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OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to investigate the molecular etiology of osteogenesis imperfecta type VIII and dental anomalies in 4 siblings of a Karen tribe family. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four patients and their unaffected parents were studied by clinical and radiographic examination. In situ hybridization of P3h1 during early murine tooth development, whole-exome sequencing, and Sanger direct sequencing were performed. RESULTS: A novel homozygous missense P3H1 mutation (NM_001243246.1; c.2141A>G; NP_001230175.1; p.Lys714Arg) was identified in all patients. Their unaffected parents were heterozygous for the mutation. The mutation is hypothesized to belong to isoform c of P3H1. Mutations in P3H1 are associated with autosomal recessive osteogenesis imperfecta type VIII. Hypodontia, a mesiodens, and single-rooted permanent second molars found in our patients have never been reported in patients with P3H1 mutations. Single-rooted second permanent molars or failure to form multiple roots implies effects of the P3H1 mutation on root development. CONCLUSIONS: We report a novel P3H1 mutation as the underlying cause of osteogenesis imperfecta type VIII with dental anomalies. Our study suggests that isoform c of P3H1 is also a functional isoform of P3H1. We report, for the first time, to our knowledge, the association of P3H1 mutation and osteogenesis imperfecta type VIII with dental anomalies.

DOI： 10.1016/j.oooo.2021.01.023

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：新潟歯学会  

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Objective: Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is a hereditary disorder characterized by abnormal structures and functions of the ectoderm-derived organs, including teeth. HED patients exhibit a variety of dental symptoms, such as hypodontia. Although disruption of the EDA/EDAR/EDARADD/NF-kappa B pathway is known to be responsible for HED, it remains unclear whether this pathway is involved in the process of enamel formation.Experimental subjects and methods: To address this question, we examined the mice overexpressingIkk beta(an essential component required for the activation of NF-kappa B pathway) under the keratin 5 promoter (K5-Ikk beta).Results: Upregulation of the NF-kappa B pathway was confirmed in the ameloblasts ofK5-Ikk beta mice. Premature abrasion was observed in the molars ofK5-Ikk beta mice, which was accompanied by less mineralized enamel. However, no significant changes were observed in the enamel thickness and the pattern of enamel rods inK5-Ikk beta mice.Klk4expression was significantly upregulated in the ameloblasts ofK5-Ikk beta mice at the maturation stage, and the expression of its substrate, amelogenin, was remarkably reduced. This suggests that abnormal enamel observed inK5-Ikk beta mice was likely due to the compromised degradation of enamel protein at the maturation stage.Conclusion: Therefore, we could conclude that the overactivation of the NF-kappa B pathway impairs the process of amelogenesis.

DOI： 10.1111/odi.13384

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Cleft palate is one of the most common congenital diseases. Therefore, elucidating the molecular mechanisms of palate development is crucial for basic science and the clinical field. Cleft palate in mouse with targeted gene mutation is an excellent experimental model for clarifying the mechanisms driving palate development. Cleft palate occurs in two forms: a cleft between the primary and secondary palates (primary cleft palate) and a cleft between the secondary palates (secondary cleft palate). It remains unclear whether primary palate development is under similar molecular control as secondary palate formation, since most of studies have focused on secondary palate development using mutant mice. CL/Fraser (CL/Fr) is a mouse strain that often exhibits spontaneous primary cleft palate; however, the molecular changes in primary cleft palate in CL/Fr mice are not fully understood. Several signaling pathways, including Shh, Fgf, Bmp, and Wnt signaling, have been shown to play key roles in secondary palate development. In the present study, we found that Shh and Wnt signaling pathways were downregulated in the primary cleft palate region in CL/Fr mice.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ajoms.2019.12.001

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DOI： 10.1111/1346-8138.15333

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BACKGROUND: Juberg-Hayward syndrome (JHS; MIM 216100) is a rare autosomal recessive malformation syndrome, characterized by cleft lip/palate, microcephaly, ptosis, short stature, hypoplasia or aplasia of thumbs, and dislocation of radial head and fusion of humerus and radius leading to elbow restriction. OBJECTIVE: To report for the first time the molecular aetiology of JHS. PATIENT AND METHODS: Clinical and radiographic examination, whole exome sequencing, Sanger sequencing, mutant protein model construction, and in situ hybridization of Esco2 expression in mouse embryos were performed. RESULTS: Clinical findings of the patient consisted of repaired cleft lip/palate, microcephaly, ptosis, short stature, delayed bone age, hypoplastic fingers and thumbs, clinodactyly of the fifth fingers, and humeroradial synostosis leading to elbow restriction. Intelligence is normal. Whole exome sequencing of the whole family showed a novel homozygous base substitution c.1654C>T in ESCO2 of the proband. The sister was homozygous for the wildtype variant. Parents were heterozygous for the mutation. The mutation is predicted to cause premature stop codon p.Arg552Ter. Mutations in ESCO2, a gene involved in cohesin complex formation, are known to cause Roberts/SC phocomelia syndrome. Roberts/SC phocomelia syndrome and JHS share similar clinical findings, including autosomal recessive inheritance, short stature, cleft lip/palate, severe upper limb anomalies, and hypoplastic digits. Esco2 expression during the early development of lip, palate, eyelid, digits, upper limb, and lower limb and truncated protein model are consistent with the defect. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that Roberts/SC phocomelia syndrome and JHS are allelic and distinct entities. This is the first report demonstrating that mutation in ESCO2 causes JHS, a cohesinopathy.

DOI： 10.1093/ejo/cjaa023

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER  

Background: Periodic patterning of iterative structures is diverse across the animal kingdom. Clarifying the molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of these structures helps to elucidate the genetic commonality of developmental processes, as organs with these structures are believed to share the same molecular mechanisms and fundamental processes. Palatal rugae are periodic corrugated structures on the hard palate and are conserved in all mammals. Although the numbers and patterns of the palatal rugae are species specific, they are consistent in each mammalian species, except humans.Highlight: Palatal rugae development is thus under strict genetic control in most mammals and is an excellent model to investigate the genetic commonality of developmental processes to form periodic patterning.Conclusion: This review highlights the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of palatal rugae development. (C) 2019 Japanese Association for Oral Biology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.job.2019.12.002

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The mandible is a crucial organ in both clinical and biological fields due to the high frequency of congenital anomalies and the significant morphological changes during evolution. Primary cilia play a critical role in many biological processes, including the determination of left/right axis patterning, the regulation of signaling pathways, and the formation of bone and cartilage. Perturbations in the function of primary cilia are known to cause a wide spectrum of human diseases: the ciliopathies. Craniofacial dysmorphologies, including mandibular deformity, are often seen in patients with ciliopathies. Mandibular development is characterized by chondrogenesis and osteogenesis; however, the role of primary cilia in mandibular development is not fully understood. To address this question, we generated mice with mesenchymal deletions of the ciliary protein, Ift88 (Ift88(fl/fl);Wnt1Cre). Ift88(fl/fl);Wnt1Cre mice showed ectopic mandibular bone formation, whereas Ift88 mutant mandible was slightly shortened. Meckel's cartilage was modestly expanded in Ift88(fl/fl);Wnt1Cre mice. The downregulation of Hh signaling was found in most of the mesenchyme of Ift88 mutant mandible. However, mice with a mesenchymal deletion of an essential molecule for Hh signaling activity, Smo (Smo(fl/fl);Wnt1Cre), showed only ectopic mandibular formation, whereas Smo mutant mandible was significantly shortened. Ift88 is thus involved in chondrogenesis and osteogenesis during mandibular development, partially through regulating Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling.

DOI： 10.1111/joa.13096

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Periodic patterning of iterative structures is a fundamental process during embryonic development, since these structures are diverse across the animal kingdom. Therefore, elucidating the molecular mechanisms in the formation of these structures promotes understanding of the process of organogenesis. Periodically patterned ridges, palatal rugae (situated on the hard palate of mammals), are an excellent experimental model to clarify the molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of periodic patterning of iterative structures. Primary cilia are involved in many biological events, including the regulation of signaling pathways such as Shh and non-canonical Wnt signaling. However, the role of primary cilia in the development of palatal rugae remains unclear. We found that primary cilia were localized to the oral cavity side of the interplacode epithelium of the palatal rugae, whereas restricted localization of primary cilia could not be detected in other regions. Next, we generated mice with a placodal conditional deletion of the primary cilia protein Ift88, using ShhCre mice (Ift88(fl/fl);ShhCre). Highly disorganized palatal rugae were observed in Ift88(fl/fl);ShhCre mice. Furthermore, by comparative in situ hybridization analysis, many Shh and non-canonical Wnt signaling-related molecules showed spatiotemporal expression patterns during palatal rugae development, including restricted expression in the epithelium (placodes and interplacodes) and mesenchyme. Some of these expression were found to be altered in Ift88(fl/fl);ShhCre mice. Primary cilia is thus involved in development of palatal rugae.

DOI： 10.1016/j.gep.2019.119062

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：新潟歯学会  

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Tooth cusp is a crucial structure, since the shape of the molar tooth is determined by number, shape, and size of the cusp. Bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling is known to play a critical role in tooth development, including in initiation. However, it remains unclear whether Bmp signaling is also involved in cusp formation. To address this question, we examined cusp in two different transgenic mouse lines: mice with overexpression of Bmp4 (K14-Bmp4), and those with Bmp inhibitor, Noggin, (K14-Noggin) under keratin14 (K14) promoter. K14-Noggin mice demonstrated extra cusps, whereas reduced number of cusps was observed in K14-Bmp4 mice. To further understand how Bmps are expressed during cusp formation, we performed whole-mount in situ hybridisation analysis of three major Bmps (Bmp2, Bmp4, and Bmp7) in murine maxillary and mandibular molars from E14.5 to P3. The linear expressions of Bmp2 and Bmp4 were observed in both maxillary and mandibular molars at E14.5. The expression patterns of Bmp2 and Bmp4 became significantly different between the maxillary and mandibular molars at E16.5. At P3, all Bmps were expressed in all the cusp regions of the maxillary molar; however, the patterns differed. All Bmps thus exhibited dynamic temporo-spatial expression during the cusp formation. It could therefore be inferred that Bmp signaling is involved in regulating cusp formation.

DOI： 10.1016/j.gep.2019.04.002

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

Objective: The development of the maxillary bone is under strict molecular control because of its complicated structure. Primary cilia play a critical role in craniofacial development, since defects in primary cilia are known to cause congenital craniofacial dysmorphologies as a wide spectrum of human diseases: the ciliopathies. The primary cilia also are known to regulate bone formation. However, the role of the primary cilia in maxillary bone development is not fully understood.Design: To address this question, we generated mice with a mesenchymal conditional deletion ofIft88 using the Wnt1Cre mice (Ift88(fl/fl);Wnt1Cre). The gene Ift88 encodes a protein that is required for the function and formation of primary cilia.Results: It has been shown thatIft88(fl/fl);Wnt1Cre mice exhibit cleft palate. Here, we additionally observed excess bone formation in the Ift88 mutant maxillary process. We also found ectopic apoptosis in the Ift88 mutant maxillary process at an early stage of development. To investigate whether the ectopic apoptosis is related to the Ift88 mouse maxillary phenotypes, we generated Ift88(fl/fl);Wnt1Cre;p53(-/-) mutants to reduce apoptosis. The Ift88(fl/fl);Wnt1Cre;p53(-/-) mice showed no excess bone formation, suggesting that the cells evading apoptosis by the presence of Ift88 in wild-type mice limit bone formation in maxillary development. On the other hand, the palatal cleft was retained in the Ift88(fl/fl);Wnt1Cre;p53(-/-) mice, indicating that the excess bone formation or abnormal apoptosis was independent of the cleft palate phenotype in Ift88 mutant mice.Conclusions: Ift88 limits bone formation in the maxillary process by suppressing apoptosis.

DOI： 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.02.017

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Mandibular prognathism is characterized by a prognathic or prominent mandible. The objective of this study was to find the gene responsible for mandibular prognathism. Whole exome sequencing analysis of a Thai family (family 1) identified the ADAMTSL1 c.176C>A variant as the potential defect. We cross-checked our exome data of 215 people for rare variants in ADAMTSL1 and found that the c.670C>G variant was associated with mandibular prognathism in families 2 and 4. Mutation analysis of ADAMTSL1 in 79 unrelated patients revealed the c.670C>G variant was also found in family 3. We hypothesize that mutations in ADAMTSL1 cause failure to cleave aggrecan in the condylar cartilage, and that leads to overgrowth of the mandible. Adamtsl1 is strongly expressed in the condensed mesenchymal cells of the mouse condyle, but not at the cartilage of the long bones. This explains why the patients with ADAMTSL1 mutations had abnormal mandibles but normal long bones. This is the first report that mutations in ADAMTSL1 are responsible for the pathogenesis of mandibular prognathism.

DOI： 10.1111/cge.13519

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY  

Background: The timing, location, and level of gene expression are crucial for normal organ development, because morphogenesis requires strict genetic control. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding small single-stranded RNAs that play a critical role in regulating gene expression level. Although miRNAs are known to be involved in many biological events, the role of miRNAs in organogenesis is not fully understood. Mammalian eyelids fuse and separate during development and growth. In mice, failure of this process results in the eye-open at birth (EOB) phenotype. Results: It has been shown that conditional deletion of mesenchymal Dicer (an essential protein for miRNA processing; Dicer(fl/fl);Wnt1Cre) leads to the EOB phenotype with full penetrance. Here, we identified that the up-regulation of Wnt signaling resulted in the EOB phenotype in Dicer mutants. Down-regulation of Fgf signaling observed in Dicer mutants was caused by an inverse relationship between Fgf and Wnt signaling. Shh and Bmp signaling were down-regulated as the secondary effects in Dicer(fl/fl);Wnt1Cre mice. Wnt, Shh, and Fgf signaling were also found to mediate the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in eyelid development.Conclusions: miRNAs control eyelid development through Wnt. Developmental Dynamics 248:201-210, 2019. (c) 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/dvdy.10

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE  

Periodic patterning of iterative structures is diverse across the animal kingdom. Clarifying the molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of these structure helps to elucidate the process of organogenesis. Turing-type reaction-diffusion mechanisms have been shown to play a critical role in regulating periodic patterning in organogenesis. Palatal rugae are periodically patterned ridges situated on the hard palate of mammals. We have previously shown that the palatal rugae develop by a Turing-type reaction-diffusion mechanism, which is reliant upon Shh (as an inhibitor) and Fgf (as an activator) signaling for appropriate organization of these structures. The disturbance of Shh and Fgf signaling lead to disorganized palatal rugae. However, the mechanism itself is not fully understood. Here we found that Lrp4 (transmembrane protein) was expressed in a complementary pattern to Wise (a secreted BMP antagonist and Wnt modulator) expression in palatal rugae development, representing Lrp4 expression in developing rugae and Wise in the inter-rugal epithelium. Highly disorganized palatal rugae was observed in both Wise and Lrp4 mutant mice, and these mutants also showed the downregulation of Shh signaling, which was accompanied with upregulation of Fgf signaling. Wise and Lrp4 are thus likely to control palatal rugae development by regulating reaction-diffusion mechanisms through Shh and Fgf signaling. We also found that Bmp and Wnt signaling were partially involved in this mechanism.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0204126

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：IVYSPRING INT PUBL  

Kabuki syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by distinct dysmorphic facial features, intellectual disability, and multiple developmental abnormalities. Despite more than 350 documented cases, the oro-dental spectrum associated with kabuki syndrome and expression of KMT2D (histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2D) or KDM6A (lysine-specific demethylase 6A) genes in tooth development have not been well defined. Here, we report seven unrelated Thai patients with Kabuki syndrome having congenital absence of teeth, malocclusion, high-arched palate, micrognathia, and deviated tooth shape and size. Exome sequencing successfully identified that six patients were heterozygous for mutations in KMT2D, and one in KDM6A. Six were novel mutations, of which five were in KMT2D and one in KDM6A. They were truncating mutations including four frameshift deletions and two nonsense mutations. The predicted non-functional KMT2D and KDM6A proteins are expected to cause disease by haploinsufficiency. Our study expands oro-dental, medical, and mutational spectra associated with Kabuki syndrome. We also demonstrate for the first time that KMT2D and KDM6A are expressed in the dental epithelium of human tooth germs.

DOI： 10.7150/ijbs.23517

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The tongue is a critical organ, involved in functions such as speaking, swallowing, mastication, and degustation. Although Sox genes are known to play critical roles in many biological processes, including organogenesis, the expression of the Sox family members during tongue development remains unclear. We therefore performed a comparative in situ hybridization analysis of 17 Sox genes (Sox1-14, 17, 18, and 21) during murine tongue development. Sox2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 21 were found to be expressed in the tongue epithelium, whereas Sox2, 4-6, 8-11, 13, and 21 showed expression in the mesenchyme of the developing tongue. Expression of Sox1, 4, 6, 8-12, and 21 were observed in the developing tongue muscle. Sox5 and 13 showed expression only at E12, while Sox1 expression was observed only on E18. Sox6, 8, 9, and 12 showed expression at several stages. Although the expression of Sox2, 4, 10, 11, and 21 was detected during all the four stages of tongue development, their expression patterns differed among the stages. We thus identified a dynamic spatiotemporal expression pattern of the Sox genes during murine tongue development. To understand whether Sox genes are involved in the development of other craniofacial organs through similar roles to those in tongue development, we also examined the expression of Sox genes in eyelid primordia, which also contain epithelium, mesenchyme, and muscle. However, expression patterns and timing of Sox genes differed between tongue and eyelid development. Sox genes are thus related to organogenesis through different functions in each craniofacial organ.

DOI： 10.1155/2018/1601363

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Al-Awadi-Raas-Rothschild syndrome (AARRS; OMIM 276820) is a very rare autosomal recessive limb malformation syndrome caused by WNT7A mutations. AARRS is characterized by various degrees of limb aplasia and hypoplasia. Normal intelligence and malformations of urogenital system are frequent findings. Complete loss of WNT7A function has been shown to cause AARRS, however, its partial loss leads to the milder malformation, Fuhrmann syndrome. An Indian boy affected with AARRS is reported. A novel homozygous base substitution mutation c.550A > C (p.Asn184Asp) is identified in the patient. Parents were heterozygous for the mutation. In addition to the typical features of AARRS, the patient had agenesis of the mandibular left deciduous lateral incisor. The heterozygous parents had microdontia of the maxillary left permanent third molar and taurodontism (enlarged dental pulp chamber at the expense of root) in a number of their permanent molars. Whole exome sequencing of the patient and his parents ruled out mutations in 11 known hypodontia-associated genes including WNT10A, MSX1, EDA, EDAR, EDARADD, PAX9, AXIN2, GREM2, NEMO, KRT17, and TFAP2B. In situ hybridization during tooth development showed Wnt7a expression in wild-type tooth epithelium at E14.5. All lines of evidence suggest that WNT7A has important role in tooth development and its mutation may lead to tooth agenesis, microdontia, and taurodontism. Oral examination of patients with AARRS and Fuhrmann syndromes is highly recommended.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ejmg.2017.09.005

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Mutations inTFAP2B has been reported in patients with isolated patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and Char syndrome. We performed mutation analysis of TFAP2B in 43 patients with isolated PDA, 7 patients with PDA with other congenital heart defects and 286 patients with isolated tooth agenesis with or without other dental anomalies. The heterozygous c.1006G>A mutation was identified in 20 individuals. Those mutation carriers consisted of 1 patient with term PDA (1/43), 16 patients with isolated tooth agenesis with or without other dental anomalies (16/286; 5.6%), 1 patient with PDA and severe valvular aortic stenosis and tooth agenesis (1/4) and 2 normal controls (2/100; 1%). The mutation is predicted to cause an amino-acid substitution p.Val336Ile in the TFAP2B protein. Tfap2b expression during early mouse tooth development supports the association of TFAP2B mutation and dental anomalies. It is hypothesized that this incidence might have been the result of founder effect. Here we report for the first time that TFAP2B mutation is associated with tooth agenesis, microdontia, supernumerary tooth and root maldevelopment. In addition, we also found that TFAP2B mutations, the common causes of PDA in Caucasian, are not the common cause of PDA in Thai population.

DOI： 10.1038/jhg.2017.37

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Background: Non-gustatory filiform papillae play critical roles in helping to grip food, drawing food to the esophagus, cleaning the mouth, and spreading saliva. The molecular mechanisms of filiform tongue papillae development however are not fully understood. Results: We found Ikk alpha and Irf6 expression in developing tongue epithelium, and describe here specific tongue abnormalities in mice with mutation of these genes, indicating a role for Ikk alpha and Irf6 in filiform papillae development. Ikk alpha and Irf6 mutant tongues showed ectopic vertical epithelium at the midline, while lateral sides of mutant tongues adhered to the oral mucosa. Both the ectopic median vertical epithelium and adhered epithelium exhibited the presence of filiform tongue papillae, whereas epithelium between the median vertical epithelium and adhered tongue showed a loss of filiform tongue papillae. Timing of filiform papillae development was found to be slightly different between the midline and lateral regions of the wild-type tongue. Conclusions: Filiform papillae thus develop through distinct molecular mechanisms between the regions of tongue dorsum in the medio-lateral axis, with some filiform papillae developing under the control of Ikk alpha and Irf6. Developmental Dynamics 245: 937-946, 2016. (C) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/DVDY.24427

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Members of the Sox gene family play critical roles in many biological processes including organogenesis. We carried out comparative in situ hybridisation analysis of seventeen Sox genes (Sox1-14, 17, 18 and 21) during murine palatogenesis from initiation to fusion of the palatal shelves above the dorsal side of the tongue. At palatal shelf initiation (E12.5), the localized expression of six Sox genes (Sox2, 5, 6, 9,12 and 13) was observed in the shelves, whereas Sox4 and Sox11 showed ubiquitious expression. During the down growth of palatal shelves (E13.5), Sox4, Sox5, and Sox9 exhibited restricted expression to the interior side of the palatal shelves facing the tongue. Following elevation of the palatal shelves (E14.5), Sox2, Sox11 and Sox21 expression was present in the midline epithelial seam. We thus identify dynamic spatio-temporal expression of Sox gene family during the process of palatogenesis. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.gep.2016.05.002

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC  

Isolated or nonsyndromic tooth agenesis or hypodontia is the most common human malformation. It has been associated with mutations in MSX1, PAX9, EDA, AXIN2, EDAR, EDARADD, and WNT10A. GREMLIN 2 (GREM2) is a strong bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist that is known to regulate BMPs in embryogenesis and tissue development. Bmp4 has been shown to have a role in tooth development. Grem2(-/-) mice have small, malformed maxillary and mandibular incisors, indicating that Grem2 has important roles in normal tooth development. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that GREM2 mutations are associated with human malformations, which include isolated tooth agenesis, microdontia, short tooth roots, taurodontism, sparse and slow-growing hair, and dry and itchy skin. We sequenced WNT10A, WNT10B, MSX1, EDA, EDAR, EDARADD, AXIN2, and PAX9 in all 7 patients to rule out the effects of other ectodermal dysplasias and other tooth-related genes and did not find mutations in any of them. GREM2 mutations exhibit variable expressivity even within the same families. The inheritance is autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance. The expression of Grem2 during the early development of mouse teeth and hair follicles and the evaluation of the likely effects of the mutations on the protein structure substantiate these new findings.

DOI： 10.1177/0022034515608168

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Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) signaling plays critical roles in many physiological and pathological processes, including regulating organogenesis. Down-regulation of NF-kappa B signaling during development results in hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. The roles of NF-kappa B signaling in tooth development, however, are not fully understood. We examined mice overexpressing IKK beta, an essential component of the NF-kappa B pathway, under keratin 5 promoter (K5-Ikk beta). K5-Ikk beta mice showed supernumerary incisors whose formation was accompanied by up-regulation of canonical Wnt signaling. Apoptosis that is normally observed in wild-type incisor epithelium was reduced in K5-Ikk beta mice. The supernumerary incisors in K5-Ikk beta mice were found to phenocopy extra incisors in mice with mutations of Wnt inhibitor, Wise. Excess NF-kappa B activity thus induces an ectopic odontogenesis program that is usually suppressed under physiological conditions.

DOI： 10.1177/0022034514556707

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：UNIV BASQUE COUNTRY UPV-EHU PRESS  

Members of the Sox gene family play roles in many biological processes including organogenesis. We carried out comparative in situ hybridization analysis of seventeen sox genes (Sox 1-14, 17, 18, 21) during murine odontogenesis from the epithelial thickening to the cytodifferentiation stages. Localized expression of five Sox genes (Sox6, 9, 13, 14 and 21) was observed in tooth bud epithelium. Sox13 showed restricted expression in the primary enamel knots. At the early bell stage, three Sox genes (Sox8, 11, 17 and 21) were expressed in pre-ameloblasts, whereas two others (Sox5 and 18) showed expression in odontoblasts. Sox genes thus showed a dynamic spatio-temporal expression during tooth development.

DOI： 10.1387/ijdb.150192ao

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

Background: Tooth development is highly regulated in mammals and it is regulated by networks of signaling pathways (e. g. Tnf, Wnt, Shh, Fgf and Bmp) whose activities are controlled by the balance between ligands, activators, inhibitors and receptors. The members of the R-spondin family are known as activators of Wnt signaling, and Lgr4, Lgr5, and Lgr6 have been identified as receptors for R-spondins. The role of R-spondin/Lgr signaling in tooth development, however, remains unclear. Results: We first carried out comparative in situ hybridization analysis of R-spondins and Lgrs, and identified their dynamic spatio-temporal expression in murine odontogenesis. R-spondin2 expression was found both in tooth germs and the tooth-less region, the diastema. We further examined tooth development in R-spondin2 mutant mice, and although molars and incisors exhibited no significant abnormalities, supernumerary teeth were observed in the diastema. Conclusions: R-spondin/Lgr signaling is thus involved in tooth development. Developmental Dynamics 243:844-851, 2014. (c) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/dvdy.24124

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Protein kinase A (PKA) plays critical roles in many biological processes including cell proliferation, cell differentiation, cellular metabolism and gene regulation. Mutation in PKA regulatory subunit, PRKAR1A has previously been identified in odontogenic myxomas, but it is unclear whether PKA is involved in tooth development. The aim of the present study was to assess the expression of alpha isoforms of PKA regulatory subunit (Prkar1a and Prkar2a) in mouse and human odontogenesis by in situ hybridization. PRKAR1A and PRKAR2A mRNA transcription was further confirmed in a human deciduous germ by qRT-PCR. Mouse Prkar1a and human PRKAR2A exhibited a dynamic spatio-temporal expression in tooth development, whereas neither human PRKAR1A nor mouse Prkar2a showed their expression in odontogenesis. These isoforms thus showed different expression pattern between human and mouse tooth germs.

DOI： 10.1016/j.gep.2014.04.002

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier Ltd  

Control of plaque and debris is essential for the prevention of inflammatory periodontal diseases and dental caries, because plaque is the primary etiological factor in the introduction and development of both of these infection-oriented diseases. Plaque removal with a toothbrush is the most frequently used method of oral hygiene. Powered toothbrushes were developed beginning in the 1960s and are now widely used in developed countries. The bristles of a toothbrush should be able to reach and clean efficiently most areas of the mouth, and recently the design of both manual and powered toothbrushes has focused on the ability to reach and clean interproximal tooth surfaces. An individual's tooth brushing behavior, including force, duration, motivation and motion, are also critical to tooth brushing efficacy. Dental floss and the type of toothpaste play additional important roles as auxiliary tools for oral prophylaxis. Dental professionals should help their care-receivers' meet the requirements of oral hygiene to maintain their QOL. This article reviews these topics. © 2014 Japanese Association for Dental Science.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jdsr.2014.04.001

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

Polycystin 2 (Pkd2), which belongs to the transient receptor potential family, plays a critical role in development. Pkd2 is mainly localized in the primary cilia, which also function as mechanoreceptors in many cells that influence multiple biological processes including Ca-2 influx, chemical activity and signalling pathways. Mutations in many cilia proteins result in craniofacial abnormalities. Orofacial tissues constantly receive mechanical forces and are known to develop and grow through intricate signalling pathways. Here we investigate the role of Pkd2, whose role remains unclear in craniofacial development and growth. In order to determine the role of Pkd2 in craniofacial development, we located expression in craniofacial tissues and analysed mice with conditional deletion of Pkd2 in neural crest-derived cells, using Wnt1Cre mice. Pkd2 mutants showed many signs of mechanical trauma such as fractured molar roots, distorted incisors, alveolar bone loss and compressed temporomandibular joints, in addition to abnormal skull shapes. Significantly, mutants showed no indication of any of these phenotypes at embryonic stages when heads perceive no significant mechanical stress in utero. The results suggest that Pkd2 is likely to play a critical role in craniofacial growth as a mechanoreceptor. Pkd2 is also identified as one of the genes responsible for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Since facial anomalies have never been identified in ADPKD patients, we carried out three-dimensional photography of patient faces and analysed these using dense surface modelling. This analysis revealed specific characteristics of ADPKD patient faces, some of which correlated with those of the mutant mice.

DOI： 10.1093/hmg/ddt041

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The oral mucosa plays critical roles in protection, sensation, and secretion and can be classified into masticatory, lining, and specialized mucosa that are known to be functionally, histologically, and clinically distinct. Each type of oral mucosa is believed to develop through discrete molecular mechanisms, which remain unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 19 to 25nt non-coding small single-stranded RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression by binding target mRNAs. miRNAs are crucial for fine-tuning of molecular mechanisms. To investigate the role of miRNAs in oral mucosa development, we examined mice with mesenchymal (Wnt1Cre
Dicerfl/fl) conditional deletion of Dicer. Wnt1Cre
Dicerfl/fl mice showed trans-differentiation of lining mucosa into an epithelium with masticatory mucosa/ skin-specific characteristics. Up-regulation of Fgf signaling was found in mutant lining mucosal epithelium that was accompanied by an increase in Fgf7 expression in mutant mesenchyme. Mesenchyme miRNAs thus have an indirect effect on lining mucosal epithelial cell growth/differentiation. © International &amp
American Associations for Dental Research 2013.

DOI： 10.1177/0022034512470830

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

Background: Tooth development is known to be mediated by the cross-talk between signaling pathways, including Shh, Fgf, Bmp, and Wnt. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 19- to 25-nt noncoding small single-stranded RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression by binding target mRNAs, which is believed to be important for the fine-tuning signaling pathways in development. To investigate the role of miRNAs in tooth development, we examined mice with either mesenchymal (Wnt1Cre/Dicerfl/fl) or epithelial (ShhCre/Dicerfl/fl) conditional deletion of Dicer, which is essential for miRNA processing. Results: By using a CD1 genetic background for Wnt1Cre/Dicerfl/fl, we were able to examine tooth development, because the mutants retained mandible and maxilla primordia. Wnt1Cre/Dicerfl/fl mice showed an arrest or absence of teeth development, which varied in frequency between incisors and molars. Extra incisor tooth formation was found in ShhCre/Dicerfl/fl mice, whereas molars showed no significant anomalies. Microarray and in situ hybridization analysis identified several miRNAs that showed differential expression between incisors and molars. Conclusion: In tooth development, miRNAs thus play different roles in epithelium and mesenchyme, and in incisors and molars. Developmental Dynamics 241:1465-1472, 2012. (c) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/dvdy.23828

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE  

Hemidesmosomes are composed of intricate networks of proteins, that are an essential attachment apparatus for the integrity of epithelial tissue. Disruption leads to blistering diseases such as epidermolysis bullosa. Members of the Sox gene family show dynamic and diverse expression patterns during development and mutation analyses in humans and mice provide evidence that they play a remarkable variety of roles in development and human disease. Previous studies have established that the mouse mutant ragged-opossum (Ra-op) expresses a dominant-negative form of the SOX18 transcription factor that interferes with the function of wild type SOX18 and of the related SOXF-subgroup proteins SOX7 and -17. Here we show that skin and oral mucosa in homozygous Ra-op mice display extensive detachment of epithelium from the underlying mesenchymal tissue, caused by tearing of epithelial cells just above the plasma membrane due to hemidesmosome disruption. In addition, several hemidesmosome proteins expression were found to be dysregulated in the Ra-op mice. Our data suggest that SOXF transcription factors play a role in regulating formation of cytoplasmic plaque protein assembly, and that disrupted SOXF function results in epidermolysis bullosa-like skin phenotypes.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0043857

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

Objective: Tongue papillae are critical organs in mastication. There are four different types of tongue papillae; fungiform, circumvallate, foliate, and filiform papillae. Unlike the other three taste papillae, non-gustatory papillae, filiform papillae cover the entire dorsal surface of the tongue and are important structures for the mechanical stress of sucking. Filiform papillae are further classified into two subtypes with different morphologies, depending on their location on the dorsum of the tongue. The filiform papillae at the intermolar eminence have pointed tips, whereas filiforrn papillae with rounded tips are found in other regions (anterior tongue). It remains unknown how the shape of each type of filiform papillae are determined during their development. Bmp signalling pathway has been known to regulate mechanisms that determine the shapes of many ectodermal organs. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Bmp signalling in filiform papillae development.Design: Comparative in situ hybridization analysis of six Bmps (Bmp2-Bmp7) and two Bmpr genes (Bmpr1a and Bmpr1b) were carried out in filiform papillae development. We further examined tongue papillae in mice over-expressing Noggin under the keratin14 promoter (K14-Noggin).Results: We identified a dynamic temporo-spatial expression of Bmps in filiform papillae development. The K14-Noggin mice showed pointed filiform papillae in regions of the tongue normally occupied by the rounded type.Conclusions: Bmp signalling thus regulates the shape of filiform papillae. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.11.014

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

Thickening and the subsequent invagination of the epithelium are an important initial step in Ectodermal organ development. Ikk alpha has been shown to play a critical role in controlling epithelial growth, since Ikk alpha mutant mice show protrusions (evaginations) of incisor tooth, whisker and hair follicle epithelium rather than invagination. We show here that mutation of the Interferon regulatory factor (11) family, Irf6 also results in evagination of incisor epithelium. In common with Ikk alpha mutants, Irf6 mutant evagination occurs in a NF-kappa B-independent manner and shows the same molecular changes as those in Ikk alpha mutants. Irf6 thus also plays a critical role in regulating epithelial invagination. In addition, we also found that canonical Wnt signaling is upregulated in evaginated incisor epithelium of both Ikk alpha and Irf6 mutant embryos. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.02.009

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Society of Pediatric Dentistry  

The Japanese government and communities have designed and tried many programs to develop and propagate dietary education ; of these, school-lunch programs are thought to be one of the most useful tools. The first aim of the present observational study was to clarify the different effects of Japanese staple foods such as noodles, boiled rice, and breads on masticatory parameters with regard to school-lunch intake. The next aim was to discuss the school-lunch menus, with reference to the above observational results and the replies submitted to a questionnaire by the general public.In the observational study, the subjects included six elementary school children aged 11 to 12years, who were recorded on videotape eating the six kinds of school-lunches. The school-lunches consisted of three kinds of staple foods with two different side menus. The masticatory parameters were calculated based on the recorded videotapes, and the differences among the school-lunches were statistically analyzed. The questionnaire survey roughly consisted of four categories on the schoollunch, and 170 adult cooperators submitted their replies.The observational study revealed that the staple foods included in the school-lunches had little effect on the masticatory parameters. According to the results of the questionnaire, more than 80% ofthe general public would like to have rice included in the menus three to five times per week, and approximately 65% expected the other menus two to four times per month.Since four of the present menus consisted of noodles and breads which presented a poor balance of nutrients, it was therefore indicated that the school-lunches should be primarily composed of boiled rice. More than half of the general public, however, sometimes hopes for menus other than the rice menus. From a masticatory perspective, there were few differences among the six menus. It may therefore be taken into consideration that menus with noodles or breads should be served a few times a month for school-lunches.

DOI： 10.11411/jspd.48.3_388

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2010286113

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

It has been reported that individual adults generally take consistently sized bites when eating the same food, while children do not. The present cross-sectional analysis was performed on 60 children and 20 adults to ascertain the age-related changes in the fluctuation in bite size and in the number of chews per bite. The subjects comprised four age groups (5-, 8-, and 11-year-old children and adults), with each group consisting of 10 males and 10 females. The subjects were instructed to take a bite of each of four test foods (bread, sausage, apple and rice), and they were allowed to chew and swallow as usual. After each bite, the remaining food was weighed to calculate the bite size. The fluctuations in bite size and in the number of chews were analyzed using coefficients of variation. The fluctuations in both bite size and the number of chews decreased with age, so that the 11-year-olds showed almost the same values as adults. The present results suggested that the physiological functions related to recognizing and consuming foods mature during early adolescence, when almost all permanent teeth have erupted. The present findings also indicated that the fluctuation in bite size might be an indicator of the maturation of masticatory function in children. © 2010, The Japanese Society of Pediatric Dentistry. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.11411/pdj.20.22

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