factors at Koryto Glacier Valley on Kamchatka's Pacific coast. Vegetation changes over an similar to 270-yr-old chronosequence were related to concurrent changes in substrate and soil properties. Ordination analyses showed that substrate texture and topography are the most important environmental factors influencing the course of succession. About 25 yrs after surface deglaciation, belowground stagnant ice melts, and moraine consolidation causes the successional communities to diverge. Speciespoor communities, dominated by alder and grasses (Alnus fruticosa, Calamagrostis purpurea), occurred on the fine-grained substrate of moraine crests, while species-rich communities, dominated by legumes and forbs (Oxytropis kanitschatica, Saxifraga species), developed on the coarse-grained substrate of moraine flanks, and in depressions communities dominated by willows and sedges (Salix arctica, Juncus beringensis) developed. In depressions and plains adjacent to the ridges, succession toward Alnus stands is hindered by late-melting snow and flooding. Plant-species richness peaked at the 80-yr-old moraine, but thereafter decreased as the rapid growth of Alnus led to dense stands that dominated resources and inhibited colonization and growth of earlier, as well as later, successional species. Mat-forming capacity, high litter production, an extensive root system, and snow-pressure tolerance enable A. fruticosa to maintain dominance without replacement by Betula ermanii. This potential climax species remains scattered on rock terraces and elevated locations above the valley basin where it escapes snow avalanches and accumulation, a factor responsible for the inversion of vegetation zones in this maritime region.

DOI： 10.1657/1523-0430(06-123)[DOLEZAL]2.0.CO;2

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BLACKWELL PUBLISHING  

Allometric analysis of four Hydrangea species (Hydrangea petiolaris, Hydrangea paniculata, Hydrangea macrophylla var. megacarpa and Hydrangea hirta) was conducted to test the hypothesis that the liana species (H. petiolaris) invests more in leaves and reproductive organs than the shrub species. We calculated the allocation ratios of leaves, supporting tissues (trunks and roots) and reproductive organs. Hydrangea petiolaris differed markedly from the three shrubs in terms of trunk and root allocations, while leaf allocation was not statistically different. The C/F ratios (the ratios of the dry weights of non-photosynthetic organs to photosynthetic ones) of the four species ranged from 9 to 12, and were not statistically different. These results did not support the hypothesis. The biomass of H. petiolaris was up to 100-fold greater than the biomass of the three shrubs. The growth form of H. petiolaris would minimize allocation to supporting tissue and produce a large biomass. The biomass of reproductive organs of H. petiolaris was up to 700-fold greater than the biomass of the three shrubs. This advantage might, therefore, serve as a driving force for the evolution of lianas.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1442-1984.2006.00160.x

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We studied regeneration patterns of three tree species Picea ajanensis, Betula platyphylla and Populus tremula from 1998 to 2000 in the Central Depression of the Kamchatka Peninsula. We paid special attention to the contribution of sprouting to their regeneration. P. ajanensis was the only species that regenerated by seedling. In a 40 x 40 m study plot, the density of P. ajanensis saplings < 2.0 cm in diameter at basal area (DBH) was 1132, and this was the highest among the three species studied. The number of saplings >= 2 cm in DBH declined sharply with size class. The spatial distribution of P. ajanensis saplings (< 2 cm in DBH) showed a significant positive correlation with that of adult trees and a negative correlation with that of gaps. These trends were not changed after re-measurement in 2000, although nearly half of the juveniles had died or been injured during the two years. These results suggest that small Picea saplings prefer habitats under the canopy of adult trees rather than in gaps for establishment. Most small individuals of B. platyphylla were produced from sprouts. The number of saplings in the smallest size class (< 2 cm in DBH) was much less than that of P. ajanensis, although the number of larger individuals did not decrease remarkably. The spatial distribution of B. platyphylla saplings showed a positive correlation with that of adult trunks and a negative correlation with that of canopy trees of P. ajanensis. These results suggest an effective contribution of sprouts to the regeneration of B. platyphylla. P. tremula was the only species that could invade big gaps and produce many root suckers efficiently. There were 181 suckers of P. tremula in the smallest size class (< 2 cm in DBH) in the study plot, although the number of saplings greater than or equal to 2 cm in DBH declined abruptly. The spatial distribution of saplings of this species showed a slight positive correlation with that of gaps, and negative correlation with that of adult trees of B. platyphylla, P. ajanensis, and P. tremula. The root suckering strategy of P. tremula might be adaptive under severe conditions in high-latitude regions. Our data suggest, however, that it does not necessarily contribute to regeneration in mature forests. The three component species in this forest did not seem to utilize canopy gaps for regeneration; we suggest that gap dynamics do not work in this forest. The sparse canopy, which is a typical character of forests in high-latitude regions, might be a consequence of high mortalities of seedlings and root suckers inside gaps.

DOI： 10.1023/A:1023230724358

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：OPULUS PRESS UPPSALA AB  

A 1-ha plot was established in a Betula platyphylla-Picea ajanensis mixed boreal forest in the central Kamchatka peninsula in Russia to investigate stand structure and regeneration. This forest was relatively sparse: total density and stand basal area were 1071 /ha and 25.8 m(2)/ha, respectively, for trees > 2.0 cm in trunk diameter at breast height (DBH). 25% of Betula regenerated by sprouting, and its frequency distribution of DBH had a reverse J-shaped pattern. In contrast, Picea had a bimodal distribution. The growth rates of both species were high, reaching 20 m in ca. 120 yr. The two species had clumped distributions. especially for saplings. Benda saplings were not distributed in canopy gaps. Small Picea saplings were distributed irrespective of the presence/ absence of gaps. while larger saplings aggregated in gaps. At the examined spatial scales (6.25 - 400 m(2)) the spatial distribution of Benda saplings was positively correlated with living Betula canopy trees and negatively with dead Picea canopy trees. This suggests that Benda saplings regenerated under the crowns of Benda canopy trees and did not invade the gaps created by Picea canopy trees. The spatial distribution of Picea saplings was negatively correlated with living and dead Betula canopy trees and positively with dead Picea canopy trees, Most small Picea seedlings were distributed under (he crowns of Picea trees but not under the crowns of Betula trees or in gaps. This suggests that Picea seedlings establish under the crowns of Picea canopy trees and can grow to large sizes after the death of overhead Picea canopy trees. Evidence of competitive exclusion between the two species was not found. At a 20 m x 20 m scale both skewness and the coefficient of variation of DBH frequency distribution of Picea decreased with an increase in total basal area of Picea while those of Betula were unchanged irrespective of the increase in total basal area of Benda. This indicates that the size structure of Picea is more variable with stand development than that of Betula on a small scale. This study suggests that Benda regenerates continuously by sprouting and Picea regenerates discontinuously after gap formation and that the species do not exclude each other.

DOI： 10.2307/3236902

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：森林文化協会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：THE JAPANESE FORESTRY SOCIETY  

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DOI： 10.11519/jfsc.128.0_710

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本森林学会  

[in Japanese]

DOI： 10.11519/jfsc.127.0_671

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：新潟大学農学部  

新潟県佐渡島東部の丘陵地の中で、森林内の放棄棚田を復元しているキセン城地区の鳥類について繁殖期の調査を行った。３回の調査で計30種の鳥類を確認し、ヒヨドリが最も優占していることが明らかになった。他方、島内の山麓谷戸に多いカワラヒワやスズメは観察されなかったが、森林内に点在する農地的なパッチ状生息地であることや、人家集落が近傍に存在しないことがその要因であろう。過去60年程度で棚田が激減したこの地域の中で、このような環境の保全管理が行われているキセン城の鳥類群集は、山麓部のものとは異なる特徴を有していると考えられた。We conducted bird surveys in Kisenjo, on a hilly region on Sado Island, Niigata, Japan, from April to June, 2015. We counted birds at four fixed-radius points, and recorded all bird species that occurred in this site. 30 species of birds were recorded, and the Brown-eared Bulbul (Hypsipetes amaurotis) was the most abundant species. The most of the land in the vicinity of the study site is forested, with only few patches of small open spaces such as rice paddies and wetlands, as majority of cultivated lands have been deserted in past six decades. There are no residential areas, and some fallow lands have been restored as wetlands in the study site in recent years. This patch-matrix structure appeared to exclude some bird species from the site, like the Oriental Greenfinch (Chloris sinica) and Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus) that are abundant on lowland edge habitats on Sado Island. The result of this study suggests that such habitat management could produce a unique bird community.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：北海道大学低温科学研究所 = Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University  

ロシア極東部のタイガの更新動態の特徴について, 筆者らがカムチャッカ半島で行った研究を中心に考察した. タイガには山火事による一斉更新プロセスと山火事の合間に生じる連続的プロセスが存在し, 連続的プロセスの中でギャップ更新が進まず倒木更新や前生稚樹更新および地際萌芽からの更新が支配的であること, 稚樹が同種の成木林冠下に集中分布するため空間構造の変化が起きにくいことが指摘された. また, シラカンバやヤマナラシのクローン成長戦略は山火事後の一斉更新において大きな役割を果たし広葉樹優占林分を成立させる主要因となり, 山火事の大半を占める表層火災は相対的にタイガの植生を針広混交林から広葉樹の萌芽林にシフトさせる可能性が示された.We evaluated the characteristics of the regeneration process of taiga in Far East Russia. Regeneration of taiga involves two types of processes:1)large scale simultaneous regeneration induced by forest fire;and 2)small scale continuous regeneration without fire(such as,e.g.,gap dynamics). Our study showed that the simultaneous regeneration was mainly driven by vigorous clonal growth of two deciduous broadleaved species (Betula platyphylla and Populus tremula),while two conifer species (Picea ajanensis and Larix cajanderi)could regenerateby seed in limited safe sites. The root-suckering strategy of P. tremula seemed to be highly adapted to surface fire (flame combustion), which occurs repeatedly in the boreal forest. In the continuous regeneration, gap regeneration was not successful for most canopy tree species. This is because the duff layer of the soil surfaceprevented seeds from germinating,and because the environment in the gaps in the boreal zone was too stressful for juveniles to survive. Juveniles of the two conifer species and seedlings of B. platyphylla showed aggregated spatial distribution under the canopy of adult trees. Except for post-fire regeneration, regeneration under the canopy of adult trees seemed to be the main regeneration pattern in boreal forest

DOI： 10.14943/lowtemsci.73.133

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To determine the effect of disturbance on clonal structures of natural forest of <i>Cryptomeria japonica</i>, we have investigated spatial distribution and size structure of this species in two forests. We have set up two plots, the first one is disturbed by typhoon while another one is not affected by typhoon disturbance, and investigated the clonal structure using SSR markers. We found three types of clonal structure: (a) gathered and middle size ramets, (b) apart and different size ramets, and (c) many small ramets in line. The (a) and (b) are thought to be layering clones from withdrawn juvenile or bud by heavy snow pressure. The (c) were buds from an uprooted individual by typhoon disturbance. The result suggests that typhoon disturbance and snow pressure are one of the factors to form different clonal structures.

DOI： 10.4005/jjfs.97.19

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Other Link： https://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010892630

Language：English   Publisher：Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University  

Fire is a natural component of vegetation dynamics in boreal forests. However, in Far East Russia,socio-economic changes following the dissolution of the Soviet Union have resulted in increased incidences ofhuman-caused forest fires. Here,we compared the species composition and stand structure among three foreststands at various stages of recovery after fires in Central Kamchatka, to infer how intraspecific differences inregeneration strategies and subsequent patterns of survival affect post-fire forest succession. At 2 years aftera fire, sprouted stems of Populus tremula and Betula platyphylla were clustered according to their modes ofsprouting;root suckers at the 3-m scale, and stump sprouts at the 0.5-m scale, respectively. At 40 years aftera fire,stems of Larix cajanderi originating from seeds were clustered at an 8-m scale. At 200 years after a fire,clumps of B. platyphylla and L. cajanderi were both randomly distributed and the clumps of B. platyphylla weremaintained by sprouting. Bray-Curtis ordination analyses suggested that there may be multiple pathways ofpost-fire succession depending on the relative survival rates of P. tremula and B. platyphylla. If fire-returnintervals become shorter in Central Kamchatka because of more frequent human-caused fires,the population sizeof L. cajanderi will decrease and early successional forests comprising P. tremula and B. platyphylla will dominatethe landscape. On the other hand,if fires are suppressed,late-successional forests comprising L. cajanderiand B. platyphylla will dominate the landscape.北方林において森林火災は重要な自然かく乱であるが, 極東ロシアにおいては, ソ連邦崩壊後の社会経済情勢に変化により, 人為的な森林火災が増加している. 本研究では, カムチャッカ半島中央部において火災後の植生回復年数が異なる３か所の林分で調査を行い, 構成種による生存率と更新様式の違いが火災後の植生遷移にどのように影響するかを考察した. 火災後２年目の林分では, Populustremula とBetula platyphylla がそれぞれの更新様式（根萌芽および幹萌芽）に応じて, 3m および0.5m のスケールで集中分布していた. 火災後40年目の林分では, 種子由来のLarix cajanderi が8m のスケールで集中分布していた. 火災後200年目の林分では, B. platyphylla の株とL. cajanderiがともにランダム分布しており, B. platyphylla の萌芽は個体群の更新・成長ではなく株の維持を担っていた. Bray-Curtis法による解析の結果から, 火災後のP. tremula およびB. platyphylla の相対的な生存率の違いによって, 二次遷移の方向性が異なる可能性が示唆された. 今後, カムチャッカ半島において人為による火災頻度が高くなれば, P. tremula およびB. platyphylla が優占する遷移初期の森林が拡大し, L. cajanderi の個体群は減少すると考えられる. 一方, 火災が抑制されれば, L.cajanderi およびB. platyphylla が優占する遷移後期林が拡大するだろう.

DOI： 10.14943/lowtemsci.73.1

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The preventive effect of benomyl on oak wilt disease was evaluated in Yamagata, Nagano and Niigata prefectures in Japan from 2004 to 2008. In Yamagata, a dilution of benomyl wettable powder in water (a.i benomyl 2 µg/mL) was directly injected into the trunks of non-damaged healthy Japanese oak trees in June. A month later, Japanese oak wilt fungus &lt;i&gt;Raffaelea quercivora&lt;/i&gt; was inplanted into the trunks. Twelve weeks later, all of the benomyl-inoculated trees remained alive, and the fungus was recovered from a few of them. Most of the non-injected trees died, and the fungus was reisolated with very high frequency. Benomyl wettable powder diluted with water by five hundred numbers was injected into living trees during a total of fourteen tests on eight fields in three prefectures. As for mortality rate, a clear and significant difference between the examination section using benomyl and the control was not found on Fisher&#039;s Exacts test. However, the mortality rates of all the examination districts where benomyl was used were lower than the control areas up to three years after the injections. Therefore, trunk injections of benomyl suggested a higher preventive effect against &lt;i&gt;Raffaelea quercivora&lt;/i&gt;.

DOI： 10.1584/jpestics.W13-40

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon) is one of the most famous endangered birds in Japan. This species was distributed widely in East Asian countries, and became extinct in most distribution area by hunting and deterioration of habitat environment. Key factors for conservation of crested ibis are not only in breeding technique but also in habitat management. We have restored satoyama ecosystems in Sado Island for reintroduction of the species since 2002. Niigata University and more than 20 of NPO groups have restored abandoned rice paddy fields to wetland biotopes. To keep satoyama in good condition, we should take into account that the ecosystem is always unstable and it has potentials to make vegetation successions from wetland to forest. It always needs maintenance by artificial disturbances (i.e. cultivating, coppicing and glass cutting). Environment of satoyama is, therefore, very sensitive to social and / or economic conditions. More than 40 years has passed since we lost the economic merits to utilize satoyama. We need to reconstruct the new principle and to find new economic merits to keep it.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：埼玉県立自然の博物館  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：農村計画学会  

DOI： 10.2750/arp.29.454

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The effects of microtopography, soil water, and light conditions on the species diversity of understory plants were studied in abandoned terraced paddy fields on Sado Island, Niigata Prefecture, Japan. The study area was abandoned about 40 years ago and plant succession has progressed to various types of plant community since that time. A wide variety of soil water conditions formed in the abandoned terraced paddy fields, according to the microtopography, namely, paddy plane, levee, and levee slope. The number of species of both woody and lianous plants decreased significantly as the soil water content increased. Conversely, many herbaceous species adapted to various soil water conditions. In particular, many herbaceous plants grew in the understory in good light conditions, even in soils with high water contents. The understory of the forest community was shaded, whereas various light conditions occurred in the understories of the shrub and reed communities. Such mosaic arrangements of various soil water and light conditions among different landscape elements maintained a high species diversity of understory plants in the terraced paddy fields, abandoned many years ago.

DOI： 10.2750/arp.29.454

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DOI： 10.18960/seitai.60.1_111

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Ecological Society of Japan  

モニタリングサイト1000は環境省生物多様性センターの事業であり、そのうち森林・草原調査では、樹木、地表徘徊性甲虫、鳥類を指標生物群として定め、2004年よりモニタリング調査を行っている。本稿では、コアサイト・準コアサイトで取られた樹木に関するデータ(毎木調査データ)が研究・教育・保全政策などに広く活用されるよう、その概要を紹介し、データの活用方法について提案する。

DOI： 10.18960/seitai.60.1_111

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：森林文化協会 ; 東京  

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Language：English   Publisher：Biogeographical Society of Japan  

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DOI： 10.11519/jfsc.116.0.190.0

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Language：English   Publisher：Hokkaido University Forests, EFRC  

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DOI： 10.14903/jslim.69.0.12.0

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DOI： 10.11519/jfs.115.0.C09.0

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佐渡島は本州から30kmほど離れた陸橋島で、15から50万年前に本州から分離したといわれている。かつては北部の大佐渡山系全域がブナ林だったと考えられ、このブナ林の昆虫相は、佐渡島の本来の昆虫相の指標になると考えられる。本研究では、移動能力が低い地表徘徊性甲虫を、佐渡島と本州のブナ林で比較することにより、1)佐渡島の甲虫群集の特徴をα、β、γ多様性の3段階の観点から明らかにし、2)佐渡島の甲虫における形態的な特徴を明らかにし、3)その特徴が形成された要因を考察することを目的とした。ここでは、α多様性は調査地点内の多様性を、β多様性は調査地点間の種組成の違いを、γ多様性は佐渡の調査地全体及び本土の調査地全体での多様性を表す。&lt;br&gt; 調査地は、佐渡島では9地点設定し、本州では群馬県の三国山、谷川岳、玉原高原、新潟県の浅草岳、粟ヶ岳に計12地点設定した。各調査地で10×20ｍの調査区を設定し、ピットフォールトラップを2m間隔で格子状に50個設置し2日後に回収した。調査は2002、2003年の6、8月に行った。体サイズは、オサムシ科で多く捕獲された種について、指標として体長を測定し比較した。&lt;br&gt; その結果、101種3680個体が捕獲され、群集構成に関しては、α多様性に違いはみられずβ多様性が佐渡島で低く、それによってγ多様性も若干低い傾向がみられた。これは、小型捕食者の種数が佐渡島において少ないためであった。本研究において佐渡島で捕獲された小型捕食者の大半は低山地性もしくは平地性の種であった。移動能力の高い低山地性及び平地性の種は本州と陸続きだった時期に佐渡島に侵入したが、移動能力の低い種はほとんど侵入できなかったために、種数が少なくなっていることが示唆された。体長に関しては、春繁殖の種の体長が佐渡島で大きく、温量指数(&gt;5℃)との間に正の相関が認められた。佐渡島は本州と比較して春に比較的温暖なため、春繁殖の種の活動期間が長く幼虫期間も長くとれるために大きくなっている可能性が示唆される。

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カムチャツカ半島中央低地帯の針広混交林ではシラカンバ（&lt;i&gt;Ｂetula platyphylla&lt;/i&gt;）とカラマツ（&lt;i&gt;Larix cajanderi&lt;/i&gt;）が優占する。カラマツが種子更新を行うのに対し、シラカンバは種子だけでなく、萌芽更新を行うことが知られている。本研究では、特にシラカンバについて注目し、林床の条件が実生の定着過程に及ぼす影響について考察する。また、萌芽と実生のサイズの差異と更新との関連についても考察をする。&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;カムチャツカ半島アナブガイ付近、火事後推定40年後の森林に2000年7月、調査プロット（50m×50ｍ）を設置し、毎木調査を行った。DBH＜2cmを実生と定義し、DBH≧2cm 以上の個体を成木とした。2003年7_から_8月に実生の種名・樹高・マイクロハビタット・の位置について調査をした。また、シラカンバにおいては萌芽幹の数・母樹の位置についても調査を行った。倒木の位置についても記録した。&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;成木の胸高断面積合計はシラカンバが17.32_m2_ha-1、カラマツが2.56_m2_ha-1であった。調査の結果、プロット内のカラマツ実生は66本出現した。うち63本が倒木上でなく、地表面から生育していた。シラカンバもカラマツも実生の樹高頻度分布は二山型を示した。カラマツ実生の樹高＜50cmとそれ以上の実生の平均樹高はそれぞれ5.2cm、211.9cmだった。シラカンバの実生は171本、萌芽幹数は334本、萌芽幹の母樹数は98本で、シラカンバの萌芽幹数の方が実生数よりも多かった。実生の126本が倒木上に出現し、うち92本はコケ上に出現した。このように、実生は主に倒木上のコケが被覆する所に多く出現した。シラカンバ実生の樹高＜50cmとそれ以上の個体平均樹高はそれぞれ4.3cm、191.4cm、萌芽ではそれぞれ27.6cm、101.3ｃｍだった。このように、平均樹高は萌芽の方が高い傾向にあった。&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;実生が発芽した場所が必ずしも生育に好適とは限らない。特にシラカンバが地表面から発芽した場合、リターや地表植生の被覆のため、その後の生育が困難な可能性がある。このことからシラカンバの萌芽特性はシラカンバの更新に有利に働くと考えられる。&lt;br&gt;

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1．目的 近年の里山林の管理放棄、マツ枯れ、ナラ枯れによる被害拡大は、離島部においても本州とは１０年程度遅れて生じている。佐渡島はその位置と島という特性から、東南部では日本海側と照葉樹林各々に典型的に出現する植物が混生する特異的な植生を有する。このような特性をもつ里山林は他地域と比べどのような特徴を示すのだろうか。そこで本研究では、里山林の種組成、構造、更新状況を解析し、動態を予測する。２．調査地と調査方法 調査は佐渡島小佐渡東南部の2つの管理放棄広葉樹林(暖温帯プロット;WI=99.1℃・月、冷温帯プロット;WI=88.5℃・月)で行い、各々2500m2、1600m2の方形区を設置した。暖温帯プロット（アカマツ・コナラ林）、冷温帯プロット(コナラ・イヌシデ林)は各々管理放棄後約15年、70年以上経過している。DBH≧3cmの木本植物について種名、DBH、樹高、樹木位置、樹冠投影図を作成、DBH＜3cmは種名と本数を測定した。低木の分散構造を調べるためDBH＜3cmについてMorisitaのIδ指数を算出した。便宜的に高さ5m以上を上層、以下を下層とし、上層と下層の相関関係を調べるために、両者の各項目について単相関係数Rを求めた。下層のパラメーター(幹数)は独立でないため通常の統計手法は使用出来ない。そこでMonte-Carlo peremutation test (Manly,1990;Homma et al.，in press)を用いて統計的検定を行なった。３．結果 暖温帯プロットはマツ枯れによって94%のアカマツが枯死した為、プロットの約半分がギャップとなった。残りの林冠層は生椿と同様に密度が高く、コナラとその他数種の落葉広葉樹で構成されていた。両プロットとも地表から3mまでは常緑広葉樹を主とした低木が、プロット中に旺盛に繁茂していた。暖温帯プロットで多数の主要林冠木稚樹が見られたが、冷温帯プロットでは非常に少なかった(DBH&lt;3cm)。両林分の樹高階分布図はクリ(暖温帯プロット)、イヌシデ(冷温帯プロット)を除き、ひと山型か、萌芽幹がほとんどの逆J型の分布を示した。暖温帯プロットでは萌芽幹が個体群のほとんどを占め、実生起源と考えられる幹は非常に少なかった。暖温帯プロットのクリは実生起源の個体の供給がされていた(図)。低木の分散構造について、両プロットでIδ指数はほとんどの種で集中分布を示していた（F検定、ｐ&lt;0.05）。単相関係数Rの解析の結果(表)、暖温帯プロットでは上層のギャップ率と有意に正の相関を示す種群(コナラ、コシアブラ、クリ)と上層の林冠閉鎖率に有意に正の相関を示す種群(ヤブツバキ、エゴノキ、アオダモ)が検出された（Monte-Carlo peremutation test、ｐ&lt;0.05）。このことから、マツ枯れによって形成されたギャップ下に集中して主要林冠木稚樹が定着していることが明らかとなった。冷温帯プロットではいくつかの相関が見られたが傾向は明らかでなかった。４．考察 個体群構造・・・樹高階分布図では両林分のほとんどの種で萌芽幹の割合が大きかった。伐採、萌芽発生後、最終的に単幹になったものも含め、このことは最後の伐採によって発生した萌芽が林冠層を形成していることを示している。コナラの伐採後の萌芽枝発生数はピークを過ぎると減少する。これは撹乱後個体を再生させるものであるため、萌芽による個体群の維持は行なわれない。よって樹高階分布図のひと山型分布は種子、特に萌芽特性がコナラと類似している種については萌芽と、両方から後継樹が補充されていないことを示している。 更新阻害・・・今回、暖温帯プロットの閉鎖林冠下と冷温帯プロットで林冠木稚樹の個体数は非常に少なかった。これは林冠の閉鎖、常緑低木の繁茂による林床の光不足が主な原因だと考えられる。両林分における林冠構成種の実生生存には良好な光環境が必要であり、閉鎖林冠下では死亡率が高いため、このような場所では実生更新はできないといえる。 本研究では里山林の萌芽再生過程において常緑低木の繁茂、林冠の高密度化が生じたことによって林冠木の実生更新が行われなくなったことが明らかとなった。暖温帯プロットにおいてマツ枯れによって形成されたギャ下では一時的に林冠木稚樹の定着が見られたが、今後、このギャップが側方枝の伸長、クリなどの前生樹の成長によって埋められた場合、数十年後は冷温帯プロットのような更新の行なわれない森林へと推移していくことが示唆される。

DOI： 10.11519/jfs.114.0.335.0

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Publisher：日本森林学会  

１．目的&lt;BR&gt; 島には特徴的な生物相が存在することが一般的に指摘されており、佐渡島においても、暖地性の種が多く分布し、独特のファウナが構成されている。新潟本土と比較すると、トンボや甲虫において種数が極端に少なく、多様度が低いことが報告されている。&lt;BR&gt; 佐渡島のブナ林は、かつては広範囲にわたって存在していたが、人が薪炭林や用材林として伐採を繰り返し、ウシの放牧の影響も受けて減少してしまっている。今では、標高の高いところや保存されてきたところに、パッチ状にわずかに残されているだけである。このブナ残存林において、移動能力の低い地表徘徊性甲虫群集を調べることは、かつては佐渡島に広く存在していたと思われる生態系を解明することにつながると考えられる。&lt;BR&gt; そこで本研究では、佐渡島及び本土のブナ林において地表徘徊性の甲虫を捕獲し、それを比較することにより、佐渡島の地表徘徊性甲虫群集の特異性について検討した。&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;２．方法&lt;BR&gt; 佐渡島のブナ林で9箇所、本土のブナ林に関しては、群馬県の三国山で3箇所、谷川岳で2箇所、丹原高原で2箇所の計7箇所において、10×20mの調査区を設定した。各調査区において、ピットフォールトラップを2m間隔で格子状に50個設置し、48時間後に回収した。調査は2002年の6月下旬と8月下旬の2回行った。捕獲した甲虫は種まで同定して解析に用いた。また、環境条件として、標高及び優占している下層植生を調べた。6月の調査では、谷川岳の2地点は雨が強く危険であったために回収することができなかった。&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;３．結果と考察&lt;BR&gt; 佐渡島では38種1471個体が、本土では47種689個体が捕獲された。佐渡島ではオサムシ科、コガネムシ科が、本土ではオサムシ科が多かった。また、6月において、シデムシ科が佐渡島、本土ともに多かった。&lt;BR&gt; 捕獲個体数を常用対数に変換した値を用いたDCAにより、調査区間の甲虫群集の類似性を調べた。佐渡島と本土は第1軸によって分類され、6月と8月が第2軸によって分類された。本土はばらつきが大きかったが、佐渡島は比較的まとまっており、季節ごとのまとまりも強かった。つまり、佐渡島では各調査区間の類似性及び同じ季節内の類似性が高い。原因として、佐渡島のブナ林は、もともとあまり多様な甲虫群集をもっていなかったことと、パッチ化してからの経過時間が短く、近年まで調査地がつながっていたことが考えられる。種との関係を調べると、佐渡島ではセンチコガネ、マルガタツヤヒラタゴミムシ、ホソヒラタシデムシが、本土ではクロナガオサムシ、ミヤマナガゴミムシが多かったために、佐渡島と本土が分類されていた。また、8月にキンイロオオゴミムシ、コクロツヤヒラタゴミムシ、クロナガオサムシが、6月にクロオサムシが多かったために、6月と8月が分類されていた。&lt;BR&gt; 科別の種数を、佐渡島と本土で比較すると、佐渡島においてオサムシ科の種数が特に少なかった(佐渡島16種、本土28種)。オサムシ科をさらに族レベルで比較したところ、Pterostichini族(佐渡島5種、本土11種)及びPlatynini族(佐渡島4種、本土10種)で特に種数が少ないことがわかった。また、今回の捕獲調査において、23種が佐渡島でのみ捕獲され、固有亜種としては、サドホソアカガネオサムシ、サドクロオサムシ、サドマイマイカブリが捕獲された。逆に佐渡島では捕獲されず、本土のみで捕獲された種は31種であった。&lt;BR&gt; 相対優占度を佐渡島と本土で比較すると、佐渡島のほうが優占度の偏りが大きい傾向がみられた。島の生物は、種数が少ないために種間競争から開放され、大陸種に比べて広範囲の生息場所を利用する傾向がある。佐渡島においてもこの傾向がみられ、種数が少ないために、センチコガネやコクロツヤヒラタゴミムシ等のごく限られた種の個体数が多くなり、優占度の偏りが大きくなっていた。センチコガネの大量発生は、ウシの放牧によって大量の糞が餌資源として供給されていることが考えられる。&lt;BR&gt; 以上より、佐渡島のブナ林の地表徘徊性甲虫群集は、本土の甲虫群集に比べて多様性が低いことが示された。

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本生態学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本生態学会  

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Language：Japanese  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Niigata University  

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Language：English   Publisher：新潟大学農学部附属演習林  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Ecological Society of Japan  

DOI： 10.18960/seitai.51.3_277

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：近畿中国農業研究協議会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：古今書院  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本土壌微生物学会  

DOI： 10.18946/jssm.53.2_135_1

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：植物地理・分類研究会  

DOI： 10.24517/00055416

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Other Link： http://hdl.handle.net/2297/00055416

Language：Japanese   Publisher：植物地理・分類研究会  

DOI： 10.24517/00055417

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Other Link： http://hdl.handle.net/2297/00055417

Language：Japanese   Publisher：千里文化財団  

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Language：English   Publisher：竹文化振興協会  

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