Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本小児神経外科学会  

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media LLC  

Abstract

Background

Polygenic effects have been proposed to account for some disease phenotypes; these effects are calculated as a polygenic risk score (PRS). This score is correlated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-related phenotypes, such as biomarker abnormalities and brain atrophy, and is associated with conversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to AD. However, the AD PRS has been examined mainly in Europeans, and owing to differences in genetic structure and lifestyle, it is unclear whether the same relationships between the PRS and AD-related phenotypes exist in non-European populations. In this study, we calculated and evaluated the AD PRS in Japanese individuals using genome-wide association study (GWAS) statistics from Europeans.

Methods

In this study, we calculated the AD PRS in 504 Japanese participants (145 cognitively unimpaired (CU) participants, 220 participants with late mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 139 patients with mild AD dementia) enrolled in the Japanese Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (J-ADNI) project. In order to evaluate the clinical value of this score, we (1) determined the polygenic effects on AD in the J-ADNI and validated it using two independent cohorts (a Japanese neuropathology (NP) cohort (n = 565) and the North American ADNI (NA-ADNI) cohort (n = 617)), (2) examined the AD-related phenotypes associated with the PRS, and (3) tested whether the PRS helps predict the conversion of MCI to AD.

Results

The PRS using 131 SNPs had an effect independent of APOE. The PRS differentiated between CU participants and AD patients with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.755 when combined with the APOE variants. Similar AUC was obtained when PRS calculated by the NP and NA-ADNI cohorts was applied. In MCI patients, the PRS was associated with cerebrospinal fluid phosphorylated-tau levels (β estimate = 0.235, p value = 0.026). MCI with a high PRS showed a significantly increased conversion to AD in APOE ε4 noncarriers with a hazard rate of 2.22. In addition, we also developed a PRS model adjusted for LD and observed similar results.

Conclusions

We showed that the AD PRS is useful in the Japanese population, whose genetic structure is different from that of the European population. These findings suggest that the polygenicity of AD is partially common across ethnic differences.

DOI： 10.1186/s13195-024-01414-x

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Other Link： https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13195-024-01414-x/fulltext.html

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Neurocutaneous melanosis (NCM) is a rare congenital neurocutaneous syndrome characterized by congenital melanocytic nevus of skin and abnormal proliferation of leptomeningeal melanocytes. Early acquisition of post-zygotic somatic mutations has been postulated to underlie the pathogenesis of NCM. The pathogenesis of NCM remains to be fully elucidated, and treatment options have not been established. Here, we report for the first time, multiregional genomic analyses in a 3-year-old autopsied girl with leptomeningeal melanomatosis associated with NCM, in which a ventriculo-peritoneal (VP) shunt was inserted for the treatment of hydrocephalus. The patient expired six months after the onset due to respiratory failure caused by abdominal dissemination via VP shunt. We performed multiregional exome sequencing to identify genomic differences among brain and abdominal tumors, nevus, and normal tissues. A total of 87 somatic mutations were found in 71 genes, with a significantly large number of gene mutations found in the tumor site. The genetic alterations detected in the nevus were only few and not shared with other sites. Three mutations, namely GNAQ R183Q, S1PR3 G89S and NRAS G12V, considered pathogenic, were found, although S1PR3 mutations have not been previously reported in melanocytic tumors. GNAQ and S1PR3 mutations were shared in both tumor and normal sites. Moreover, the mutant allele frequencies of the two mutations were markedly higher in tumor sites than in normal sites, with copy-neutral loss-of-heterozygosity (CN-LOH) occurring in tumor. NRAS mutation was found only in the abdominal tumor and was thought to be responsible for malignant progression in the present case. Multiregional comprehensive genetic analysis may lead to discovering novel driver mutations associated with tumorigenesis and targeted therapy.

DOI： 10.1186/s40478-024-01723-0

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Language：English  

DOI： 10.1186/s40478-023-01692-w

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Language：English  

DOI： 10.1186/s40478-023-01643-5

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Across multiancestry groups, we analyzed Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) associations in over 176,000 individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) versus controls. We demonstrate that the two diseases share the same protective association at the HLA locus. HLA-specific fine-mapping showed that hierarchical protective effects of HLA-DRB1*04 subtypes best accounted for the association, strongest with HLA-DRB1*04:04 and HLA-DRB1*04:07, and intermediary with HLA-DRB1*04:01 and HLA-DRB1*04:03. The same signal was associated with decreased neurofibrillary tangles in postmortem brains and was associated with reduced tau levels in cerebrospinal fluid and to a lower extent with increased Aβ42. Protective HLA-DRB1*04 subtypes strongly bound the aggregation-prone tau PHF6 sequence, however only when acetylated at a lysine (K311), a common posttranslational modification central to tau aggregation. An HLA-DRB1*04-mediated adaptive immune response decreases PD and AD risks, potentially by acting against tau, offering the possibility of therapeutic avenues.

DOI： 10.1073/pnas.2302720120

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(株)北隆館  

アルツハイマー病(Alzheimer Disease:AD)の強力な感受性遺伝子であるアポリポプロテインE遺伝子(Apolipoprotein E:APOE)のレアミスセンスバリアントを探索・解析するプロジェクトを進めている。本稿ではその概要と進捗について述べる。先行する海外の研究成果(クライストチャーチバリアント,APOEカスケード仮説,U19プロジェクト)に関しても合わせて言及する。(著者抄録)

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier BV  

DOI： 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.03.007

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MDPI AG  

Neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is caused by the abnormal expansion of non-coding trinucleotide GGC repeats in NOTCH2NLC. NIID is clinically characterized by a broad spectrum of clinical presentations. To date, the relationship between expanded repeat lengths and clinical phenotype in patients with NIID remains unclear. Thus, we aimed to clarify the genetic and clinical spectrum and their association in patients with NIID. For this purpose, we genetically analyzed Japanese patients with adult-onset NIID with characteristic clinical and neuroimaging findings. Trinucleotide repeat expansions of NOTCH2NLC were examined by repeat-primed and amplicon-length PCR. In addition, long-read sequencing was performed to determine repeat size and sequence. The expanded GGC repeats ranging from 94 to 361 in NOTCH2NLC were found in all 15 patients. Two patients carried biallelic repeat expansions. There were marked heterogenous clinical and imaging features in NIID patients. Patients presenting with cerebellar ataxia or urinary dysfunction had a significantly larger GGC repeat size than those without. This significant association disappeared when these parameters were compared with the total trinucleotide repeat number. ARWMC score was significantly higher in patients who had a non-glycine-type trinucleotide interruption within expanded poly-glycine motifs than in those with a pure poly-glycine expansion. These results suggested that the repeat length and sequence in NOTCH2NLC may partly modify some clinical and imaging features of NIID.

DOI： 10.3390/brainsci13060955

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：信州医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：信州医学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

BACKGROUND: CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy is an adult-onset leukoencephalopathy caused by mutations in CSF1R. The present study aimed to explore the broader genetic spectrum of CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy in association with clinical and imaging features. METHODS: Mutational analysis of CSF1R was performed for 100 consecutive patients with adult-onset leukoencephalopathy. Sequence and copy number variation (CNV) analyses of CSF1R were performed. The genomic ranges of the deletions were determined by long-read sequencing. Ligand-dependent autophosphorylation of CSF1R was examined in cells expressing the CSF1R mutants identified in this study. RESULTS: We identified CSF1R mutations in 15 patients, accounting for 15% of the adult-onset leukoencephalopathy cases. Seven novel and five previously reported CSF1R mutations were identified. The novel mutations, including three missense and one in-frame 3-bp deletion, were located in the tyrosine kinase domain (TKD) of CSF1R. Functional assays revealed that none of the novel mutations in the TKD showed autophosphorylation of CSF1R. We identified two partial deletions of CSF1R that resulted in the lack of the C-terminal region, including the distal TKD, in two patients. Variable clinical features including cognitive impairment, psychiatric symptoms, and gait disturbance were observed. Various degrees of the white matter lesions and corpus callosum abnormalities on MRI and characteristic calcifications on CT were observed as imaging features. CONCLUSIONS: Our results highlighted the importance of examining the CNV of CSF1R even when Sanger or exome sequencing reveal no CSF1R mutations. Genetic examination of sequences and CNV analyses of CSF1R are recommended for an accurate diagnosis of CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy.

DOI： 10.1111/ene.15796

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Oxford University Press (OUP)  

DOI： 10.1093/jnen/nlac120

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(株)ワールドプランニング  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(株)ワールドプランニング  

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DOI： 10.1101/2022.10.04.510756

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)  

Objectives

Leigh syndrome is a progressive encephalopathy characterized by symmetrical lesions in brain. This study aimed to investigate the clinicopathologic and genetic characteristics of a family with Leigh syndrome and hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy (HNPP).

Methods

Data from a Japanese family's clinical features, MRIs, muscle biopsy, and an autopsy were analyzed. A whole-exome sequence was performed, as well as real-time PCR analysis to determine copy number variations and Western blot analyses.

Results

The proband and her 2 siblings developed spastic paraplegia and mental retardation during childhood. The proband and her sister had peripheral neuropathy, whereas their father developed compression neuropathy. Leigh encephalopathy was diagnosed neuropathologically. Brain MRI revealed changes in cerebral white matter as well as multiple lesions in the brainstem and cerebellum. Muscle biopsy revealed type 2 fiber uniformity and decreased staining of cytochrome c oxidase. The COX10 missense mutation was identified through whole-exome sequence. A 1.4-Mb genomic deletion extending from intron 5 of COX10 to PMP22 was detected.

Discussion

These findings suggest that in this family, Leigh syndrome is associated with a mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV deficiency caused by biallelic COX10 mutations coexisting with HNPP caused by heterozygous PMP22 deletion.

DOI： 10.1212/nxg.0000000000200030

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier BV  

DOI： 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.08.007

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

File： 4285-Article Text-10362-2-10-20220727.pdf

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Other Link： https://www.uni-muenster.de/Ejournals/index.php/fnp/article/view/4285/4433

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Argyrophilic grain disease (AGD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal degeneration are four-repeat (4R) tauopathies that develop in the presenium or later. Whether these diseases are associated with the occurrence of late-onset psychiatric disorders remains unclear. To facilitate the accumulation of clinicopathological findings regarding this issue, we here present a selected series of 11 cases that clinically developed psychotic disorder (n = 7; age at onset: 41-75 years), depressive disorder (n = 1; 49 years), bipolar disorder (n = 2; 32 and 37 years) and somatoform disorder (n = 1; 88 years), and had at least one pathological hallmark of these tauopathies. The mean age at death was 74.3 years. No case showed dementia, at least in the early stage of the course. Nine cases had AGD. Granular fuzzy astrocytes in the amygdala were noted in all AGD cases and one non-AGD case. Two AGD cases had tufted astrocytes (TAs) in the amygdala but not in the frontal cortex and striatum. Three AGD and two non-AGD cases had TAs in the frontal cortex and/or striatum but not in the amygdala. One AGD case had a small number of astrocytic plaques in the frontal cortex, striatum and globus pallidus. Only one case was diagnosed as atypical PSP according to the NINDS-PSP neuropathological criteria. No case had high-level Alzheimer's disease pathology, Lewy body disease or limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy. Two cases had mild neuronal loss in the hippocampus and substantia nigra, respectively. Clinicopathological studies focusing especially on early changes of 4R tauopathies, as well as the development of surrogate markers of these diseases, may be necessary for better understanding of the pathogenic backgrounds of late-onset psychiatric disorders.

DOI： 10.1111/neup.12820

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder. Advances in genome technology, including next generation sequencing have uncovered complex genetic effects in AD by analyzing both common and rare functional variants. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that the pathogenesis of AD is influenced by multiple genetic components rather than single genetic factor. Previous genetic studies on AD have predominantly included European ancestry cohorts; hence, the non-European population may be underrepresented, potentially leading to reduced diversity in AD genetic research. Additionally, ethnic diversity may result in dissimilar effects of genetic determinants in AD. APOE genotypes are a well-established genetic risk factor in AD, with the East Asian population having a higher risk of AD associated with the APOE ε4 allele. To date, seven genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been conducted in East Asians, which report a total of 26 AD-associated loci. Several rare variants, including the p.H157Y variant in TREM2, and the p.G186R and p.R274W variants in SHARPIN are associated with risk of AD in East Asians. Extending genetic studies to diverse populations, including East Asians is necessary, which could yield more comprehensive insights into AD, and here we review the recent findings regarding the genetic determinants of AD from an East Asian perspective.

DOI： 10.1038/s10038-022-01050-z

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While amyloid-β lies upstream of tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease, key drivers for other tauopathies, including progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), are largely unknown. Various tau mutations are known to facilitate tau aggregation, but how the nonmutated tau, which most cases with PSP share, increases its propensity to aggregate in neurons and glial cells has remained elusive. Here, we identified genetic variations and protein abundance of filamin-A in the PSP brains without tau mutations. We provided in vivo biochemical evidence that increased filamin-A levels enhance the phosphorylation and insolubility of tau through interacting actin filaments. In addition, reduction of filamin-A corrected aberrant tau levels in the culture cells from PSP cases. Moreover, transgenic mice carrying human filamin-A recapitulated tau pathology in the neurons. Our data highlight that filamin-A promotes tau aggregation, providing a potential mechanism by which filamin-A contributes to PSP pathology.

DOI： 10.1126/sciadv.abm5029

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Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) is the most common form of dementia, and its pathogenesis is multifactorial. We previously reported a rare functional variant of SHARPIN (rs572750141, NP_112236.3:p.Gly186Arg) that was significantly associated with LOAD. In addition, several recent studies have suggested the potential role of SHARPIN in AD pathogenesis. In this study, we sought to identify additional functional variants of SHARPIN in Japanese population. Six highly deleterious variants of SHARPIN, comprising four missense variants, one frameshift variant, and one stop-gain variant were detected from whole-genome sequencing data for 180 patients with LOAD and 184 with mild cognitive impairment. One of these candidate variants (rs77359862, NP_112236.3:p.Arg274Trp) was significantly associated with an increased risk of LOAD in 5043 LOAD cases and 11984 controls (P = 0.0016, odds ratio = 1.43). Furthermore, this variant SHARPIN showed aberrant cellular localization and reduced the activation of NF-κB, a central mediator of inflammatory and immune responses. Further investigation of the physiologic role of SHARPIN may reveal the mechanism of onset of LOAD.

DOI： 10.1038/s10038-021-00987-x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

AIMS: Neuronal and glial inclusions comprising transactive response DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) have been identified in the brains of patients with corticobasal degeneration (CBD), and a possible correlation between the presence of these inclusions and clinical phenotypes has been speculated. However, the significance of TDP-43 pathology in the pathomechanism of CBD has remained unclear. Here, we investigated the topographical relationship between TDP-43 inclusions and neuronal loss in CBD. METHODS: We estimated semi-quantitatively neuronal loss and TDP-43 pathology in the form of neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions (NCIs), astrocytic inclusions (AIs), oligodendroglial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs), and dystrophic neurites in 22 CNS regions in 10 patients with CBD. Then, the degree of correlation between the severity of neuronal loss and the quantity of each type of TDP-43 inclusion was assessed. We also investigated tau pathology in a similar manner. RESULTS: TDP-43 pathology was evident in nine patients. The putamen and globus pallidus were the regions most frequently affected (80%). NCIs were the most prominent form, and their quantity was significantly correlated with the severity of neuronal loss in more than half of the regions examined. The quantities of TDP-43 NCIs and tau NCIs were correlated in only a few regions. The number of regions where the quantities of TDP-43 AIs and GCIs were correlated with the severity of neuronal loss was apparently small in comparison with that of NCIs. CONCLUSIONS: TDP-43 alterations in neurons, not closely associated with tau pathology, may be involved in the pathomechanism underlying neuronal loss in CBD. There was a significant topographical correlation between neuronal cytoplasmic aggregation of TDP-43 and neuronal loss in CBD, suggesting that TDP-43 protein aberration might be associated with neuronal degeneration in CBD. There was no close correlation between the burden of TDP-43 and that of tau in neurons.

DOI： 10.1111/nan.12786

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Background: The AT(N) classification was proposed for categorising individuals according to biomarkers. However, AT(N) profiles may vary depending on the markers chosen and the target population. Methods: We stratified 177 individuals who participated in the Japanese Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative by AT(N) classification according to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers. We compared the frequency of AT(N) profiles between the classification using total tau and neurofilament light chain (NfL) as N markers (AT(N)tau and AT(N)NfL). Baseline characteristics, and longitudinal biological and clinical changes were examined between AT(N) profiles. Results: We found that 9% of cognitively unimpaired subjects, 49% of subjects with mild cognitive impairment, and 61% of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia had the biological AD profile (ie, A+T+) in the cohort. The frequency of AT(N) profiles substantially differed between the AT(N)tau and AT(N)NfL classifications. When we used t-tau as the N marker (AT(N)tau), those who had T- were more frequently assigned to (N)-, whereas those who had T+were more frequently assigned to (N)+ than when we used NfL as the N marker (AT(N)NfL). During a follow-up, the AD continuum group progressed clinically and biologically compared with the normal biomarker group in both the AT(N)tau and AT(N)NfL classifications. More frequent conversion to dementia was observed in the non-AD pathological change group in the AT(N)tau classification, but not in the AT(N)NfL classification. Conclusions: AT(N)tau and AT(N)NfL in CSF may capture different aspects of neurodegeneration and provide a different prognostic value. The AT(N) classification aids in understanding the AD continuum biology in various populations.

DOI： 10.1136/bmjno-2022-000321

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Alzheimer's disease (AD) has no cure, but early detection and risk prediction could allow earlier intervention. Genetic risk factors may differ between ethnic populations. To discover novel susceptibility loci of AD in the Japanese population, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) with 3962 AD cases and 4074 controls. Out of 4,852,957 genetic markers that passed stringent quality control filters, 134 in nine loci, including APOE and SORL1, were convincingly associated with AD. Lead SNPs located in seven novel loci were genotyped in an independent Japanese AD case-control cohort. The novel locus FAM47E reached genome-wide significance in a meta-analysis of association results. This is the first report associating the FAM47E locus with AD in the Japanese population. A trans-ethnic meta-analysis combining the results of the Japanese data sets with summary statistics from stage 1 data of the International Genomics of Alzheimer's Project identified an additional novel susceptibility locus in OR2B2. Our data highlight the importance of performing GWAS in non-European populations.

DOI： 10.1038/s41398-021-01272-3

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BACKGROUND: Mutations in PRKN are the most common cause of autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between genotype and pathology in patients with PRKN mutations. METHODS: We performed a sequence and copy number variation analysis of PRKN, mRNA transcripts, Parkin protein expression, and neuropathology in 8 autopsied patients. RESULTS: All the patients harbored biallelic PRKN mutations. Two patients were homozygous and heterozygous, respectively, for the missense mutation p.C431F. Seven patients had exon rearrangements, including 2 patients from a single family who harbored a homozygous deletion of exon 4, and 3 patients who carried a homozygous duplication of exons 6-7, a homozygous duplication of exons 10-11, and a heterozygous duplication of exons 2-4. In the other 2 patients, we found a compound heterozygous duplication of exon 2, deletion of exon 3, and a heterozygous duplication of exon 2. However, sequencing of cDNA prepared from mRNA revealed 2 different transcripts derived from triplication of exon 2 and deletion of exons 2-3 and from duplication of exons 2-4 and deletion of exons 3-4. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry revealed faint or no expression of Parkin in their brains. In the substantia nigra pars compacta, a subfield-specific pattern of neuronal loss and mild gliosis were evident. Lewy bodies were found in 3 patients. Peripheral sensory neuronopathy was a feature. CONCLUSIONS: Genomic and mRNA analysis is needed to identify the PRKN mutations. Variable mutations may result in no or little production of mature Parkin and the histopathologic features may be similar.

DOI： 10.1002/mds.28521

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), the most abundant non-coding RNA species, is a major component of the ribosome. Impaired ribosome biogenesis causes the dysfunction of protein synthesis and diseases called "ribosomopathies," including genetic disorders with cancer risk. However, the potential role of rRNA gene (rDNA) alterations in cancer is unknown. We investigated germline and somatic single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) in the rDNA promoter region (positions -248 to +100, relative to the transcription start site) in 82 lung adenocarcinomas (LUAC). Twenty-nine tumors (35.4%) carried germline SNVs, and eight tumors (9.8%) harbored somatic SNVs. Interestingly, the presence of germline SNVs between positions +1 and +100 (n = 12; 14.6%) was associated with significantly shorter recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) by univariate analysis (p < 0.05, respectively), and was an independent prognostic factor for RFS and OS by multivariate analysis. LUAC cell line PC9, carrying rDNA promoter SNV at position +49, showed significantly higher ribosome biogenesis than H1650 cells without SNV. Upon nucleolar stress induced by actinomycin D, PC9 retained significantly higher ribosome biogenesis than H1650. These results highlight the possible functional role of SNVs at specific sites of the rDNA promoter region in ribosome biogenesis, the progression of LUAC, and their potential prognostic value.

DOI： 10.3390/cells9112409

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本神経学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本神経学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本神経学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本神経学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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DOI： 10.1186/s40478-020-01008-2

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DOI： 10.1186/s40478-020-00945-2

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

DOI： 10.1038/s41591-020-0922-4

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BACKGROUND: Copy number variants (CNVs) have been reported to be associated with diseases, traits, and evolution. However, it is hard to determine which gene should have priority as a target for further functional experiments if a CNV is rare or a singleton. In this study, we attempted to overcome this issue by using two approaches: by assessing the influences of gene dosage sensitivity and gene expression sensitivity. Dosage sensitive genes derived from two-round whole-genome duplication in previous studies. In addition, we proposed a cross-sectional omics approach that utilizes open data from GTEx to assess the effect of whole-genome CNVs on gene expression. METHODS: Affymetrix Genome-Wide SNP Array 6.0 was used to detect CNVs by PennCNV and CNV Workshop. After quality controls for population stratification, family relationship and CNV detection, 287 patients with narcolepsy, 133 patients with essential hypersomnia, 380 patients with panic disorders, 164 patients with autism, 784 patients with Alzheimer disease and 1280 healthy individuals remained for the enrichment analysis. RESULTS: Overall, significant enrichment of dosage sensitive genes was found across patients with narcolepsy, panic disorders and autism. Particularly, significant enrichment of dosage-sensitive genes in duplications was observed across all diseases except for Alzheimer disease. For deletions, less or no enrichment of dosage-sensitive genes with deletions was seen in the patients when compared to the healthy individuals. Interestingly, significant enrichments of genes with expression sensitivity in brain were observed in patients with panic disorder and autism. While duplications presented a higher burden, deletions did not cause significant differences when compared to the healthy individuals. When we assess the effect of sensitivity to genome dosage and gene expression at the same time, the highest ratio of enrichment was observed in the group including dosage-sensitive genes and genes with expression sensitivity only in brain. In addition, shared CNV regions among the five neuropsychiatric diseases were also investigated. CONCLUSIONS: This study contributed the evidence that dosage-sensitive genes are associated with CNVs among neuropsychiatric diseases. In addition, we utilized open data from GTEx to assess the effect of whole-genome CNVs on gene expression. We also investigated shared CNV region among neuropsychiatric diseases.

DOI： 10.1186/s12920-020-0699-9

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The molecular biological mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (ad) involve disease-associated cross-talk through many genes and include a loss of normal as well as a gain of abnormal interactions among genes. A protein domain network (PDN) is a collection of physical bindings that occur between protein domains, and the states of the PDNs in patients with ad are likely to be perturbed compared to those in normal healthy individuals. To identify PDN changes that cause neurodegeneration, we analysed the PDNs that occur among genes co-expressed in each of three brain regions at each stage of ad. Our analysis revealed that the PDNs collapsed with the progression of ad stage and identified five hub genes, including Rac1, as key players in PDN collapse. Using publicly available as well as our own gene expression data, we confirmed that the mRNA expression level of the RAC1 gene was downregulated in the entorhinal cortex (EC) of ad brains. To test the causality of these changes in neurodegeneration, we utilized Drosophila as a genetic model and found that modest knockdown of Rac1 in neurons was sufficient to cause age-dependent behavioural deficits and neurodegeneration. Finally, we identified a microRNA, hsa-miR-101-3p, as a potential regulator of RAC1 in ad brains. As the Braak neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) stage progressed, the expression levels of hsa-miR-101-3p were increased specifically in the EC. Furthermore, overexpression of hsa-miR-101-3p in the human neuronal cell line SH-SY5Y caused RAC1 downregulation. These results highlight the utility of our integrated network approach for identifying causal changes leading to neurodegeneration in ad.

DOI： 10.1093/hmg/ddz320

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Glia have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Variants of the microglia receptor triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) increase AD risk, and activation of disease-associated microglia (DAM) is dependent on TREM2 in mouse models of AD. We surveyed gene-expression changes associated with AD pathology and TREM2 in 5XFAD mice and in human AD by single-nucleus RNA sequencing. We confirmed the presence of Trem2-dependent DAM and identified a previously undiscovered Serpina3n+C4b+ reactive oligodendrocyte population in mice. Interestingly, remarkably different glial phenotypes were evident in human AD. Microglia signature was reminiscent of IRF8-driven reactive microglia in peripheral-nerve injury. Oligodendrocyte signatures suggested impaired axonal myelination and metabolic adaptation to neuronal degeneration. Astrocyte profiles indicated weakened metabolic coordination with neurons. Notably, the reactive phenotype of microglia was less evident in TREM2-R47H and TREM2-R62H carriers than in non-carriers, demonstrating a TREM2 requirement in both mouse and human AD, despite the marked species-specific differences.

DOI： 10.1038/s41591-019-0695-9

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本神経学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本神経学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

BACKGROUND: Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that may be genetic factors underlying Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, how these AD-associated SNPs (AD SNPs) contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease is poorly understood because most of them are located in non-coding regions, such as introns and intergenic regions. Previous studies reported that some disease-associated SNPs affect regulatory elements including enhancers. We hypothesized that non-coding AD SNPs are located in enhancers and affect gene expression levels via chromatin loops. METHODS: To characterize AD SNPs within non-coding regions, we extracted 406 AD SNPs with GWAS p-values of less than 1.00 × 10- 6 from the GWAS catalog database. Of these, we selected 392 SNPs within non-coding regions. Next, we checked whether those non-coding AD SNPs were located in enhancers that typically regulate gene expression levels using publicly available data for enhancers that were predicted in 127 human tissues or cell types. We sought expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) genes affected by non-coding AD SNPs within enhancers because enhancers are regulatory elements that influence the gene expression levels. To elucidate how the non-coding AD SNPs within enhancers affect the gene expression levels, we identified chromatin-chromatin interactions by Hi-C experiments. RESULTS: We report the following findings: (1) nearly 30% of non-coding AD SNPs are located in enhancers; (2) eQTL genes affected by non-coding AD SNPs within enhancers are associated with amyloid beta clearance, synaptic transmission, and immune responses; (3) 95% of the AD SNPs located in enhancers co-localize with their eQTL genes in topologically associating domains suggesting that regulation may occur through chromatin higher-order structures; (4) rs1476679 spatially contacts the promoters of eQTL genes via CTCF-CTCF interactions; (5) the effect of other AD SNPs such as rs7364180 is likely to be, at least in part, indirect through regulation of transcription factors that in turn regulate AD associated genes. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that non-coding AD SNPs may affect the function of enhancers thereby influencing the expression levels of surrounding or distant genes via chromatin loops. This result may explain how some non-coding AD SNPs contribute to AD pathogenesis.

DOI： 10.1186/s12920-019-0574-8

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Variants in the APOE gene region may explain ethnic differences in the association of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with ε4. Ethnic differences in allele frequencies for three APOE region SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) were identified and tested for association in 19,398 East Asians (EastA), including Koreans and Japanese, 15,836 European ancestry (EuroA) individuals, and 4985 African Americans, and with brain imaging measures of cortical atrophy in sub-samples of Koreans and EuroAs. Among ε4/ε4 individuals, AD risk increased substantially in a dose-dependent manner with the number of APOE promoter SNP rs405509 T alleles in EastAs (TT: OR (odds ratio) = 27.02, p = 8.80 × 10-94; GT: OR = 15.87, p = 2.62 × 10-9) and EuroAs (TT: OR = 18.13, p = 2.69 × 10-108; GT: OR = 12.63, p = 3.44 × 10-64), and rs405509-T homozygotes had a younger onset and more severe cortical atrophy than those with G-allele. Functional experiments using APOE promoter fragments demonstrated that TT lowered APOE expression in human brain and serum. The modifying effect of rs405509 genotype explained much of the ethnic variability in the AD/ε4 association, and increasing APOE expression might lower AD risk among ε4 homozygotes.

DOI： 10.3390/jcm8081236

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BACKGROUND: Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), the most common form of dementia, results from complicated interactions among multiple environmental and genetic factors. Despite recent advances in genetic analysis of LOAD, more than half of the heritability for the disease remains unclear. Although genetic studies in Caucasians found rare risk variants for LOAD with large effect sizes, these variants are hardly detectable in the Japanese population. METHODS: To identify rare variants possibly explaining part of the genetic architecture for LOAD in Japanese people, we performed whole-exome sequencing analyses of 202 LOAD individuals without the APOE ε4 risk allele, a major genetic factor for LOAD susceptibility. We also implemented in vitro functional analyses of the variant(s) to reveal possible functions associated with LOAD risk. RESULTS: Via step-by-step selection of whole-exome variants, we found seven candidate risk variants. We then conducted a case-control association study in a large Japanese cohort consisting of 4563 cases and 16,459 controls. We finally identified a rare nonsynonymous variant, rs572750141 (NM_030974.3:p.Gly186Arg), in SHARPIN that was potentially associated with increased risk of LOAD (corrected P = 8.05 × 10- 5, odds ratio = 6.1). The amino acid change in SHARPIN resulted in aberrant cellular localization of the variant protein and attenuated the activation of NF-κB, a central mediator of inflammatory and immune responses. CONCLUSIONS: Our work identified a rare functional SHARPIN variant as a previously unknown genetic risk factor for LOAD. The functional alteration in SHARPIN induced by the rare coding variant is associated with an attenuated inflammatory/immune response that may promote LOAD development.

DOI： 10.1186/s10020-019-0090-5

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(公社)日本精神神経学会  

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Essential hypersomnia (EHS) is a lifelong disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness without cataplexy. EHS is associated with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQB1*06:02, similar to narcolepsy with cataplexy (narcolepsy). Previous studies suggest that DQB1*06:02-positive and -negative EHS are different in terms of their clinical features and follow different pathological pathways. DQB1*06:02-positive EHS and narcolepsy share the same susceptibility genes. In the present study, we report a genome-wide association study with replication for DQB1*06:02-negative EHS (408 patients and 2247 healthy controls, all Japanese). One single-nucleotide polymorphism, rs10988217, which is located 15-kb upstream of carnitine O-acetyltransferase (CRAT), was significantly associated with DQB1*06:02-negative EHS (P = 7.5 × 10-9, odds ratio = 2.63). The risk allele of the disease-associated SNP was correlated with higher expression levels of CRAT in various tissues and cell types, including brain tissue. In addition, the risk allele was associated with levels of succinylcarnitine (P = 1.4 × 10-18) in human blood. The leading SNP in this region was the same in associations with both DQB1*06:02-negative EHS and succinylcarnitine levels. The results suggest that DQB1*06:02-negative EHS may be associated with an underlying dysfunction in energy metabolic pathways.

DOI： 10.1038/s10038-018-0518-8

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier {BV}  

DOI： 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.04.036

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DOI： 10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.056

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BIOMED CENTRAL LTD  

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are attractive molecules to utilize as one of the blood-based biomarkers for neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) because miRNAs are relatively stable in biofluid, including serum or plasma. To determine blood miRNA biomarkers for AD with next-generation sequencing genome-wide, we first surveyed 45 serum samples. These came from 27 AD patients and 18 controls (discovery set) that underwent autopsy within two weeks after their serum sampling and were neuropathologically diagnosed. We found that three miRNAs, hsa-miR-501-3p, hsa-let-7f-5p, and hsa-miR-26b-5p, were significantly deregulated between the AD samples and the controls. The deregulation for hsa-miR-501-3p was further confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in a validation set composed of 36 clinically diagnosed AD patients and 22 age-matched cognitively normal controls with a sensitivity and specificity of 53% and 100%, respectively (area under the curve = 0.82). Serum hsa-miR-501-3p levels were downregulated in AD patients, and its lower levels significantly correlated with lower Mini-Mental State Examination scores. Contrary to its serum levels, we found that hsa-miR-501-3p was remarkably upregulated in the same donors' AD brains obtained at autopsy from the discovery set. The hsa-miR-501-3p overexpression in cultured cells, which mimicked the hsa-miR-501-3p upregulation in the AD brains, induced significant downregulation of 128 genes that overrepresented the Gene Ontology terms, DNA replication, and the mitotic cell cycle. Our results suggest that hsa-miR-501-3p is a novel serum biomarker that presumably corresponds to pathological events occurring in AD brains.

DOI： 10.1186/s40478-017-0414-z

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP  

In humans, narcolepsy is a sleep disorder that is characterized by sleepiness, cataplexy and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep abnormalities. Essential hypersomnia (EHS) is another type of sleep disorder that is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness without cataplexy. A human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II allele, HLA-DQB1*06:02, is a major genetic factor for narcolepsy. Almost all narcoleptic patients are carriers of this HLA allele, while 30-50% of EHS patients and 12% of all healthy individuals in Japan carry this allele. The pathogenesis of narcolepsy and EHS is thought to be partially shared. To evaluate the contribution of common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to narcolepsy onset and to assess the common genetic background of narcolepsy and EHS, we conducted a polygenic analysis that included 393 narcoleptic patients, 38 EHS patients with HLA-DQB1*06:02, 119 EHS patients without HLA-DQB1*06:02 and 1582 healthy individuals. We also included 376 individuals with panic disorder and 213 individuals with autism to confirm whether the results were biased. Polygenic risks in narcolepsy were estimated to explain 58.1% (PHLA-DQB1*06:02 = 2.30 x 10(-48), Pwhole genome without HLA-DQB1*06:02 = 6.73 x 10(-2)) including HLA-DQB1*06:02 effects and 1.3% (Pwhole genome without HLA-DQB1*06:02 = 2.43 x 10(-2)) excluding HLA-DQB1*06:02 effects. The results also indicated that small-effect SNPs contributed to the development of narcolepsy. Reported susceptibility SNPs for narcolepsy in the Japanese population, CPT1B (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B), TRA@ (T-cell receptor alpha) and P2RY11 (purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein coupled, 11), were found to explain 0.8% of narcolepsy onset (P-whole genome without (HLA-DQB1*06:02) = 9.74 x 10(-2)). EHS patients with HLA-DQB1*06:02 were estimated to have higher shared genetic background to narcoleptic patients than EHS patients without HLA-DQB1*06:02 even when the effects of HLA-DQB1*06:02 were excluded (EHS with HLA-DQB1*06:02: 40.4%, PHLA-DQB1*06:02 = 7.02 x 10(-14), Pwhole genome without HLA-DQB1*06:02 = 1.34 x 10(-1), EHS without HLA-DQB1*06:02: 0.4%, Pwhole genome without HLA-DQB1*06:02 = 3.06 x 10(-1)). Meanwhile, the polygenic risks for narcolepsy could not explain the onset of panic disorder and autism, suggesting that our results were reasonable.

DOI： 10.1038/jhg.2016.65

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP  

The utilization of molecular genetics approaches in examination of panic disorder (PD) has implicated several variants as potential susceptibility factors for panicogenesis. However, the identification of robust PD susceptibility genes has been complicated by phenotypic diversity, underpowered association studies and ancestry-specific effects. In the present study, we performed a succinct review of case-control association studies published prior to April 2015. Meta-analyses were performed for candidate gene variants examined in at least three studies using the Cochrane Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effect model. Secondary analyses were also performed to assess the influences of sex, agoraphobia co-morbidity and ancestry-specific effects on panicogenesis. Meta-analyses were performed on 23 variants in 20 PD candidate genes. Significant associations after correction for multiple testing were observed for three variants, TMEM132D rs7370927 (T allele: odds ratio (OR) = 1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15-1.40, P = 2.49 x 10(-6)), rs11060369 (CC genotype: OR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.53-0.79, P = 1.81 x 10(-5)) and COMT rs4680 (Val (G) allele: OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.14-1.42, P = 2.49 x 10(-5)) in studies with samples of European ancestry. Nominal associations that did not survive correction for multiple testing were observed for NPSR1 rs324891 (T allele: OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.07-1.38, P = 0.002), TPH1 rs1800532 (AA genotype: OR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.14-1.89, P = 0.003) and HTR2A rs6313 (T allele: OR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.07-1.33, P = 0.002) in studies with samples of European ancestry and for MAOA-uVNTR in female PD (low-active alleles: OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.07-1.38, P = 0.004). No significant associations were observed in the secondary analyses considering sex, agoraphobia co-morbidity and studies with samples of Asian ancestry. Although these findings highlight a few associations, PD likely involves genetic variation in a multitude of biological pathways that is diverse among populations. Future studies must incorporate larger sample sizes and genome-wide approaches to further quantify the observed genetic variation among populations and subphenotypes of PD.

DOI： 10.1038/mp.2015.138

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We herein report an association between TMEM132D and panic disorder (PD) in a Japanese population, evaluating the effects of HLA-DRB1*13:02, which we previously reported as a susceptibility genetic factor for PD. SNPs in TMEM132D showed significant associations with PD in subjects without HLA-DRB1*13:02 (rs4759997; P=5.02×10(-6), odds ratio=1.50) but not in those with the HLA allele. TMEM132D might have a role in the development of PD in subjects without HLA-DRB1*13:02.

DOI： 10.1038/hgv.2016.1

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：CELL PRESS  

The mechanisms by which mutations in FUS and other RNA binding proteins cause ALS and FTD remain controversial. We propose a model in which low-complexity (LC) domains of FUS drive its physiologically reversible assembly into membrane-free, liquid droplet and hydrogel-like structures. ALS/FTD mutations in LC or non-LC domains induce further phase transition into poorly soluble fibrillar hydrogels distinct from conventional amyloids. These assemblies are necessary and sufficient for neurotoxicity in a C. elegans model of FUS-dependent neurodegeneration. They trap other ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granule components and disrupt RNP granule function. One consequence is impairment of new protein synthesis by cytoplasmic RNP granules in axon terminals, where RNP granules regulate local RNA metabolism and translation. Nuclear FUS granules may be similarly affected. Inhibiting formation of these fibrillar hydrogel assemblies mitigates neurotoxicity and suggests a potential therapeutic strategy that may also be applicable to ALS/FTD associated with mutations in other RNA binding proteins.

DOI： 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.10.030

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

Etiology of narcolepsy-cataplexy involves multiple genetic and environmental factors. While the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1*15:01-DQB1*06:02 haplotype is strongly associated with narcolepsy, it is not sufficient for disease development. To identify additional, non-HLA susceptibility genes, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using Japanese samples.
An initial sample set comprising 409 cases and 1562 controls was used for the GWAS of 525,196 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located outside the HLA region. An independent sample set comprising 240 cases and 869 controls was then genotyped at 37 SNPs identified in the GWAS. We found that narcolepsy was associated with a SNP in the promoter region of chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 1 (CCR1) (rs3181077, P = 1.6 x 10(-5), odds ratio [OR] = 1.86). This rs3181077 association was replicated with the independent sample set (P = 0.032, OR = 1.36). We measured mRNA levels of candidate genes in peripheral blood samples of 38 cases and 37 controls. CCR1 and CCR3 mRNA levels were significantly lower in patients than in healthy controls, and CCR1 mRNA levels were associated with rs3181077 genotypes. In vitro chemotaxis assays were also performed to measure monocyte migration. We observed that monocytes from carriers of the rs3181077 risk allele had lower migration indices with a CCR1 ligand.
CCR1 and CCR3 are newly discovered susceptibility genes for narcolepsy. These results highlight the potential role of CCR genes in narcolepsy and support the hypothesis that patients with narcolepsy have impaired immune function. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.05.003

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Language：English   Publishing type：Part of collection (book)   Publisher：Springer New York  

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder in which loss of neurons and synaptic function causes dementia in the elderly. To clarify AD pathogenesis and develop drugs for AD, thousands of studies have elucidated signaling pathways involved. However, knowledge of AD signaling pathways has not been compiled as a pathway map. In this chapter, we introduce the manual construction of a pathway map in AD which we call "AlzPathway", that comprehensively catalogs signaling pathways in the field of AD. We have collected and manually curated over 100 review articles related to AD, and have built the AD pathway map. AlzPathway is currently composed of thousands of molecules and reactions in neurons, brain blood barrier, presynaptic, postsynaptic, astrocyte, and microglial cells, with their cellular localizations. AlzPathway provides a systems-biology platform of comprehensive AD signaling and related pathways which is expected to contribute to clarification of AD pathogenesis and AD drug development.

DOI： 10.1007/978-1-4939-2627-5_25

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Language：English   Publishing type：Part of collection (book)   Publisher：Springer New York  

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is known to be a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder, and is one of the main causes of dementia in the elderly. Many studies have demonstrated molecules involved in the pathogenesis of AD, however its underlying mechanisms remain obscure. It may be simplistic to try to explain the disease based on the role of a few genes only. Accumulating new, huge amount of information from e.g. genome, proteome and interactome datasets and new knowledge, we are now able to clarify and characterize diseases essentially as a result of dysfunction of molecular networks. Recent studies have indicated that relevant genes affected in human diseases concentrate in a part of the network, often called as "disease module." In the case of AD, some disease-associated pathways seem different, but some of them are clearly disease-related and coherent. This suggests the existence of a common pathway that negatively drives from healthy state to disease state (i.e., the disease module(s)). Additionally, such disease modules should dynamically change through AD progression. Thus, network-level approaches are indispensable to address unknown mechanisms of AD. In this chapter, we introduce network strategies using gene co-expression and protein interaction networks.

DOI： 10.1007/978-1-4939-2627-5_29

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BIOMED CENTRAL LTD  

Background: Cytogenomic mutations and chromosomal abnormality are implicated in the neuropathology of several brain diseases. Cell heterogeneity of brain tissues makes their detection and validation difficult, however. In the present study, we analyzed gene dosage alterations in brain DNA of schizophrenia patients and compared those with the copy number variations (CNVs) identified in schizophrenia patients as well as with those in Asian lymphocyte DNA and attempted to obtain hints at the pathological contribution of cytogenomic instability to schizophrenia.
Results: Brain DNA was extracted from postmortem striatum of schizophrenia patients and control subjects (n = 48 each) and subjected to the direct two color microarray analysis that limits technical data variations. Disease-associated biases of relative DNA doses were statistically analyzed with Bonferroni's compensation on the premise of brain cell mosaicism. We found that the relative gene dosage of 85 regions significantly varied among a million of probe sites. In the candidate CNV regions, 26 regions had no overlaps with the common CNVs found in Asian populations and included the genes (i.e., ANTXRL, CHST9, DNM3, NDST3, SDK1, STRC, SKY) that are associated with schizophrenia and/or other psychiatric diseases. The majority of these candidate CNVs exhibited high statistical probabilities but their signal differences in gene dosage were less than 1.5-fold. For test evaluation, we rather selected the 10 candidate CNV regions that exhibited higher aberration scores or larger global effects and were thus confirmable by PCR. Quantitative PCR verified the loss of gene dosage at two loci (1p36.21 and 1p13.3) and confirmed the global variation of the copy number distributions at two loci (11p15.4 and 13q21.1), both indicating the utility of the present strategy. These test loci, however, exhibited the same somatic CNV patterns in the other brain region.
Conclusions: The present study lists the candidate regions potentially representing cytogenomic CNVs in the brain of schizophrenia patients, although the significant but modest alterations in their brain genome doses largely remain to be characterized further.

DOI： 10.1186/s13039-015-0144-5

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Language：English   Publisher：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP  

Mutations in APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2 as the genetic causes of familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) have been found in various ethnic populations. A substantial number of FAD pedigrees with mutations have been reported in the Japanese population; however, it remains unclear whether the genetic and clinical features of FAD in the Japanese population differ from those in other populations. To address this issue, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of Japanese FAD and frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) by literature search. Using this analysis, we identified 39 different PSEN1 mutations in 140 patients, 5 APP mutations in 35 patients and 16 MAPT mutations in 84 patients. There was no PSEN2 mutation among Japanese patients. The age at onset in Japanese FAD patients with PSEN1 mutations was significantly younger than that in patients with APP mutations. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that patients with MAPT mutations showed a shorter survival than patients with PSEN1 or APP mutations. Patients with mutations in different genes exhibit characteristic clinical presentations, suggesting that mutations in causative genes may modify the clinical presentations. By collecting and cataloging genetic and clinical information on Japanese FAD and FTDP-17, we developed an original database designated as Japanese Familial Alzheimer's Disease Database, which is accessible at http://alzdb.bri. niigata-u.ac.jp/.

DOI： 10.1038/jhg.2015.15

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

Panic disorder (PD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by panic attacks and anticipatory anxiety. Both genetic and environmental factors are thought to trigger PD onset. Previously, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for PD and focused on candidate SNPs with the lowest P values. However, there seemed to be a number of polymorphisms which did not reach genome-wide significance threshold due to their low allele frequencies and odds ratios, even though they were truly involved in pathogenesis. Therefore we performed pathway analyses in order to overcome the limitations of conventional single-marker analysis and identify associated SNPs with modest effects. Each pathway analysis indicated that pathways related to immunity showed the strongest association with PD (DAVID, P = 2.08 x 10(-6); i-GSEA4GWAS, P &lt; 10(-3); ICSNPathway, P &lt; 10(-3)). Based on the results of pathway analyses and the previously performed GWAS for PD, we focused on and investigated HIA-B and HLA-DRB1 as candidate susceptibility genes for PD. We typed HLA-B and HLA-DRB1 in 744 subjects with PD and 1418 control subjects. Patients with PD were significantly more likely to carry HLA-DRB1*13:02 (P = 2.50 x 10(-4), odds ratio = 1.54). Our study provided initial evidence that HLA-DRB1*13:02 and genes involved in immune-related pathways are associated with PD. Future studies are necessary to confirm these results and clarify the underlying mechanisms causing PD. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.01.002

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

The p.E66Q variant of the alpha-galactosidase A gene (GLA) is frequently found during screening for Fabry disease in dialysis patients in Japan. However, recent reports suggest that the p.E66Q variant is not a disease-causing mutation but is a risk factor for cerebral small-vessel occlusion. To evaluate the role of the p.E66Q in the progression of renal diseases, we performed a genetic association study in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
In this study, we enrolled 1651 chronic hemodialysis and 941 non-dialysis patients who attended medical institutions in the Niigata Prefecture, Japan. The frequency of the p.E66Q allele was compared between hemodialysis and non-dialysis patients, with data from a previously published study of Japanese male newborns. In addition, we compared estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) in the presence or absence of the p.E66Q variant in non-dialysis patients.
Of the 2233 alleles in hemodialysis and 1447 alleles in non-dialysis patients, 21 and nine harbored p.E66Q, respectively. However, p.E66Q allele frequencies did not differ between the two patient groups (0.90 versus 0.62 %, P = 0.35), and no significant difference in p.E66Q allele frequency was observed between male hemodialysis patients and the general Japanese population (0.52 versus 0.63 %, P = 0.67). Moreover, eGFR did not significantly differ between non-dialysis patients with the p.E66Q variant and patients with the wild-type allele (65.5 +/- A 10.7 versus 62.7 +/- A 16.6 mL/min/1.73 m(2), P = 0.69).
This study indicated that the p.E66Q variant of GLA does not affect the progression of CKD.

DOI： 10.1007/s10157-014-0969-y

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier Inc.  

Background: We here examined whether plasma desmosterol-to-cholesterol ratio (DES/CHO) is decreased in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and investigated the association between plasma DES/CHO and longitudinal cognitive decline. Methods: Plasma DES/CHO of AD patients and age-matched controls in a Japanese cross-sectional cohort was determined. Plasma DES/CHO at baseline and follow-up visits was assessed in relation to cognitive decline in Japanese and Swedish longitudinal cohorts. Results: Plasma DES/CHO was significantly reduced in Japanese AD patients and significantly correlated with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score. The longitudinal analysis revealed that plasma DES/CHO in AD patients shows a significant decrease at follow-up intervals. The decline in plasma DES/CHO is larger in the AD group with rapid progression than in that with slow progression. The changes in plasma DES/CHO significantly correlated with changes in the MMSE score. Conclusion: Plasma DES/CHO is decreased in AD patients and may serve as a longitudinal surrogate marker associated with cognitive decline.

DOI： 10.1016/j.dadm.2014.11.009

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP  

The spreading of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), intraneuronal aggregates of highly phosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau, across the human brain is correlated with the cognitive severity of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To identify genes relevant to NFT expansion defined by the Braak stage, we conducted whole-genome exon array analysis with an exploratory sample set consisting of 213 human post-mortem brain tissue specimens from the entorinal, temporal and frontal cortices of 71 brain-donor subjects: Braak NFT stages 0 (N = 13), I-II (N = 20), III-IV (N = 19) and V-VI (N = 19). We identified eight genes, RELN, PTGS2, MYO5C, TRIL, DCHS2, GRB14, NPAS4 and PHYHD1, associated with the Braak stage. The expression levels of three genes, PHYHD1, MYO5C and GRB14, exhibited reproducible association on real-time quantitative PCR analysis. In another sample set, including control subjects (N = 30), and in patients with late-onset AD (N = 37), dementia with Lewy bodies (N = 17) and Parkinson disease (N = 36), the expression levels of two genes, PHYHD1 and MYO5C, were obviously associated with late-onset AD. Protein-protein interaction network analysis with a public database revealed that PHYHD1 interacts with MYO5C via POT1, and PHYHD1 directly interacts with amyloid beta-peptide 42. It is thus likely that functional failure of PHYHD1 and MYO5C could lead to AD development.

DOI： 10.1038/tp.2014.35

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Language：English   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI LTD  

DOI： 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.11.008

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Rare non-synonymous variants of TREM2 have recently been shown to be associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in Caucasians. We here conducted a replication study using a well-characterized Japanese sample set, comprising 2,190 late-onset AD (LOAD) cases and 2,498 controls. We genotyped 10 non-synonymous variants (Q33X, Y38C, R47H, T66M, N68K, D87N, T96K, R98W, H157Y, and L211P) of TREM2 reported by Guerreiro et al. (2013) by means of the TaqMan and dideoxy sequencing methods. Only three variants, R47H, H157Y, and L211P, were polymorphic (range of minor allele frequency [MAF], 0.0002-0.0059); however, no significant association with LOAD was observed in these variants. Considering low MAF of variants examined and our study sample size, further genetic analysis with a larger sample set is needed to firmly evaluate whether or not TREM2 is associated with LOAD in Japanese.

DOI： 10.3233/JAD-140225

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE  

Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is associated with aging, and it leads to neuron death. Deposits of amyloid beta and aberrantly phosphorylated tau protein are known as pathological hallmarks of AD, but the underlying mechanisms have not yet been revealed. A high-throughput gene expression analysis previously showed that differentially expressed genes accompanying the progression of AD were more down-regulated than up-regulated in the later stages of AD. This suggested that the molecular networks and their constituent modules collapsed along with AD progression. In this study, by using gene expression profiles and protein interaction networks (PINs), we identified the PINs expressed in three brain regions: the entorhinal cortex (EC), hippocampus (HIP) and superior frontal gyrus (SFG). Dividing the expressed PINs into modules, we examined the stability of the modules with AD progression and with normal aging. We found that in the AD modules, the constituent proteins, interactions and cellular functions were not maintained between consecutive stages through all brain regions. Interestingly, the modules were collapsed with AD progression, specifically in the EC region. By identifying the modules that were affected by AD pathology, we found the transcriptional regulation-associated modules that interact with the proteasome-associated module via UCHL5 hub protein, which is a deubiquitinating enzyme. Considering PINs as a system made of network modules, we found that the modules relevant to the transcriptional regulation are disrupted in the EC region, which affects the ubiquitin-proteasome system.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0076162

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP  

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative condition, and its drug therapy is challenging. To inform AD drug discovery, we developed the "AlzPathway," a prototype of a comprehensive map of AD-related signaling pathways, from information obtained through studies in the public domain. The AlzPathway provides an integrated platform for systems analyses of AD-signaling pathways and networks.

DOI： 10.1038/clpt.2013.37

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：IOS PRESS  

SORL1 was shown to be genetically associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) in a large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) involving clinically verified subjects. Here, we attempted to replicate the association of SORL1 in Japanese neuropathologically characterized brain donor subjects (LOAD, 213; control, 370) through a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based genetic study involving 19 SNPs: 11 SNPs were selected from the initial study reported by Rogaeva et al. (2007), and the other eight were from our GWAS. Among these SNPs, five exhibited a significant association with LOAD after multiple test correction (p &lt; 2.63E-03 [=0.05/19]), which was supported by means of multiple logistic regression analysis with adjustment for age, gender, and carrier status of the APOE epsilon 4 allele. Three of these SNPs (rs985421, rs12364988 [Rogaeva's SNP 7], and rs4598682) were encompassed by a 5' linkage disequilibrium (LD) region, and the remaining two (rs3781834 and rs3781836) by a 3' LD region. Strong LD among SNPs was observed within each LD region, implying that there are two genomic regions showing association with LOAD in SORL1. Case-control haplotype analysis demonstrated that some haplotypes are associated with LOAD in both LD regions. Our replication study strongly supports the preceding evidence that SORL1 is likely one of the genes associated with LOAD.

DOI： 10.3233/JAD-122395

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Language：English  

To discover susceptibility genes of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), we conducted a 3-stage genome-wide association study (GWAS) using three populations: Japanese from the Japanese Genetic Consortium for Alzheimer Disease (JGSCAD), Koreans, and Caucasians from the Alzheimer Disease Genetic Consortium (ADGC). In Stage 1, we evaluated data for 5,877,918 genotyped and imputed SNPs in Japanese cases (n = 1,008) and controls (n = 1,016). Genome-wide significance was observed with 12 SNPs in the APOE region. Seven SNPs from other distinct regions with p-values <2×10(-5) were genotyped in a second Japanese sample (885 cases, 985 controls), and evidence of association was confirmed for one SORL1 SNP (rs3781834, P = 7.33×10(-7) in the combined sample). Subsequent analysis combining results for several SORL1 SNPs in the Japanese, Korean (339 cases, 1,129 controls) and Caucasians (11,840 AD cases, 10,931 controls) revealed genome wide significance with rs11218343 (P = 1.77×10(-9)) and rs3781834 (P = 1.04×10(-8)). SNPs in previously established AD loci in Caucasians showed strong evidence of association in Japanese including rs3851179 near PICALM (P = 1.71×10(-5)) and rs744373 near BIN1 (P = 1.39×10(-4)). The associated allele for each of these SNPs was the same as in Caucasians. These data demonstrate for the first time genome-wide significance of LOAD with SORL1 and confirm the role of other known loci for LOAD in Japanese. Our study highlights the importance of examining associations in multiple ethnic populations.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0058618

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP  

Panic disorder (PD) is a moderately heritable anxiety disorder whose pathogenesis is not well understood. Due to the lack of power in previous association studies, genes that are truly associated with PD might not be detected. In this study, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in two independent data sets using the Affymetrix Mapping 500K Array or Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0. We obtained imputed genotypes for each GWAS and performed a meta-analysis of two GWAS data sets (718 cases and 1717 controls). For follow-up, 12 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were tested in 329 cases and 861 controls. Gene ontology enrichment and candidate gene analyses were conducted using the GWAS or meta-analysis results. We also applied the polygenic score analysis to our two GWAS samples to test the hypothesis of polygenic components contributing to PD. Although genome-wide significant SNPs were not detected in either of the GWAS nor the meta-analysis, suggestive associations were observed in several loci such as BDKRB2 (P = 1.3 x 10(-5), odds ratio = 1.31). Among previous candidate genes, supportive evidence for association of NPY5R with PD was obtained (gene-wise corrected P = 6.4 x 10(-4)). Polygenic scores calculated from weakly associated SNPs (P&lt;0.3 and 0.4) in the discovery sample were significantly associated with PD status in the target sample in both directions (sample I to sample II and vice versa) (P&lt;0.05). Our findings suggest that large sets of common variants of small effects collectively account for risk of PD.

DOI： 10.1038/tp.2012.89

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE  

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult-onset neurodegenerative disease caused by selective loss of motor neurons. In the ALS motor neurons, TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) is dislocated from the nucleus to cytoplasm and forms inclusions, suggesting that loss of a nuclear function of TDP-43 may underlie the pathogenesis of ALS. TDP-43 functions in RNA metabolism include regulation of transcription, mRNA stability, and alternative splicing of pre-mRNA. However, a function of TDP-43 in tissue affected with ALS has not been elucidated. We sought to identify the molecular indicators reflecting on a TDP-43 function. Using exon array analysis, we observed a remarkable alteration of splicing in the polymerase delta interacting protein 3 (POLDIP3) as a result of the depletion of TDP-43 expression in two types of cultured cells. In the cells treated with TDP-43 siRNA, wild-type POLDIP3 (variant-1) decreased and POLDIP3 lacking exon 3 (variant-2) increased. The RNA binding ability of TDP-43 was necessary for inclusion of POLDIP3 exon 3. Moreover, we found an increment of POLDIP3 variant-2 mRNA in motor cortex, spinal cord and spinal motor neurons collected by laser capture microdissection with ALS. Our results suggest a loss of TDP-43 function in tissues affected with ALS, supporting the hypothesis that a loss of function of TDP-43 underlies the pathogenesis of ALS.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0043120

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BIOMED CENTRAL LTD  

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia among the elderly. To clarify pathogenesis of AD, thousands of reports have been accumulating. However, knowledge of signaling pathways in the field of AD has not been compiled as a database before.
Description: Here, we have constructed a publicly available pathway map called "AlzPathway" that comprehensively catalogs signaling pathways in the field of AD. We have collected and manually curated over 100 review articles related to AD, and have built an AD pathway map using CellDesigner. AlzPathway is currently composed of 1347 molecules and 1070 reactions in neuron, brain blood barrier, presynaptic, postsynaptic, astrocyte, and microglial cells and their cellular localizations. AlzPathway is available as both the SBML (Systems Biology Markup Language) map for CellDesigner and the high resolution image map. AlzPathway is also available as a web service (online map) based on Payao system, a community-based, collaborative web service platform for pathway model curation, enabling continuous updates by AD researchers.
Conclusions: AlzPathway is the first comprehensive map of intra, inter and extra cellular AD signaling pathways which can enable mechanistic deciphering of AD pathogenesis. The AlzPathway map is accessible at http://alzpathway.org/.

DOI： 10.1186/1752-0509-6-52

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BACKGROUND/AIM: Mutations in MAPT cause frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17). Patients with the MAPT R406W mutation were reported to show phenotypic heterogeneity in different ethnic backgrounds. We here report the clinical and genetic characteristics of Japanese families with the R406W mutation. METHODS: We examined the clinical and neuroimaging features of 6 patients from three families with the R406W mutation. We determined the genotypes of intragenic MAPT single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the flanking microsatellite markers to search for a common founder. RESULTS: The initial symptom was memory loss with the average age at onset being 54 years. Anterograde amnesia with episodic memory impairment was the predominant phenotype. Behavioral and personality changes or parkinsonism is not a prominent feature. A brain MRI study revealed marked atrophy of the medial temporal lobe. Genetic analysis of SNPs and microsatellite markers revealed that the affected members of the three families share common genotypes. CONCLUSION: The findings of the affected members in this study, which corroborate previously reported findings of European families, suggest that the R406W mutation may represent a phenotype of predominant anterograde amnesia in FTLD-17. Our genetic data suggest that a founder effect may account for some families with the R406W mutation.

DOI： 10.1159/000331243

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：B M J PUBLISHING GROUP  

Background Hereditary short stature syndromes are clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders and the cause have not been fully identified. Yakuts are a population isolated in Asia; they live in the far east of the Russian Federation and have a high prevalence of hereditary short stature syndrome including 3-M syndrome. A novel short stature syndrome in Yakuts is reported here, which is characterised by autosomal recessive inheritance, severe postnatal growth retardation, facial dysmorphism with senile face, small hands and feet, normal intelligence, Pelger-Huet anomaly of leucocytes, and optic atrophy with loss of visual acuity and colour vision. This new syndrome is designated as short stature with optic atrophy and Pelger-Huet anomaly (SOPH) syndrome.
Aims To identify a causative gene for SOPH syndrome.
Methods Genomewide homozygosity mapping was conducted in 33 patients in 30 families.
Results The disease locus was mapped to the 1.1 Mb region on chromosome 2p24.3, including the neuroblastoma amplified sequence (NBAS) gene. Subsequently, 33 of 34 patients were identified with SOPH syndrome and had a 5741G/A nucleotide substitution (resulting in the amino acid substitution R1914H) in the NBAS gene in the homozygous state. None of the 203 normal Yakuts individuals had this substitution in the homozygous state. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the NBAS protein is well expressed in retinal ganglion cells, epidermal skin cells, and leucocyte cytoplasm in controls as well as a patient with SOPH syndrome.
Conclusion These findings suggest that function of NBAS may associate with the pathogenesis of short stature syndrome as well as optic atrophy and Pelger-Huet anomaly.

DOI： 10.1136/jmg.2009.074815

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

Tau is the pathological protein in several neurodegenerative disorders classified as frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), including corticobasal degeneration (CBD) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). We report an unusual tauopathy in three Japanese patients presenting with Parkinsonism and motor neuron disease (neuroimaging revealed frontotemporal cerebral atrophy in two patients who were examined). At autopsy, all cases showed FTLD with the most severe neuronal loss and gliosis evident in the premotor and precentral gyri. Although less severe, such changes were also observed in other brain regions, including the basal ganglia and substantia nigra. In the spinal cord, loss of anterior horn cells and degeneration of the corticospinal tract were evident. In addition, the affected regions exhibited neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions resembling neurofibrillary tangles. Immunostaining using antibodies against hyperphosphorylated tau and 4-repeat tau revealed widespread occurrence of neuronal and glial cytoplasmic inclusions in the central nervous system; the astrocytic tau lesions were unique, and different in morphology from astrocytic plaques in CBD, or tufted astrocytes in PSP. However, immunoblotting of frozen brain samples available in two cases revealed predominantly 4R tau, with the approximately 37-kDa and 33-kDa low-molecular mass tau fragments characteristic of CBD and PSP, respectively. No mutations were found in the tau gene in either of the two cases. Based on these clinicopathological, biochemical, and genetic findings, we consider that the present three patients form a distinct 4R tauopathy associated with sporadic FTLD.

DOI： 10.1007/s00401-010-0649-2

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS  

The presence of argyrophilic grains in the neuropil is associated with a form of dementia. We investigated morphological asymmetry in 653 consecutive autopsy patients from a general geriatric hospital (age [mean +/- SD] = 81.1 T 8.9 years), focusing on those from patients with advanced argyrophilic grain disease. Paraffin sections of the bilateral posterior hippocampi were immunostained with antiYphosphorylated tau and antiY4-repeat tau antibodies and by the Gallyas-Braak method. In a side-to-side comparison, asymmetry was defined when either the extent or the density of argyrophilic grains was different. Of the 653 subjects, 65 (10%) had Stage 3 argyrophilic grain disease, and 59 (90.8%) showed histopathological asymmetry. Antemortem computed tomographic images (n = 24), magnetic resonance imaging scans (n = 8), and combined computed tomographic and magnetic resonance images (n = 15) were available; images from 20 of the 47 subjects showed asymmetry that correlated with the histopathological asymmetry. Cerebral cortical asymmetry consistent with the histopathology was also visible in N-isopropyl-123I-piodoamphetamine single photon emission computed tomographic images from 6 patients and 18 F-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomographic images from 2 patients. Thus, asymmetric involvement of the medial temporal lobe in patients with advanced argyrophilic grain disease may represent a diagnostic feature and contribute to distinguishing dementia with grains from Alzheimer disease.

DOI： 10.1097/NEN.0b013e3181e5ae5c

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-LISS  

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-parkinsonism dementia complex (ALS/PDC) is a distinct neurodegenerative disorder characterized by ALS pathology with neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the spinal cord and brain. Recent clinical studies have revealed a high incidence and a high familial occurrence of ALS/PDC in both Guam and the Kii peninsula of Japan, suggesting a strong genetic predisposition to this disorder. The T1482I variant (rs8042919) of TRPM7 gene which is suggested to play roles in regulating the cellular homeostasis of Ca(2+), Mg(2+), and trace metals, has recently been reported to be associated with Guamanian patients with ALS/PDC. To investigate whether TRPM7 is associated with Kii ALS/PDC, we conducted parametric linkage analyses of the TRPM7 locus in a large extended family with ALS/PDC. Linkage analysis did not reveal any evidence supporting the linkage to the TRPM7 locus. Resequencing of the entire coding region of TRPM7 did not reveal any pathogenic mutations in an affected individual in this family. The allele frequencies of the T1482I in affected individuals in this family or in those from other families are not significantly different from those in regional controls or those in HapMap-JPT samples. These results indicate that TRPM7 is not associated with ALS/PDC in the Kii peninsula of Japan. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/ajmg.b.30966

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：IOS PRESS  

High plasma lipoprotein phospholipase A(2) activity (Lp-PLA(2)) is reported to be a risk factor for dementia. A loss of function polymorphism in the Lp-PLA(2) gene - PLA2G7 V279F - is found almost exclusively in Asians. In 1,952 subjects with late-onset AD and 2,079 non-demented controls recruited from Japan, the PLA2G7 null allele was not associated with risk or age at onset of AD: logistic regression OR 0.98 (95% CI 0.86-1.12, p = 0.81) per additional null allele, adjusted for age/age at onset, gender, and APOE epsilon 4. Genetic deficiency of Lp-PLA(2) activity is not associated with a reduced risk of AD in the Japanese population.

DOI： 10.3233/JAD-2010-100513

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：B M J PUBLISHING GROUP  

Background: The occurrence of duplications of the amyloid precursor protein gene (APP) has been described in European families with early-onset familial Alzheimer disease (EO-FAD) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. However, the contribution of APP duplication to the development of AD in other ethnic populations remains undetermined.
Methods: The occurrence of APP duplication in probands from 25 families with FAD and 11 sporadic EO-AD cases in the Japanese population was examined by quantitative PCR and microarray-based comparative genomic hybridisation analyses. APP expression level was determined by real-time quantitative reverse-transcription (RT) PCR analysis using mRNA extracted from the peripheral blood of the patients.
Results: We identified APP locus duplications in two unrelated EO-FAD families. The duplicated genomic regions in two patients of these families differed from each other. No APP duplication was found in the late-onset FAD families or sporadic EO-AD patients. The patients with APP duplication developed insidious memory disturbance in their fifties without intracerebral haemorrhage and epilepsy. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed the increased APP mRNA expression levels in these patients compared with those in age- and sex-matched controls.
Conclusions: Our results suggest that APP duplication should be considered in patients with EO-FAD in various ethnic groups, and that increased APP mRNA expression level owing to APP duplication contributes to AD development.

DOI： 10.1136/jnnp.2008.161703

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Language：English   Publisher：DR DIETRICH STEINKOPFF VERLAG  

DOI： 10.1007/s00415-009-5096-4

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

A goal of genetic research is to identify risk factor loci for complex disorders, and to understand a molecular mechanism of the factor on development of the disease. Dementia is the most common neurodegererative disorder in the elderly. Three frequent neurodegererative dementias are Alzheimer disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and frontotemporal lobar degeneration, characterized by senile plaque with amyloid beta and neurofibrillary tangles with tau, Lewy body with alpha-synuclein, tau or tau-negative ubiquitin-immunoreactive neuronal inclusions with TDP-43, respectively. Overlapping symptoms, progress and neuropathological findings often complicate the diagnosis. Genetic risk factors obtained by genome-wide association study might provide new insight into etiology common to dementia.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP  

The epsilon 4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) is unequivocally recognized as a genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer&apos;s disease (LOAD). Recently, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the GRB2-associated binding protein 2 gene (GAB2) were shown to be associated with LOAD in Caucasians carrying the APOE-epsilon 4 allele through a genome-wide association study. Here, we attempted to replicate the finding by genotyping these SNPs in a large clinical cohort of Japanese. We observed no association of any of the SNPs with LOAD. GAB2 may not be a disease susceptibility gene for LOAD in Japanese.

DOI： 10.1038/ejhg.2008.181

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

DOI： 10.1016/j.ygeno.2009.01.003

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC  

BACKGROUND
The genetic cause of cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL), which is characterized by ischemic, non-hypertensive, cerebral small-vessel disease with associated alopecia and spondylosis, is unclear.
METHODS
In five families with CARASIL, we carried out linkage analysis, fine mapping of the region implicated in the disease, and sequence analysis of a candidate gene. We also conducted functional analysis of wild-type and mutant gene products and measured the signaling by members of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) family and gene and protein expression in the small arteries in the cerebrum of two patients with CARASIL.
RESULTS
We found linkage of the disease to the 2.4-Mb region on chromosome 10q, which contains the HtrA serine protease 1 (HTRA1) gene. HTRA1 is a serine protease that represses signaling by TGF-beta family members. Sequence analysis revealed two nonsense mutations and two missense mutations in HTRA1. The missense mutations and one of the nonsense mutations resulted in protein products that had comparatively low levels of protease activity and did not repress signaling by the TGF-beta family. The other nonsense mutation resulted in the loss of HTRA1 protein by nonsense-mediated decay of messenger RNA. Immunohistochemical analysis of the cerebral small arteries in affected persons showed increased expression of the extra domain-A region of fibronectin and versican in the thickened tunica intima and of TGF-beta 1 in the tunica media.
CONCLUSIONS
CARASIL is associated with mutations in the HTRA1 gene. Our findings indicate a link between repressed inhibition of signaling by the TGF-beta family and ischemic cerebral small-vessel disease, alopecia, and spondylosis.

DOI： 10.1056/NEJMoa0801560

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BIOMED CENTRAL LTD  

Background: During this recent decade, microarray-based single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data are becoming more widely used as markers for linkage analysis in the identification of loci for disease-associated genes. Although microarray-based SNP analyses have markedly reduced genotyping time and cost compared with microsatellite-based analyses, applying these enormous data to linkage analysis programs is a time-consuming step, thus, necessitating a high-throughput platform.
Results: We have developed SNP HiTLink (SNP High Throughput Linkage analysis system). In this system, SNP chip data of the Affymetrix Mapping 100 k/500 k array set and Genome-Wide Human SNP array 5.0/6.0 can be directly imported and passed to parametric or model-free linkage analysis programs; MLINK, Superlink, Merlin and Allegro. Various marker-selecting functions are implemented to avoid the effect of typing-error data, markers in linkage equilibrium or to select informative data.
Conclusion: The results using the 100 k SNP dataset were comparable or even superior to those obtained from analyses using microsatellite markers in terms of LOD scores obtained. General personal computers are sufficient to execute the process, as runtime for whole-genome analysis was less than a few hours. This system can be widely applied to linkage analysis using microarray-based SNP data and with which one can expect high-throughput and reliable linkage analysis.

DOI： 10.1186/1471-2105-10-121

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

Motivation: A two-stage association study is the most commonly used method among multistage designs to efficiently identify disease susceptibility genes. Recently, some SNP studies have utilized more than two stages to detect disease genes. However, there are few available programs for calculating statistical powers and positive predictive values (PPVs) of arbitrary n-stage designs.
Results: We developed programs for a multistage case-control association study using R language. In our programs, input parameters include numbers of samples and candidate loci, genome-wide false positive rate and proportions of samples and loci to be selected at the k-th stage (k = 1,..., n). The programs output statistical powers, PPVs and numbers of typings in arbitrary n-stage designs. The programs can contribute to prior simulations under various conditions in planning a genome-wide association study.

DOI： 10.1093/bioinformatics/btn616

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP  

A two-stage association study is the most commonly used method to efficiently identify disease susceptibility genes. However, some recent single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) studies recently utilized three-stage designs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the practical properties of statistical powers and positive predictive values (PPVs) of replication-based analysis (RBA) and the joint analysis (JA) in multistage designs. For this purpose, a program for multistage designs was developed to calculate these performance indicators under various conditions of the number of samples, alleles of candidates, alleles remaining in the final stage, and genotypings. The results showed that the powers and PPVs of RBA and JA in three-stage designs were higher than those in two-stage designs in the range of a smaller proportion of sample size than 0.5 at the first stage. This tendency was more remarkable in JA. In conclusion, researchers who perform SNP studies for identifying disease susceptibility genes need to take account of three-stage case-control association studies, corresponding to study conditions such as the total numbers of samples, alleles, and genotypings. Furthermore, the program developed in this study is useful for estimating powers and PPVs in planning multistage association studies.

DOI： 10.1007/s10038-008-0258-2

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SCHATTAUER GMBH-VERLAG MEDIZIN NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN  

Objectives: Simultaneous dealing of hundreds of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genome-wide association studies is laborious. The aim of our study is to develop a method to decrease the number of candidate SNPs prior to the genotyping of study subjects.
Methods. We created virtual genotype data on case and control subjects from data of the International HapMap Project by using haplotype-based simulation method. We repeated virtual case-control association studies and selected candidate SNPs. We applied the selected SNPs to previously published genetic case-control studies. Sensitivity to detect association with causative genes using our method was compared to the original studies and results using tag SNPs.
Results. We found a discrete distribution pattern of SNPs, which was able to produce significant results in case-control association studies. The number of candidate SNPs that we selected was 24.7% of the number of the original set of SNPs, We applied this method to previously published genetic case-control studies and found that the use of candidate SNPs improved the sensitivity for detecting significant alleles, both compared to the original studies and to the use of tag SNPs. The results were not affected by the difference of the diseases and genes involved.
Conclusions. Our simulation-based approach has advantages of reducing costs and improving performance to detect significant alleles. This method can be used without considering the specific disease and genes involved.

DOI： 10.3414/ME9129

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：KARGER  

Background: Three major causative genes have been implicated as the cause of early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (AD): the amyloid precursor protein gene (APP), presenilin-1 (PSEN1) and PSEN2. Although rare, a tau-related dementia with mutations in the microtubule-associated protein tau gene (MAPT) has been identified in patients showing clinical presentations similar to those of AD. Methods: We performed mutational analysis of APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, and MAPT in 10 Japanese families with early-onset dementia clinically diagnosed as probable Alzheimer's disease. Results: In 4 index patients, we identified 4 missense PSEN1 mutations, namely, L286V, G378E, L381V, and L392V. The mean age at onset in the patients with PSEN1 mutations was 39 years. In 2 families, we found the R406W mutation in MAPT. The mean age at onset of the patients carrying the R406W mutation was 52 years, and they presented with the peculiar AD-like phenotype without apparent behavioral or language problems. Conclusion: These observations suggest that although PSEN1 mutations are the most frequent cause, the MAPT R406W mutation is an important cause of early-onset familial dementia clinically diagnosed as AD. Differentiation of patients with the MAPT mutation from AD patients by genetic testing would be meaningful, considering that a different therapeutic approach should be applied. Copyright (c) 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel.

DOI： 10.1159/000141483

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Language：English  

Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia in the elderly, was found to exhibit a trend toward a higher risk in females than in males through epidemiological studies. Therefore, we hypothesized that gender-related genetic risks could exist. To reveal the ones for late-onset AD (LOAD), we extended our previous genetic work on chromosome 10q (genomic region, 60-107 Mb), and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based genetic association analyses were performed on the same chromosomal region, where the existence of genetic risk factors for plasma Abeta42 elevation in LOAD was implied on a linkage analysis. Two-step screening of 1140 SNPs was carried out using a total of 1408 subjects with the APOE-epsilon3*3 genotype: we first genotyped an exploratory sample set (LOAD, 363; control, 337), and then genotyped some associated SNPs in a validation sample set (LOAD, 336; control, 372). Seven SNPs, spanning about 38 kb, in intron 9 of CTNNA3 were found to show multiple-hit association with LOAD in females, and exhibited more significant association on Mantel-Haenszel test (allelic P-values(MH-F) = 0.000005945-0.0007658). Multiple logistic regression analysis of a total of 2762 subjects (LOAD, 1313; controls, 1449) demonstrated that one of the seven SNPs directly interacted with the female gender, but not with the male gender. Furthermore, we found that this SNP exhibited no interaction with the APOE-epsilon4 allele. Our data suggest that CTNNA3 may affect LOAD through a female-specific mechanism independent of the APOE-epsilon4 allele.

DOI： 10.1093/hmg/ddm244

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SOC NEUROSCIENCE  

Mutations in the PSEN1 gene encoding presenilin 1 ( PS1) are linked to a vast majority of pedigrees with early- onset, autosomal dominant forms of familial Alzheimer's disease ( FAD). Lewy body ( LB) pathology is frequently found in the brains of FAD patients harboring PSEN1 mutations. We recently reported on a novel PS1 mutation with the deletion of threonine at codon 440 (Delta T440) in a familial case diagnosed as having the neocortical type of dementia with LBs ( DLB) and variant AD. In this report, we investigated the possible involvement of PS1 Delta T440 mutation in aberrant alpha-synuclein accumulation. We established cell lines that stably express either wild- type ( WT) PS1 or the FAD- linked PS1 H163R, E280A, Delta E9, and PS1 Delta T440 mutants and now demonstrate that the expression of the PS1 Delta T440 mutant led to a marked elevation in the ratio of beta-amyloid (A beta) 42/40 peptides in a conditioned medium. More importantly, we report here that the levels of phosphorylated alpha-synuclein increase in neuronal and non- neuronal cells expressing the PS1 Delta T440 mutant compared with cells that express WT PS1 or the PS1 H163R and E280A variants that are not associated with LB pathology. This finding is consistent with our demonstration of elevated levels of phosphorylated alpha-synuclein in the detergent-resistant fraction prepared from a patient's brain with PS1 Delta T440 mutation. These observations raise the intriguing suggestion that the mechanism( s) by which the PS1 Delta T440 mutant causes DLB and variant AD are by enhancing the phosphorylation of alpha-synuclein and the ratio of A beta(42/40) peptides, respectively, in the brain.

DOI： 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4244-07.2007

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Recent clinical research have revealed that more than 70% of the patients with ALS/PDC, which is highly prevalent in Hohara area in the Kii peninsula, have family history. 80% of Guamanian patients, who have identical pathological findings to those of ALS/PDC in Kii, are also known to have family history with non-Mendelian trait. These facts suggest strong genetic predisposition to ALS/PDC in both Kii and Guam. However, no genes associated with ALS/PDC have been identified by molecular genetic studies using candidate gene approach. To identify the causative or susceptibility genes for ALS/PDC, we have conducted a genomewide linkage analysis for five families with ALS/PDC in Hohara. The fact that affected individuals were ascertained in successive generations suggest an autosomal dominant (AD) inheritance, while the presence of consanguinity suggests an autosomal recessive (AR) inheritance. Although we can raise possibilities of AD model with incomplete penetrance or AR model with high gene frequency (pseudo-dominant model), the mode of inheritance of ALS/PDC families is complicated and controversial. Therefore, we are also conducting model-free (non-parametric) linkage analysis to identify the disease locus without setting mode of inheritance. More family members and detailed clinical evaluations are required to obtain the convincing evidence of linkage.

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Autosomal dominant choreas are genetically heterogeneous disorders including Huntington disease (HD), Huntington disease like 1 (HDL1), Huntington disease like 2 (HDL2), dentatorubro-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA), spinocerebellar ataxia type 17 (SCA17) and benign hereditary chorea (BHC). We identified two Japanese families with adult-onset benign chorea without dementia inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. All affected individuals presented slowly progressive choreic movements in their upper and lower extremities, trunk and head with an age of onset ranging from 40 to 66 (average 54.3), which were markedly improved by haloperidol. The affected individuals also developed reduced muscle tones in their extremities. The findings obtained in the brain CT or MRI studies of nine affected individuals were normal. These clinical features resemble those of the so-called &#039;senile chorea&#039;. HD, HDL1, HDL2, DRPLA, SCA17 and BHC caused by mutations in the TITF-1 gene were excluded by mutational and linkage analyses. A genome-wide linkage analysis revealed linkage to chromosome 8q21.3-q23.3 with a maximum cumulative two-point log of the odds (LOD) score of 4.74 at D8S1784 (theta = 0.00). H

DOI： 10.1093/brain/awm036

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Autosomal dominant choreas are genetically heterogeneous disorders including Huntington disease (HD), Huntington disease like 1 (HDL1), Huntington disease like 2 (HDL2), dentatorubro-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA), spinocerebellar ataxia type 17 (SCA17) and benign hereditary chorea (BHC). We identified two Japanese families with adult-onset benign chorea without dementia inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. All affected individuals presented slowly progressive choreic movements in their upper and lower extremities, trunk and head with an age of onset ranging from 40 to 66 (average 54.3), which were markedly improved by haloperidol. The affected individuals also developed reduced muscle tones in their extremities. The findings obtained in the brain CT or MRI studies of nine affected individuals were normal. These clinical features resemble those of the so-called 'senile chorea'. HD, HDL1, HDL2, DRPLA, SCA17 and BHC caused by mutations in the TITF-1 gene were excluded by mutational and linkage analyses. A genome-wide linkage analysis revealed linkage to chromosome 8q21.3-q23.3 with a maximum cumulative two-point log of the odds (LOD) score of 4.74 at D8S1784 (theta = 0.00). Haplotype analysis of both the families defined the candidate region as 21.5 Mb interval flanked by M9267 and D8S1139. We named this adult-onset dominant inherited chorea 'benign hereditary chorea type 2 (BHC2)'.

DOI： 10.1093/brain/awm036

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Language：English   Publisher：LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS  

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The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene has been consistently shown to be a major genetic risk factor; however, all cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD) cannot be attributed to the epsilon 4 variant of APOE, because about half of AD patients have the APOE-epsilon 3*3 genotype. To identify an additional genetic risk factor(s), we performed large-scale single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based association analysis of 1526 late-onset AD patients and 1666 control subjects in a Japanese population. We prepared two independent sets consisting of exploratory and validation samples, respectively, with only the APOE-epsilon 3*3 genotype, and first carried out genotyping for the exploratory set with 1206 SNPs in the region between 60 and 107 Mb on chromosome 10q that is implicated by linkage studies as containing an AD susceptibility locus. Thirty-five SNPs that showed significant values (P &lt; 0.01) were followed-up to detect any association with the validation samples. Finally, six SNPs exhibited replicated significant associations (P=0.000035-0.00048) on meta-analysis of both sets. These SNPs were clustered in a locus spanning 220 kb at genomic position 101 Mb, and three of the six SNPs were located in the dynamin-binding protein (DNMBP) gene. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that neuropathologically confirmed AD brains exhibit a significant reduction of DNMBP mRNA compared with age-matched ones (P &lt; 0.0169). Thus, we confirmed the association of DNMBP with AD individuals with the APOE-epsilon 3*3 genotype or lacking the epsilon 4 allele, and DNMBP may be one of the susceptibility genes for AD.

DOI： 10.1093/hmg/ddl142

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We report early-onset parkinsonism and dementia of 18 years' duration in a 52-year-old man whose grandfather and father had suffered from a similar neurological disease. In this patient, we found neuronal loss in various brain regions including the substantia nigra and cerebral cortex, Lewy bodies, cotton wool plaques, corticospinal tract degeneration, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and a novel three-base pair deletion in exon 12 of the presenilin-1 (PSEN1) gene. We considered that the mutant PSEN1 might play an important role in the pathogenetic process of both aggregation of a-synuclein into Lewy bodies and deposition of beta-amyloid into cotton wool plaques.

DOI： 10.1002/ana.20393

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Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is a genetic disease characterized by abnormal hair, teeth, and sweat gland development. Although most cases of HED display X-linked recessive inheritance, autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive forms also exist. X-linked HED is caused by mutations in the EDA gene, and the autosomal forms result from mutations in either the EDAR gene or the EDARADD gene. In this study, we identified compound heterozygous mutations in the EDAR gene in a Japanese female patient with HED. On the maternal allele is a novel splice donor site mutation of intron 2 leading to the generation of unstable transcripts with exon 2 skipping; on the paternal allele is a novel R375H transition within the death domain of EDAR. Using expression studies in tissue culture cells, we found that the R375H substitution in EDAR caused loss of its affinity for EDARADD and reduced activation of the downstream target NF-kappaB. Our findings indicate that both alleles of EDAR are non-functional in our patient, resulting in the HED phenotype.

DOI： 10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.23405.x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS  

The authors identified two Japanese spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) families characterized by postural and action tremor and a very slow progression rate. A genome-wide linkage analysis revealed linkage to chromosome 3p26.1-25.3 with the highest multipoint lod score at D3S3728 (Zmax=3.31 at theta=0.00). The candidate region was 14.7. cM flanked by D3S1620 and D3S3691, which was partly overlapping with the locus of SCA15 characterized by pure cerebellar ataxia. Despite the difference in phenotypes, there remains a possibility that the causative gene for these Japanese SCA is allelic to SCA15.

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We characterized a region of the mouse genome disrupted by integration of a gene trap (GT) vector in ES cells. On 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends analysis of the fusion transcripts containing the GT vector, we identified the eukaryotic protein synthesis initiation factor 4A1 gene (Eif4a1) as a promoter-trapped gene. Plasmid rescue was used to show that the other end of the integrated vector disrupted the murine homolog of the human fragile X mental retardation syndrome-related protein 2 gene (Fxr2h). Structural analysis of P1 clones, isolated from the wild-type mouse genome by PCR with Eif4a1-specific primers, indicated that the integration of the GT vector was accompanied by the deletion of about 35 kb of genomic DNA and that the disrupted region also included three genes, Cd68, Supl15h and Sox15, the latter two of which are transcribed in opposite directions with overlapping 3' ends. These five different genes at least, Eif4a1, Cd68, Supl15h, Sox15 and Fxr2h, are clustered in a 40 kb region. The chromosomal location of this region was mapped by means of interspecific backcross panel DNAs to the central part of mouse chromosome 11, exhibiting a known region of synteny with human chromosome 17. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/S0378-1119(99)00301-7

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A novel gene was trapped in mouse embryonic stem cells with a promoterless gene trap vector. Fused transcripts were isolated from the embryos by rapid amplification of cDNA ends, which were used for full-length cDNA cloning. The protein predicted from the cDNA consisting of 7143 nucleotides comprises 1184 amino acids, which was confirmed by in vitro transcription/translation assaying An antibody against the synthesized peptide reacted with an approximate 130-kDa protein on SDS-PAGE. A search of available databases revealed that this protein is a novel protein composed of 17 ankyrin repeats hooked to a zinc finger motif, which we named Ankhzn. Ankhzn was observed on the endosomal membrane on immunoelectron microscopic analysis. Ankhzn belongs to a new subgroup of double zinc finger proteins which may be involved in vesicle or protein transport. Ankhzn mRNA and its protein were expressed ubiquitously from embryonic day 10.5 to adulthood. (C) Academic Press.

DOI： 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0430

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ZOOLOGICAL SOC JAPAN  

An efficient gene trap strategy was devised for identifying the genes that are expressed in the mouse developing nervous system. Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell lines that carried independent integrations of a gene trap vector, pSneolNlacZA, were allowed to differentiate in a suspension culture system. To select cells containing neurons, astrocytes or neuron-glia precursors, cell lines were immunohistochemically examined with antibodies against neuron-specific proteins (neurofilament protein 150 kD and microtubule associated protein 2), glial fibrillary acidic protein or nestin. Three cell clones (GT3-8, 11 and 12) were immunoreactive to either of the antibodies employed and at the same time positive for beta-galactosidase activity. When chimeric embryos were generated by the use of the above 3 cell lines, some cells in their nervous system showed X-gal staining. Thus the major advantage of the present gene trap method lies in its prescreening step of manipulated ES cells prior to generation of chimeric animals. This method holds promise as a useful tool for investigating the genes involved in the development of the nervous system.

DOI： 10.2108/zsj.13.277

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：新潟医学会  

認知症の半数以上を占めるアルツハイマー病(Alzheimer's Disease:AD)はガン、糖尿病、高血圧などと同じく「ありふれた疾患」である。個々人の遺伝的素因を背景に環境要因(ライフスタイル、食生活、運動など)が加わって潜行性に発症し、緩徐に不可逆的に進行する。遺伝要因、環境要因の寄与率はそれぞれおよそ6割、4割を占めることがこれまでに明らかにされている。マイクロサテライトマーカーを用いた連鎖解析、ジーンチップによるゲノムワイド関連解析(Genome-Wide Association Study:GWAS)、次世代シーケンサーを駆使したターゲットリシーケンシング、全エクソーム解析、全ゲノム解析によって、家族性AD、孤発性ADに関与する遺伝子や病的・保護的バリアントが続々と見出されている。1990年代に若年性の家族性ADの原因遺伝子として報告されたAPP、PSEN1、PSEN2のバリアント解析は、今では臨床診断を確定する際に極めて有効である。同じく1990年代に孤発性ADの感受性遺伝子として初めて報告されたAPOEは、その周辺領域を含めゲノムワイドなレベルで非常に強力にADと関連することが2000年代のGWASで確証された。認知機能、脳画像、液性バイオマーカー(アミロイドベータタンパクやタウタンパク)などの量的形質とも強い関連を示す。そのため孤発性ADの病態を解明し、その治療戦略を考える上で無視できない重要な感受性遺伝子としての地位が確立した。これまでのところ、APOEのインパクトを凌ぐAD感受性遺伝子やバリアントは報告されていない。本稿では講演内容の一部を抜粋し、ADの原因遺伝子、感受性遺伝子にフォーカスして論を進める。この機会にADの遺伝要因に関する理解を深め、今後の更なる研究展開に向けた糧としたい。(著者抄録)

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アルツハイマー病(AD)は糖尿病などと同じく「ありふれた疾患」である。遺伝的素因を背景にさまざまな環境要因が加わって潜行性に発症し、緩徐に不可逆的に進行する。ADは認知症全体のおよそ6〜7割を占め、最も頻度が高い。加齢が最大のリスク要因ではあるが、遺伝要因の寄与率はおよそ6割と見積もられている。これは、先天的な疾患感受性要因としてバリアント情報を軽視できないことを意味している。本稿では、AD感受性遺伝子について最新の知見を概説した。(著者抄録)

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Next generation sequencing (NGS) technology has dramatically influenced the field of omics studies, such as genomics and transcriptomics. It is now possible to access a significant number of previously known and novel genomic variants through NGS. Although the effective manipulation and accurate interpretation of the inordinate amount of data may pose a considerable challenge, it enables us to identify specific genes responsible for causing or influencing the susceptibility to a plethora of diseases. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common etiology of dementia in the elderly (approximately 60-70%). The current research trend of AD genetics focuses on the analysis of rare variants (allelic frequency <1%) instead of common variants (allelic frequency >1%) to identify AD-associated genes/variants. A number of genes (such as TREM2, ABCA7, SORL1) that carry rare pathogenic variants have reportedly conferred susceptibility to AD with stronger genetic risk effects (odds ratio >2.0). Here, we are going to introduce a small part of the latest many attractive findings about AD genetic researches.

DOI： 10.11477/mf.1416201406

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がんの家系、糖尿病の家系、脳卒中の家系…と古くから病気は遺伝が影響するのではないかと疑われてきた。Alzheimer病(AD)も遺伝素因の関与が強く示唆され、常染色体優性遺伝形式をとる単一遺伝子病の報告に続いて孤発性ADについても多くの遺伝的感受性遺伝子が同定された。とりわけApolipoprotein E遺伝子は民族を超えて強力なリスク遺伝子である。AD関連遺伝子の解析法もこの10年間で、家系をベースとした連鎖解析、同胞対解析、細胞生物学的機能から推測した候補遺伝子アプローチ、SNPベースの大規模GWAS(Genome-wide association study)、客観的バイオマーカーの中間表現型と遺伝型解析、解析も数千を超える検体数、と大きく進化した。(著者抄録)

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD  

DOI： 10.1016/j.neures.2011.07.1266

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精神・神経疾患の病態解析の新しい手法として核磁気共鳴画像法やポジトロン断層法などの脳画像データとゲノム配列情報を統合する&quot;イメージングゲノミクス&quot;が注目されている。高次脳機能を解剖学的・生理学的変化として客観的にとらえ、個人ゲノムの多様性と関連づけることで、発症前診断や病気の進行を評価・予測することが将来的に可能となる。イメージングゲノミクスは統合失調症で先行して研究され、Alzheimer病(AD)でも成果が出はじめている。ADの強力な感受性遺伝子であるAPOEのε4アレルは、海馬や嗅内野の萎縮、βアミロイド蛋白の脳内沈着量と相関していた。ゲノムワイドSNP解析と合わせることで、海馬灰白質の萎縮に関連する遺伝子(C20orf132、ZBP1)があらたに見出された。このように、高次精神・神経活動の中間表現型としての脳画像を個人ゲノムの多様性と関連づけるイメージングゲノミクスは、新しい臨床-ゲノム科学として確立しつつある。(著者抄録)

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世界的にみると7秒に1人が認知症になっている。感染症や治療可能な病気を克服して高齢社会に突入した人類は、新しい病魔と向き合うことになった。認知症の大半を占めるアルツハイマー病は、ゆっくりであるが不可逆的に進行する。アルツハイマー病と気付いたときの脳病変はすでにもとに戻れない状態になっている。健康寿命を延ばすためには、脳機能が正常な段階でアルツハイマー病予備軍を探して、適切な予防対策を立てることである。個人を特徴づけるゲノム情報は、発症前診断として有効と考えられる。(著者抄録)

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(株)日本臨床社  

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2009227917

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J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：新潟医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(株)メディカルレビュー社  

認知症も多くの疾患と同じくゲノム情報を基盤に、生体内あるいは外部の環境要因が加わって生理機能に破綻をきたして発症すると考えられている。認知症は少数の若年発症の家族性単一遺伝病と大多数を占める孤発性認知症が知られている。65歳以上の高齢者では7〜10%がアルツハイマー病(AD)に罹患している。全ゲノム上のSNP位置、連鎖不平衡ブロックなどの公開データベースの充実、高密度SNPを搭載したSNPタイピングが可能となり、大規模相関解析が精度高く実施できる環境が整った。AD危険因子探索研究は、全ゲノムタイピングによる網羅的解析の激しい国際競争の「うねり」の中にある。候補遺伝子アプローチならびに染色体ワイドおよびゲノムワイド相関解析から新しいリスク遺伝子が同定されている。(著者抄録)

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：南山堂  

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2008208861

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2008120204

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本てんかん学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本神経学会  

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2008037601

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2008037598

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本神経学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(株)メディカルレビュー社  

認知症の最も大きなリスクファクターは加齢である。長生きと引き換えに人類は新しい難病と向き合うこととなった。世界が高齢化に向かう現在、高齢社会にある日本は先導的に研究が行えるし、行う必要がある。認知症の3分の2を占めるアルツハイマー病の病因解明の糸口の1つに、遺伝的危険因子の同定がある。とりわけ全ゲノムをスクリーニングして新しいリスク遺伝子を発見することは、これまでに予想しなかった発病・進行に関わる分子に遭遇することが期待される。遺伝子型解析に際して、最も重要なことは、疾患と正常とを明確に区別することである。両親から受け継いだゲノム構造は、基本的には生まれてから死ぬまで普遍であるので、地域、性別、年齢、教育、治療、介入、食事、ライフスタイルなどの環境が発病や病型に修飾を与えている点に注意を払って、遺伝的危険因子の解析に取り組む必要がある。(著者抄録)

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本認知症学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：共立出版  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：共立出版(株)  

アルツハイマー病は,家族性と孤発性に分けられる.常染色体優性遺伝形式をとる家族性の早期発症型アルツハイマー病の遺伝解析が行なわれ,3つの原因遺伝子APP,PSEN1,PSEN2が同定された.孤発性のアルツハイマー病に関しては,染色体19q13のapolipoprotein E(APOE)が民族をこえた遺伝的危険因子として唯一認められている.しかし,APOEで説明がつくのは全体の30%以下であるので,そのほかに危険因子の存在が示唆されている.一方,モデルマウスを用いてゲノムをベースに環境因子関連の研究が進んでいる(著者抄録)

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本神経学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：新潟大学  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：新潟医学会  

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Other Link： https://search-tp.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2005&ichushi_jid=J00990&link_issn=&doc_id=20060120300012&doc_link_id=%2Fdg3nigta%2F2005%2F011911%2F013%2F0695-0695%26dl%3D2&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalonline.jp%2Fjamas.php%3FGoodsID%3D%2Fdg3nigta%2F2005%2F011911%2F013%2F0695-0695%26dl%3D2&type=MedicalOnline&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00004_5.gif

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：WILEY-LISS  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：新潟大学  

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Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2004&ichushi_jid=J00990&link_issn=&doc_id=20050315230010&doc_link_id=%2Fdg3nigta%2F2004%2F011812%2F011%2F0713-0713%26dl%3D2&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalonline.jp%2Fjamas.php%3FGoodsID%3D%2Fdg3nigta%2F2004%2F011812%2F011%2F0713-0713%26dl%3D2&type=MedicalOnline&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00004_5.gif

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Language：English   Publisher：LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS  

The authors identified two Japanese spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) families characterized by postural and action tremor and a very slow progression rate. A genome-wide linkage analysis revealed linkage to chromosome 3p26.1-25.3 with the highest multipoint lod score at D3S3728 (Zmax=3.31 at theta=0.00). The candidate region was 14.7. cM flanked by D3S1620 and D3S3691, which was partly overlapping with the locus of SCA15 characterized by pure cerebellar ataxia. Despite the difference in phenotypes, there remains a possibility that the causative gene for these Japanese SCA is allelic to SCA15.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本神経学会  

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Other Link： http://hdl.handle.net/10191/3700

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2004146880

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2004146882

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J-GLOBAL

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Other Link： https://search-tp.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2002&ichushi_jid=J00990&link_issn=&doc_id=20030220040010&doc_link_id=%2Fdg3nigta%2F2002%2F011611%2F010%2F0569-0569%26dl%3D2&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalonline.jp%2Fjamas.php%3FGoodsID%3D%2Fdg3nigta%2F2002%2F011611%2F010%2F0569-0569%26dl%3D2&type=MedicalOnline&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00004_5.gif

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Other Link： http://hdl.handle.net/10191/2738

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：UNIV CHICAGO PRESS  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(株)中外医学社  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS  

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Other Link： http://hdl.handle.net/10191/48487

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本神経化学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(公社)日本生化学会  

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Language：English   Publisher：ZOOLOGICAL SOC JAPAN  

An efficient gene trap strategy was devised for identifying the genes that are expressed in the mouse developing nervous system. Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell lines that carried independent integrations of a gene trap vector, pSneolNlacZA, were allowed to differentiate in a suspension culture system. To select cells containing neurons, astrocytes or neuron-glia precursors, cell lines were immunohistochemically examined with antibodies against neuron-specific proteins (neurofilament protein 150 kD and microtubule associated protein 2), glial fibrillary acidic protein or nestin. Three cell clones (GT3-8, 11 and 12) were immunoreactive to either of the antibodies employed and at the same time positive for beta-galactosidase activity. When chimeric embryos were generated by the use of the above 3 cell lines, some cells in their nervous system showed X-gal staining. Thus the major advantage of the present gene trap method lies in its prescreening step of manipulated ES cells prior to generation of chimeric animals. This method holds promise as a useful tool for investigating the genes involved in the development of the nervous system.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL  

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