記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：WILEY-LISS  

Fibroblasts regulate their contractile force in response to external stretch; however, the detailed mechanism by which the force is regulated is unclear. Here, we show that diphosphorylation and dephosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain (MRLC) are involved in the stretch-induced force response. Cellular stiffness, which reflects the cellular contractile force, under external stretch was measured by mechanical-scanning probe microscopy. Fibroblasts (NIH-3T3) expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged mutant-type MRLC (MRLC(T18A)-GFP), which cannot be diphosphorylated, did not show any stretch-induced stiffness response, whereas the stiffness in cells expressing GFP-tagged wild-type MRLC(MRLC(WT)-GFP) increased immediately after the stretch and subsequently decreased after 1-2 h. Urea-PAGE western blot analysis showed that the proportion of diphosphorylated MRLC (PP-MRLC) transiently increased after the stretch and decreased after 1-2 h. Dominant-negative RhoA (RhoA(N19))-expressing cells did not show the stiffness response to the stretch, whereas wild-type RhoA-expressing cells did. It was concluded that file Cellular force response originates in the stretch-induced diphosphorylation and dephosphorylation of MRLC and is regulated via the RhoA signaling cascade Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 66: 389-397,2009. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/cm.20378

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：PHYSICAL SOC JAPAN  

We measure the static friction F-c of agar gels on glass substrates immersed in water. F-c is independent of the nominal contact area, and increases with the normal load and the duration t(w) of contact prior to sliding. Using a confocal laser-scanning microscope, many fine dark spots are clearly visible in the optical reflection distribution images on the glass interface in contact with the gel. The total area of the dark spots increases with t(w), corresponding qualitatively to that of F-c. These observations indicate that F-c originates from the formation of the contacting spots at the interface, which is not due to asperities of the gel surface alone but related to the drainage of water trapped by the gel polymer network at the frictional interface.

DOI： 10.1143/JPSJ.74.2875

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY  

Collective cell movement acts as an efficient strategy in many physiological events, including wound healing, embryonic development, and morphogenesis. We found that epithelial cells (Madin-Darby canine kidney cell) migrated collectively along one direction on a collagen gel substrate. Time-lapse images of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells cultured on type-I collagen gels and glass substrates were captured by phase contrast microscopy equipped with an incubation system. On the gel substrate, the directions of cell movement gradually converged on one direction as the number of cells increased, whereas the cells moved randomly on the glass substrate. We also observed "leader'' cells, which extended large lamellae and were accompanied by many "follower'' cells, migrating in the direction of oriented collagen fibers. The mean-squared displacement of each cell movement and the spatial correlation function calculated from the spatial distribution of cell velocity were obtained as functions of observation time. In the case of the gel substrate, the spatial correlation length increased gradually, representing the collectiveness of multicellular movement.

DOI： 10.1529/biophysj.104.047654

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担当区分：最終著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：WILEY-LISS  

Stiffness responses of fibroblasts were measured by scanning probe microscopy, following elongation or compression by deformation of an elastic substrate by 8%. The cellular stiffness, reflecting intracellular tension acting along stress fibers, decreased or increased instantly in response to the elongating or compressing stimuli, respectively. After this rapid change, the fibroblasts gradually recovered to their initial stiffness during the following 2 h, and then stabilized. The cells did not show conspicuous changes in shape after the 8% deformation during the SPM measurements. Fluorescence examination for GFP-actin demonstrated that the structure of the stress fibers was not altered noticeably by this small degree of deformation. Treatment with Y-27632, to inhibit myosin phosphorylation and abrogate cellular contractility, eliminated the change in stiffness after the mechanical elongation. These results indicate that fibroblasts possess a mechanism that regulates intracellular tension along stress fibers to maintain the cellular stiffness in a constant equilibrium state. (C) 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/cm.20037

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：E D P SCIENCES  

We observe the intermittent motion of a single planar twin boundary under a constant shear stress in organic crystals (TMTSF)(2)PF6. The boundary is forced to shuttle repeatedly in a specific region of a single crystal. For each move we measure the residence time t(res) at a certain trap as well as the local velocity v(local) in the vicinity of the trap. We find that tres varies largely on every move even under a well-controlled constant stress, while v(local) is almost constant. This wide distribution of t(res) can be well characterized by a lognormal function. The autocorrelation of log t(res) series exhibits apparently an exponential decay. To reveal the mechanism of the boundary motion we examine the temperature dependence of vlocal and find the boundary driven by thermal activation. On the other hand, the shear stress dependence of 1/t(res), an effective velocity at the trap, is found similar to that of v(local). The result indicates that the boundary does not make a complete stop at the trap but creeps very slowly. We also propose a phenomenological description for the characteristic feature of t(res).

DOI： 10.1209/epl/i2003-00145-8

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：E D P SCIENCES  

We measured the static friction force of agar gel-on-glass plate ill water The static friction force is independent of the apparent contact area between the agar gel and file glass plate. It increases with waiting time, that is, contact duration prior to motion. The static friction force is represented well by a power law of waiting time. The waiting time dependence is different from those of solid-on-solid systems. These results arc discussed, based oil asperity contact model.

DOI： 10.1051/jp4:20020426

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：WILEY-LISS  

Sequential images of the local stiffness distribution of living fibroblasts (NIH3T3) were captured under a culture condition using scanning probe microscopy in a force modulation mode. We found a clear relation between cell mi-ration and local stiffness distribution on the cell: When cells were stationary at one position, the stiffness distribution of their cellular surface was quite stable. On the other hand, once the cells started to move, the stiffness in their nuclear regions drastically decreased. Possible explanations for the correlation between the cell mi-ration and the cell stiffness are proposed. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 50: 173-179,2001. (C) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/cm.10008

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

We investigated the localization of non-muscle myosin II isoforms and mono- (at serine 19) and diphosphorylated (at serine 19 and threonine 18) regulatory light chains (RLCs) in motile and non-motile MRC-5 fibroblasts. In migrating cells, myosin IIA localized to the lamella and throughout the posterior region. Myosin IIB colocalized with myosin HA to the posterior region except at the very end. Diphosphorylated RLCs were detected in the restricted region where myosin HA was enriched. In non-motile cells, myosin IIA was enriched in peripheral stress fibers with diphosphorylated RLCs, but myosin IIB was not. Our results suggest that myosin HA may be highly activated by diphosphorylation of RLCs and primarily involved in cell migration. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. on behalf of the Federation of European Biochemical Societies.

DOI： 10.1016/S0014-5793(01)03186-6

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Abnormal ferromagnetic behavior was found for the pyrolytic carbon obtained from adamantane as a raw material by CVD method under low temperature growth. An clear hysteresis loop in its magnetization curve was observed even at room temperature. Such a ferromagnetic behavior was reproducible. Both the highly oriented structure and a large number of unpaired electrons were observed and seem to play important role for this observed ferromagnetism. This ferromagnetic behavior should be intrinsic property of this pyrolytic carbon because any ferromagnetic impurities like Fe are not detected in these samples within experimental accuracy. © 1991.

DOI： 10.1016/0379-6779(91)91284-H

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Electrical conductivity of a single crystal of (TTF)18(I3)18(CH2Cl2)2 was measured under high pressure up to 20kb. At ambient pressure, the conductivity was semiconducting but an anomalous deviation from the linearity in its log σ vs. 1/T curve at about 220K. This knee was suppressed by applying pressure. Furthermore another conductive deviation was observed around room temperature under 20kb. The results are discussed in terms of two phase transitions. © 1991.

DOI： 10.1016/0379-6779(91)91981-F

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Wiley-VCH Verlag  

DOI： 10.1002/adma.19910030309

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Thin films have been prepared by using the charge-transfer complex (BEDT-TTF) iodide as the raw material by a vacuum evaporation method. The electric conductivity in the film plane was as high as 2 S cm at room temperature. The conductivity measurement and X-ray examinations for as-grown specimens revealed that the films were composed of highly c-axis oriented α-(BEDT-TTF)2I3. Examinations on annealed specimens also provided another proof for the above conclusion. © 1990.

DOI： 10.1016/0038-1098(90)90610-N

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

The electric conductivity and the static magnetic susceptibility have been measured for single crystals of (TTF)18(I3)18(CH2Cl2)2 (TTF: tetrathiafulvalene), having a novel structure composed of three different types of segregated stacking columns of TTF molecules along the [101] crystal axis. The conductivity was highly anisotropic, and its temperature dependence was semiconductive. The crystals exhibited the Curie paramagnetism below the room temperature. These results could be explained on the basis of the characteristics of the crystal structure of the material. © 1989.

DOI： 10.1016/0038-1098(89)90771-0

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

The superconducting transition temperature Tc and the sizes of the resistive anomalies due to both the q1- and the qz-CDW formations are examined on single crystals of Ta-doped NbSe3. With addition of Ta, Tc increases steeply from below 70 mK to 1.7 K but turns to decrease at 5 at %Ta. The sizes of the resistive anomalies due to both CDW formations initially decrease but that due to the q1-CDW begins to increase at 5 at% where Tc turns to decrease. These results are discussed in terms of the competition between superconductivity and the CDW formations. The upper critical field is also measured in the superconducting state induced by Ta doping. The critical fleld shows one-dimensional anisotropy, which originates from the anisotropy of the electronic band structure. © 1985, THE PHYSICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1143/JPSJ.54.762

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Detailed resistivity measurements and X-ray and microscopic examinations revealed that pure NbSe3 does not show superconductivity at least above 0.38K at ambient pressure. The superconductivity with the sluggish, current-sensitive transition curve, which has been observed frequently, is extrinsic and arises only from the crystal boundaries in the polycrystalline sample. © 1982.

DOI： 10.1016/0038-1098(82)90673-1

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

The Hall effect in NbSe3 was measured in the non-Ohmic regimes below the charge-density-wave (CDW) transitions at 142 K and 58 K. In both regimes, relation between the Hall voltage and the current becomes nonlinear above the threshold electric-field ET while linear relation remains between the Hall voltage and the electric field. Both nonlinearities of the conductivity and the Hall voltage are consistently explained by taking into consideration a new current-carrying mechanism which contributes only to the conductivity along the b-axis above ET. The new mechanism is attributed to the sliding CDW. In NbSe3, the CDW's are expected to slide only along the b-axis as inferred from the Ohmic transverse conductivity along the c-axis. © 1981, THE PHYSICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1143/JPSJ.50.1992

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DOI： 10.1246/bcsj.67.766

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

Activating transcription factor 5 (ATF5) is a member of the ATF/CAMP response element-binding protein family. Our research group recently revealed that ATF5 expression increases the invasiveness of human lung carcinoma cells. However, the effects of ATF5 on the invasive potential of other cancer cells lines remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the role of ATF5 in the invasive activity of diverse human cancer cell lines. Invasiveness was assessed using Matrigel invasion assays. ATF5 knockdown resulted in decreased invasiveness in seven of eight cancer cell lines tested. These results suggest that ATF5 promotes invasiveness in several cancer cell lines. Furthermore, the roles of ATF5 in the invasiveness were evaluated in three-dimensional (3D) culture conditions. In 3D collagen gel, HT-1080 and MDA-MB-231 cells exhibited high invasiveness, with spindle morphology and high invasion speed. In both cell lines, knockdown of ATF5 resulted in rounded morphology and decreased invasion speed. Next, we showed that ATF5 induced integrin-alpha 2 and integrin-beta 1 expression and that the depletion of integrin-alpha 2 or integrin-beta 1 resulted in round morphology and decreased invasion speed. Our results suggest that ATF5 promotes invasion by inducing the expression of integrin-alpha 2 and integrin-beta 1 in several human cancer cell lines. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.04.131

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

This data article describes cellular dynamics, such as migration speed and mobility of the cytoskeletal protein, of wild-type human fibroblast cells and cells with a modified adeno-associated virus integration site 1 (AAVS1) locus on human chromosome 19. Insertion of exogenous gene into the AAVS1 locus has been conducted in recent biological researches. Previously, our data showed that the AAVS1-modification changes cellular contractile force (Mizutani et al., 2015 <THESTERM>[1]</THESTERM>). To assess if this AAVS1-modification affects cell migration, we compared cellular migration speed and turnover of cytoskeletal protein in human fibroblasts and fibroblasts with a green fluorescent protein gene knocked-in at the AAVS1 locus in this data article. Cell nuclei were stained and changes in their position attributable to cell migration were analyzed. Fluorescence recovery was observed after photobleaching for the fluorescent protein-tagged myosin regulatory light chain. Data here are related to the research article Transgene Integration into the Human AAVS1 Locus Enhances Myosin II-Dependent Contractile Force by Reducing Expression of Myosin Binding Subunit 85 <THESTERM>[1]</THESTERM>. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CCBY license.

DOI： 10.1016/j.dib.2015.12.053

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CMs) are expected to play an important role in heart therapies, in which hiPSC-CMs should generate sufficient contractile force to pump blood. However, recent studies have shown that the contractility of myocardial mimics composed of hiPSC-CMs is lower than that of adult human myocardium. To examine the mechanism by which contractile force output of hiPSC-CMs is weakened, we measured the contractile force of single hiPSC-CMs and observed the fibrous distribution of myosin II regulatory light chain (MRLC) of cardiac (contributes to beating) and non-cardiac (does not contribute to beating) isoforms. Single hiPSC-CMs were cultured on an extracellular matrix gel, and the contractile force and strain energy exerted on the gel were measured. Strain energy was not uniform between cells and ranged from 0.2 to 5.8 pJ. The combination of contractile force measurement and immunofluorescent microscopy for MRLC isoforms showed that cells with higher strain energy expressed the weakened non-cardiac myosin II fibers compared to those of cells with lower strain energy. Observation of cardiac and non-cardiac MRLC showed that the MRLC isoforms formed heterogeneous filament networks. These results suggest that strain energy output from single hiPSC-CMs depends both cardiac and non-cardiac myosin fibers, which prevent deformation of the cell body. (c) 2016, The Japanese Society for Regenerative Medicine. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.

DOI： 10.1016/j.reth.2016.02.009

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SPRINGER  

Western blotting is a widely used method for detection and quantification of specific proteins extracted from mammalian cells. In the conventional method of protein extraction, we found that collagen-containing gels interfered with detection of the p65 protein (one of the subunits in the NF-kappa B family of proteins) in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells cultured on a collagen gel containing serum. In contrast, the collagen gels did not affect detection of the GAPDH protein. Then, we established an improved method for preparation of protein extracts (using trichloroacetic acid fixation and collagenase treatment) from the cells cultured on the collagen gel. Using the improved method, we were able to detect p65 proteins without loss in A549 cells cultured on a collagen gel under serum-free conditions, but we could not detect the proteins if serum was present in cell culture. Thus, using western blotting and serum-free culture conditions, we succeeded in comparing the p65 expression between the cells grown in a plastic dish and cells grown on a collagen gel.

DOI： 10.1007/s10616-014-9766-4

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

The adeno-associated virus site 1 (AAVS1) locus in the human genome is a strong candidate for gene therapy by insertion of an exogenous gene into the locus. The AAVS1 locus includes the coding region for myosin binding subunit 85 (MBS85). Although the function of MBS85 is not well understood, myosin II-dependent contractile force may be affected by altered expression of MBS85. The effect of altered expression of MBS85 on cellular contractile force should be examined prior to the application of gene therapy. In this study, we show that transgene integration into AAVS1 and consequent reduction of MBS85 expression changes myosin II-dependent cellular contractile force. We established a human fibroblast cell line with exogenous DNA knocked-in to AAVSI (KI cells) using the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system. Western blotting analysis showed that KI cells had significantly reduced MBS85 expression. KI cells also showed greater cellular contractile force than control cells. The increased contractile force was associated with phosphorylation of the myosin II regulatory light chain (MRLC). Transfection of KI cells with an MBS85 expression plasmid restored cellular contractile force and phosphorylation of MRLC to the levels in control cells. These data suggest that transgene integration into the human AAVS1 locus induces an increase in cellular contractile force and thus should be considered as a gene therapy to effect changes in cellular contractile force. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.08.018

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP  

Substrate physical properties are essential for many physiological events such as embryonic development and 3D tissue formation. Physical properties of the extracellular matrix such as viscoelasticity and geometrical constraints are understood as factors that affect cell behaviour. In this study, we focused on the relationship between epithelial cell 3D morphogenesis and the substrate viscosity. We observed that Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells formed 3D structures on a viscous substrate (Matrigel). The structures appear as a tulip hat. We then changed the substrate viscosity by genipin (GP) treatment. GP is a cross-linker of amino groups. Cells cultured on GP-treated-matrigel changed their 3D morphology in a substrate viscosity-dependent manner. Furthermore, to elucidate the spatial distribution of the cellular contractile force, localization of mono-phosphorylated and di-phosphorylated myosin regulatory light chain (P-MRLCs) was visualized by immunofluorescence. P-MRLCs localized along the periphery of epithelial sheets. Treatment with Y-27632, a Rho-kinase inhibitor, blocked the P-MRLCs localization at the edge of epithelial sheets and halted 3D morphogenesis. Our results indicate that the substrate viscosity, the substrate deformation, and the cellular contractile forces induced by P-MRLCs play crucial roles in 3D morphogenesis.

DOI： 10.1038/srep14208

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP  

Abnormally stiff substrates have been shown to trigger cancer progression. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying this trigger are not clear. In this study, we cultured T84 human colorectal cancer cells on plastic dishes to create a stiff substrate or on collagen-I gel to create a soft substrate. The stiff substrate enhanced the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7), an indicator of poor prognosis. In addition, we used polyacrylamide gels (2, 67 and 126 kPa) so that the MMP-7 expression on the 126-kPa gel was higher compared with that on the 2-kPa gel. Next, we investigated whether yes-associated protein (YAP) affected the MMP-7 expression. YAP knockdown decreased MMP-7 expression. Treatment with inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and myosin regulatory light chain (MRLC) and integrin-alpha 2 or integrin-beta 1 knockdown downregulated MMP-7 expression. Finally, we demonstrated that YAP, EGFR, integrin-alpha 2 beta 1 and MRLC produced a positive feedback loop that enhanced MMP-7 expression. These findings suggest that stiff substrates enhanced colorectal cancer cell viability by upregulating MMP-7 expression through a positive feedback loop.

DOI： 10.1038/oncsis.2015.24

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.  

Epithelial cells are known to form structures, such as cysts and tubes, with three-dimensional (3-D) morphologies. During formation of the morphologies of these structures, apico-basal polarity is regulated by secretion of laminins and integrins. In this study, we observed epithelial cells with mushroom-like 3-D morphologies
many of these cells had tail structures, where endogenous laminin-α3, laminin-β1, and integrin-β1 were found to be accumulated. Interestingly, time-lapse observation of the cells showed rotational movement around the tail. We also observed the process of change from the single-cell morphology to the mushroom-like morphology. Additionally, we observed that single cells showed an elongated protrusion as a predecessor of the tail structure. In addition to laminin-α3, laminin-β1, and integrin-β1, laminin-β3 was also found to be localized in the protrusion. These results indicate that the apico-basal polarization and regulation of laminin secretion are crucial for the formation of the mushroom-like structure and for the rotational movement of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells cultured on Matrigel.

DOI： 10.1109/MHS.2014.7006160

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP  

Collective cell migration plays a crucial role in several biological processes, such as embryonic development, wound healing, and cancer metastasis. Here, we focused on collectively migrating Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells that follow a leader cell on a collagen gel to clarify the mechanism of collective cell migration. First, we removed a leader cell from the migrating collective with a micromanipulator. This then caused disruption of the cohesive migration of cells that followed in movement, called "follower'' cells, which showed the importance of leader cells. Next, we observed localization of active Rac, integrin beta 1, and PI3K. These molecules were clearly localized in the leading edge of leader cells, but not in follower cells. Live cell imaging using active Rac and active PI3K indicators was performed to elucidate the relationship between Rac, integrin beta 1, and PI3K. Finally, we demonstrated that the inhibition of these molecules resulted in the disruption of collective migration. Our findings not only demonstrated the significance of a leader cell in collective cell migration, but also showed that Rac, integrin beta 1, and PI3K are upregulated in leader cells and drive collective cell migration.

DOI： 10.1038/srep07656

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：JAPAN SOC CELL BIOLOGY  

Numerous types of cancer cells migrate into extracellular tissues. This phenomenon is termed invasion, and is associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients. In this study, we demonstrated that filamin B (FLNb), an actin-binding protein, is highly expressed in cancer cell lines that exhibit high invasiveness, with a spindle morphology, into 3D collagen matrices. In addition, we determined that knockdown of FLNb in invasive cancer cells converts cell morphology from spindle-shaped, which is associated with high invasiveness, to round-shaped with low invasiveness. Furthermore, di-phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain (MRLC) and phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) are inhibited in FLNb-knockdown cancer cells. These results suggest that FLNb enhances invasion of cancer cells through phosphorylation of MRLC and FAK. Therefore, FLNb may be a new therapeutic target for invasive cancers.

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SPRINGER  

Simple epitheliums in normal glandular systems are regulated not to stratify even though the constituent cells proliferate and will rise from the epithelium. Since epithelial cells have the potential to establish cell-cell adhesions, the avoidance of stratification must be related to the intracellular signal cascades and the extracellular conditions. The contributions of the former are becoming clarified, but the influence of the latter is poorly understood. In the present study, we examined whether the frequency of cell-on-cell adhesion, which mimics the early stage of multilayering, is dependent on the type of the extracellular scaffold protein. Wild-type epithelial cells were cultured on E-cadherin-Fc (a cell-cell adhesion protein) or collagen (an extracellular matrix protein), and then, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive cells were seeded onto these wild-type cells. We observed that the cell-on-cell adhesion (adhesion of the GFP-positive cell to the wild-type cells) was more frequent in the E-cadherin-Fc treatment than the collagen treatment. The cell-on-cell adhesions that were observed in the E-cadherin treatment were transient and decreased in frequency to that of the collagen treatment after the 12 h of cell culture. We observed the disappearance of E-cadherin-Fc but not collagen during cell culture. These results suggest that transient multilayering in simple epithelium is possible, depending on the types of extracellular scaffold protein, and they imply that cells can modify the extracellular conditions to meet normal cellular conditions.

DOI： 10.1007/s00418-013-1176-8

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：BIOTECHNIQUES OFFICE  

We demonstrate that a (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane-treated glass surface is superior to an untreated glass surface for coating with extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins when used as a cell culture substrate to observe cell physiology and behavior. We found that MDCK cells cultured on untreated glass coated with ECM removed the coated ECM protein and secreted different ECM proteins. In contrast, the cells did not remove the coated ECM protein when seeded on (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane-treated (i.e., silanized) glass coated with ECM. Furthermore, the morphology and motility of cells grown on silanized glass differed from those grown on non-treated glass, even when both types of glass were initially coated with laminin. We also found that cells on silanized glass coated with laminin had higher motility than those on silanized glass coated with fibronectin. Based on our results, we suggest that silanized glass is a more suitable cell culture substrate than conventional non-treated glass when coated by ECM for observations of ECM effects on cell physiology.

DOI： 10.2144/000114156

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Ionizing radiation (IR)-enhanced tumor invasiveness is emerging as a contributor to the limited benefit of radiotherapy; however, its mechanism is still unclear. We previously showed that subcloned lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells (P cells), which survived 10 Gy IR (IR cells), acquired high invasiveness in vitro. Here, we tried to identify the mechanism by which IR cells increase their invasiveness by examining altered gene expression and signaling pathways in IR cells compared with those in P cells. To simulate the microenvironment in vivo, cells were embedded in a three-dimensional (3D) collagen type I gel, in which the IR cells were elongated, while the P cells were spherical. The integrin expression pattern was surveyed, and expression levels of the integrin α2 and β1 subunits were significantly elevated in IR cells. Knockdown of α2 expression or functional blockade of integrin α2β1 resulted in a round morphology of IR cells, and abrogated their invasion in the collagen matrix, suggesting the molecule&#039;s essential role in cell spread and invasion in 3D collagen. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) also presented enhanced expression and activation in IR cells. Treatment with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, PD168393, decreased the ratio of elongated cells and cell invasiveness. Signaling molecules, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (Erk1/2) and Akt, exhibited higher activation in IR cells. Inhibition of Akt activation by treating with phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 decreased IR cell invasion, whereas inhibition of Erk1/2 activation by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor U0126 did not. Our results show that integrin α2β1 and EGFR cooperatively promote higher invasiveness of IR-survived lung cancer cells, mediated in part by the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and might serve as alternative targets in combination with radiotherapy. © 2013 Li et al.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0070905

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 日本生物物理学会  

DOI： 10.2142/biophys.52.S107_5

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER SCI LTD  

We investigated the dynamics of the cortical cytoskeleton in living cells by analyzing the motion of the endogenous components of the cytoskeleton using scanning probe microscopy (SPM). We performed molecular characterization of the microgranules visualized by SPM in living cells and analyzed the motion of these microgranules via particle tracking. Simultaneous SPM and epifluorescence microscopy observations showed that the microgranules recruited not only actin but also cortactin, which can bind to actin filaments. This indicates condensation of actin filaments at microgranules, leading us to identify them as "cytoskeletal microdomains". High-speed SPM observation and particle-tracking analysis showed that these cytoskeletal microdomains exhibit random walk-like diffusive fluctuations over a timescale of seconds. Inhibition of the molecular motor myosin II, which drives actin filaments, led to subdiffusive fluctuations of the microdomains. These results can be explained by longitudinal sliding of actin filaments stochastically driven by myosin II and the bending motion of the actin filaments in the absence of sliding. Analysis of the cytoskeletal microdomains thus revealed the intrinsic dynamics of the cortical cytoskeleton. (C) 2011 Acts Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.06.013

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：AMER CHEMICAL SOC  

A high-density polymer brush of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) was precisely prepared following carefully selected procedures, which included selecting the underlying substrate, preparing its surface, and grafting PNIPA on the substrate. As a result, the graft density and the dried thickness of the brush reached more than 0.5 chains/nm(2) and 200 nm, respectively, for the best combination of each procedure. This high-density polymer brush showed gradual collapse with increasing temperature in water, which must be attributed to both the low swelling and the low shrinking abilities of the brush that result from the physically constrained state of the polymers. The contact angle of the air bubbles underneath the high-density polymer brush also gradually decreased up to around 25 degrees C in water with increasing temperature, which indicates that the hydrophilicity of the surface decreases as it does in typical PNIPA-grafted membranes and gels. Starting at the lower critical solution temperature of free PNIPA in water, approximately 32 degrees C, the value of the contact angle started to increase dramatically, and it became constant when the solution temperature exceeded 40 degrees C. Ultimately, the surface exhibited a mostly hydrophilic nature at higher temperatures. The temperature-dependent contact angles can be interpreted by assuming that the terminally chlorinated alkyl groups of the elongated PNIPAs can be positioned on the surfaces or hidden in the vicinity of the membranes, depending on the temperature of the solution.

DOI： 10.1021/ma101439f

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

Filamentous actin and myosin-II are major determinants of cell mechanics and are tightly regulated by a small guanosine triphosphatase, RhoA, and its downstream effectors. We examined the effects of constitutively active mutants of RhoA effectors, which have not been reported before, on cortical stiffness of living cells by using scanning probe microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and truncated mutants of RhoA effectors labeled with a fluorescent protein. Our data indicated that expression of a constitutively active mutant of Dial, a formin-family actin polymerizer, enhanced cortical stiffness and increased actin filament quantity in cells. Furthermore, expression of a constitutively active mutant of Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase, a myosin-II activator, softened the cell cortex but increased myosin-II activity. Our findings provide new insights into anomalous mechanics of cells, which is a topic of current interest in a variety of biological research fields. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.11.036

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担当区分：最終著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.08.041

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.04.150

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SPRINGER  

In this study, we aimed at improving the temporal resolution of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) for observing living cells by introducing soft cantilevers, low feedback-gain operations, and cantilever deflection imaging. We achieved visualization of the mechanical architecture in leading lamellae of living fibroblasts at a temporal resolution of around 10 s, which is higher than that of conventional contact-mode SPM. Time-lapse SPM could be used to monitor not only cytoskeletal dynamics but also the dynamics of numerous microgranules. Statistical analysis of microgranular motion revealed that the microgranules have superdiffusive behaviors and significant directional order of motion. We also found that the direction of their motion is correlated with the direction of growing actin stress fibers. The combination of SPM with fluorescence microscopy showed that vinculin, a component of cell-substratum adhesion sites, localizes at the microgranules. Our experimental data provides a new insight into the intracellular mechanical architecture and its structural dynamics, suggesting that high-speed live-cell SPM has great potential for investigating the structural origin of cellular dynamics.

DOI： 10.1007/s00418-009-0644-7

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 日本生物物理学会  

DOI： 10.2142/biophys.50.S42_3

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 日本生物物理学会  

DOI： 10.2142/biophys.50.S121_1

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：INT SOC HISTOLOGY & CYTOLOGY  

The mechanical memory effect of single cells was reported in our recent study. In order to clarify this effect, various sequential stimuli of uniaxial deformation were applied to cells by deformable culture dishes and a deformation device, and the local stiffness distribution of single C2C12 myoblasts was visualized by scanning probe microscopy. Following a single step stretching, cellular stiffness first increased steeply and then gradually decreased for two hours. By a single step stretching 30 min after a long pulse-like deformation with a pulse duration of 30 min, the cells responded in the same way. On the other hand, they (lid not respond to a single step stretching 39 min after a short pulse-like deformation with a pulse duration of 0.5 min. These results indicated that cellular mechanical response to external deformation is affected strongly by a preceding deformation and that the duration time of the preceding deformation is an important factor in the change in mechanical response. We consider that the change in mechanical response contributes to a regulatory mechanism of cellular contractile force.

DOI： 10.1679/aohc.72.227

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：INT SOC HISTOLOGY & CYTOLOGY  

Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) provides a range of strategies for studying biological phenomena due to its ability to image surfaces under liquids. However, some cellular events, such as cell migration, exceed the maximum measurable range of SPM. Recently, we have developed a wide range scanning probe microscope (WR-SPM) to investigate cellular events which exceed the range of the conventional SPM. In this review, we introduce the instrumentation of the WR-SPM, which can measure a sample for 400 mu m in the xy directions and 23 mu m in the z direction. We then show the application of the WR-SPM to studies of the stiffness response of epithelial cells to an external loading force and demonstrat that the stiffness of the epithelial cells increases under stretched conditions. We also showed the results on the mesh structure on the surface of a melanoma cell as well as the regulatory mechanism of the cellular contractile force by the combined use of topographical and mechanical modes of the WR-SPM. These findings indicate that the WR-SPM is very useful for studying the functions of a cell in relation to the surface structure and mechanical properties of that cell.

DOI： 10.1679/aohc.72.235

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Displacement of actin filament and its binding proteins in mouse myoblasts under locally applied deformation was analyzed by manual method or digital image correlation method. Cyotoskeletal components labeled by immunofluorescent technique or green fluorescent protein-fused protein were deformed via the movement of a glass needle which was poked into a cell. First, we confirmed the digital image correlation method is able to use to analyze displacement map by comparison of the manual method. Next, we examined whether the applied deformation isotropically propagates into cell body. At focal adhesions, fluorescent signals from the deformed area unchanged under the application. Mainly, focal adhesions around the poked area were moved to the direction of the movement of the needle. In addition, some adhesions away from the poked area were moved. Similar results were observed in phalloidin-stained cells. Finally, we applied the local deformation to live cells. However, displacement at the locally deformed area was not observed due to the disappearance of fluorescent signals. These results indicate that applied deformation propagated heterogeneously into a cell, and may imply that biochemical signals disrupt actin fibers under local deformation.

DOI： 10.1299/jbse.4.415

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：JAPAN SOC CELL BIOLOGY  

Purpose: To find a new molecule that affects p53-dependent radiosensitivity.Methods and Materials: A mouse sarcoma cell line, QRsP(p53+/+), was used. From this cell line, we established a radiosensitive clone and a radioresistant one. Colony assay, p53 gene transfer, a luciferase assay for p53 and p21, animal transplantation experiment, and DNA array analyses were performed.Results: Microarray showed marked reduction of a transcription factor, ATF5, both in vitro and in vivo for the radiosensitive clone. Interestingly, flow cytometric analysis demonstrated marked apoptosis for the radiosensitive clone by p53 cloned adenovirus infection. Luciferase reporter assay revealed that ATF5 suppressed the transactivational activity of p53 and p63. By ATF5 gene transfer, the radiosensitive clone regained resistance to both ionizing-radiation and Ad-p53 infection-induced cell death. Surprisingly, time-lapse cell migration observation revealed greater cell motility for ATF5-transfected radiosensitive clone.Conclusions: It seems likely that ATF5 is a potent repressor of p53 and elevated expression of ATF5 in a tumor may relate to enhanced malignant phenotypes, such as radioresistance or greater cell motility.

DOI： 10.1247/csf.08041

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 日本生物物理学会  

DOI： 10.2142/biophys.49.S177_3

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 日本生物物理学会  

DOI： 10.2142/biophys.49.S178_1

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 日本生物物理学会  

DOI： 10.2142/biophys.49.S177_6

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 日本生物物理学会  

DOI： 10.2142/biophys.49.S178_2

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：JAPAN SOCIETY APPLIED PHYSICS  

Mechanical stimuli such as cyclic stretch and fluid stress affect various cellular physiologies, including proliferation. morphology. and differentiation. We investigated Cellular response to shrinking stimuli by developing an isotropic deformation device and observing cellular elasticity with mechanical scanning probe microscopy (M-SPM). The isotropic deformation device consists of a steel ring and a deformable elastic culture dish made of transparent silicone rubber. The M-SPM can visualize topography and spatial distribution of local elasticity of biomaterials in solution. Fibroblasts became softer in response to 6% shrinkage. Cell elasticity did not increase for 1 h after the shrinking stimulus. Inhibitory studies using lysophosphatidic acid and calyculin-A revealed that myosin light chain phosphatase leading to dephospholylation of myosin II regulatory light chain is involved in cell softening.

DOI： 10.1143/JJAP.47.6173

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 日本生物物理学会  

DOI： 10.2142/biophys.48.S113_6

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 日本生物物理学会  

DOI： 10.2142/biophys.48.S153_2

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：JAPAN SOC APPLIED PHYSICS  

This study was aimed at developing a novel experimental setup to investigate the tensional response of a single living cell to external deformation. We constructed the setup which consisted of three components: a device for applying various patterns of uniaxial deformation to living cells, a mechanical scanning probe microscope (M-SPM), and an optical microscope. Intracellular tension is reflected by cellular stiffness measured by M-SPM. Using the setup, we found that stiffness in some areas on a living fibroblast cell increased while stiffness in other areas decreased under 8% external single-step stretch. Furthermore, we found that repetitive deformation inhibited the increase in the stretch-induced cellular stiffness. The present setup is useful for investigating the characteristics of, intracellular tensional responses to external deformation.

DOI： 10.1143/JJAP.46.5631

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER SCI LTD  

We have developed a new stretch device to investigate the biomechanical responses to an external loading force on a tissue-like material consisting of cells and a collagen gel. Collagen gel, a typical matrix found abundantly in the connective tissue, was attached to an elastic chamber that was precoated with a thin layer of collagen. Madin-Darby canine kidney cells that were cultured on the collagen gel were stretched in a uniaxial direction via deformation of the elastic chamber. Changes in the morphology and stiffness of the tissue-like structure were measured before and after the stretch using wide-range scanning probe microscopy (WR-SPM). The change in cellular morphology was heterogeneous, and there was a twofold increase in the intercellular junction due to the stretch. In addition to the WR-SPM measurements, this device enables observation of the spatial distribution of cytoskeletal proteins such as vimentin and alpha-catenin using immunofluorescent microscopy. We concluded that the stretch device we have reported in this paper is useful for measuring the mechanical response of a tissue-like material over a range of cell sizes when exposed to an external loading force. (c) 2006 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.actbio.2006.11.007

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBL LTD  

Scanning probe microscope (SPM) has been developed as a powerful tool for obtaining high resolution topographic images of biological samples in their natural aqueous environment. SPM can also be used to evaluate mechanical properties because its probe is physically in contact with the samples during measurement. To obtain cellular stiffness with SPM, we have proposed two methods: a force modulation mode and a force snapping mode. Considering the influence of the drag force of liquids, we have successfully improved the quantitative evaluation of cellular stiffness by using the force modulation mode. Experiments performed using the two methods revealed that the local stiffness of fibroblasts was not homogeneous on the cell surface but largely varied from point to point. It was revealed that spatial and temporal distributions of cellular stiffness originate in cytoskeletal distribution, mode of cellular migration, and intracellular contractile force.

DOI： 10.2174/157341307779940580

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：JAPAN SOC TRIBOLOGISTS  

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出版者・発行元：The Japanese Society of Microscopy  

DOI： 10.11410/kenbikyo2004.42.136

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 日本生物物理学会  

DOI： 10.2142/biophys.47.S251_1

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 日本生物物理学会  

DOI： 10.2142/biophys.47.S18_2

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 日本生物物理学会  

DOI： 10.2142/biophys.47.S56_1

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 日本生物物理学会  

DOI： 10.2142/biophys.47.S252_4

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：WILEY-LISS  

Regulation of the contractile force is crucial for cell migration, cell proliferation, and maintenance of cell morphology. Phosphorylation of the myosin II regulatory light chain (MRLC) is involved in these processes. To show whether the diphosphorylation of MRLC increases the tension acting on stress fibers, changes in the stiffness of fibroblasts expressing wild-type MRLC and a mutant type, which cannot be diphosphorylated, on treatment with lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) were examined by a mechanical-scanning probe microscope (M-SPM). The LPA treatment increased cellular stiffness in the wild-type MRLC expressing cells, while it had no effect on the mutated cells. immunostaining showed that LPA stimulation induced the diphosphorylation of MRLC. These results suggest that the diphosphorylation of MRLC enhances the tension acting on stress fibers.

DOI： 10.1002/jcp.20773

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：INST PURE APPLIED PHYSICS  

Spatial distributions for 100-mu m(2)-stiffness of type I collagen gels were measured by wide-range scanning probe microscopy. A cantilever being attached to the tip of a glass bead of 100 mu m diameter was used to reduce local stress during Measurements. This method enabled the cantilever to be ill contact With the gel Surface in it manner of it Hertzian contact model regardless of the rough meshwork formation of collagen gels. Stiffness images of collagen gets showed stiff domain structures With it size of 20 mu m. The more the concentration of collagen increased, the more the stiffness increased with the growth of stiff domain structures. Immunostaining for collagen molecules showed highly concentrated fibril structures as large as the stiff domain structures. These results indicate that the structure of collagen gel is nonuniform in the range of 100 mu m square, but it is heterogeneous because of collagen fibril aggregation.

DOI： 10.1143/JJAP.45.2353

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：INST PURE APPLIED PHYSICS  

The role of filamin A (FLNa) in the organization of stress fibers has been studied by comparing the mechanical properties of FLNa-deficient human melanoma cells (M2 cells) and M2 sub-line expressing FLNa (A7 cells). We measured both the topographies and the elasticity distributions of M2 and A7 cells by using a wide-range scanning probe microscopy. In A7 cells, we observed aligned fibrous structures, whereas in M2 cells, fibrous structures were dispersed randomly. Immunofluorescent observation revealed that the aligned fibrous structures in A7 cells were stress fibers generating intracellular tension. On the other hand, the reticular structures observed in M2 cells did not correspond to actin filaments. The cellular stiffness of A7 cells was approximately twice than that of M2 cells, indicating that A7 cells produce larger contractile force through the stress fibers. These results suggest that FLNa stabilizes the stress fibers and increases the cellular stiffness.

DOI： 10.1143/JJAP.45.2328

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 日本生物物理学会  

DOI： 10.2142/biophys.46.S428_1

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 日本生物物理学会  

DOI： 10.2142/biophys.46.S339_4

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：JAPAN SOC APPLIED PHYSICS  

The spatiotemporal variation in the local stiffness of fibroblasts was visualized successfully using wide-range scanning probe microscopy (SPM) in the force mapping mode when the cells attach and spread on a substratum, to clarify the cellular mechanical effects on the development of morphological polarity. We found that the stiffness distribution in inhomogeneous in a circular cell. When the cell shape is polarized, several stiff bands appear clearly along the direction of the morphological polarity. The SPM measurements give new information on the cellular mechanical effect on the development of morphological polarity.

DOI： 10.1143/JJAP.44.5451

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：JAPAN SOC APPLIED PHYSICS  

We succeeded in visualizing the spatial distribution of the local elasticity of mitotic human chromosomes in a liquid environment using scanning probe, microscopy (SPM). Force-versus-indentation curves (force curves) were collected over an entire single chromosome. To estimate the local elasticity of thin chromosomes from the force curves, we examined the validity of a previously proposed model that takes into account the effect of the finite thickness of samples on the estimation of the local elasticity. The force curves obtained are well represented by the model within a small indentation range. The elasticity obtained is independent of the indentation within an indentation range of 100nm. Such fitting procedures for the force curves collected are carried out over the entire chromosome, and the elasticity distribution of a single chromosome is visualized.

DOI： 10.1143/JJAP.44.5421

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 日本生物物理学会  

DOI： 10.2142/biophys.45.S22_3

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 日本生物物理学会  

DOI： 10.2142/biophys.45.S116_2

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 日本生物物理学会  

DOI： 10.2142/biophys.45.S152_1

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

Scanning probe microscopy and immunofluorescence observations indicated that cellular stiffness was attributed to a contractile network structure consisting of stress fibers. We measured temporal variations in cellular stiffness when cellular contractility was regulated by dosing with lysophosphatidic acid or Y-27632. This experiment revealed a clear relation between cellular stiffness and contractility: Increases in contractility caused cells to stiffen. On the other hand, decreases in contractility reduced cellular stiffness. In both cases, not only the stiffness of the stress fibers but also that of the whole of the cell varied. Immunofluorescence observations of myosin II and vinculin indicated that the stiffness variations induced by the regulation of cellular contractility were mainly due to rearrangements of the contractile actin network on the dorsal surface. Taken together, our findings provide evidence that the actin cytoskeletal network and its contractility features provide and modulate the mechanical stability of adherent cells. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.07.034

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：INST PURE APPLIED PHYSICS  

We developed wide-range scanning probe microscope (WR-SPM) for visualizing the topography and mechanical properties of samples in the submillimeter range. A piezoelectric scanner with a maximum xy scan range of 400 pin square and a z range of 16 pin was constructed by joining two commercial piezotranslators in tandem. The reliability of measurement was confirmed by measuring a well-defined pattern engraved on a silicon substrate. Using the WR-SPM, the spatial distribution of stiffness and time-lapse images of a large colony consisting of approximately 40 epithelial cells were visualized Successfully, where the local stiffness was measured using the force mapping mode. These results indicate that the WR-SPM can be a powerful instrument to visualize the mechanical properties of biological phenomena extending in the submillimeter range.

DOI： 10.1143/JJAP.43.4525

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 日本生物物理学会  

DOI： 10.2142/biophys.44.S160_3

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：社団法人 日本顕微鏡学会(The Japanese Society of Microscopy)  

DOI： 10.11410/kenbikyo1950.38.90

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その他リンク： http://hdl.handle.net/2115/17143

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA  

In the organic conductor (DMTSA)BFQ [DMTSA: 2,3-dimethyl-tetra-seleno-antracene], the electronic system is expected to be the Mott-Hubbard insulator. However, its conductivity at room temperature is 200similar to400Omega(-1)cm(-1) and behaves metallic above similar to200K. At ambient pressure we found anomalies both in the DC conductivity components and in the permittivity at similar to80K, similar to those in (TMTTF)(2)X associated with charge ordering at similar to100K. Possible origin of the anomalies is discussed.

DOI： 10.1016/S0379-6779(02)00756-7

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN  

We succeeded in performing of hybrid Scanning Probe Microscopy (hybrid-SPM) in which mechanical-SPM and fluorescence microscopy are combined. This technique is able to measure simultaneously mechanical properties and distribution of cytoskeletons of living cells by using green fluorescent protein. We measured evolution of both local elasticity and distributions of actin stress fibers in an identical fibroblast living in physiological conditions. The SPM experiments revealed that stiffer lines develop in living cells, which correspond to actin stress fibers. The elasticity of the actin stress fibers is as high as 100 kPa. We discuss mechanical effects on the development of actin filament networks.

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

The inhomogeneous structure of agar gels was examined by means of mechanical-scanning probe microscopy Several domains were observed in the elasticity images, while such domains could not be seen in the height images. The domain size decreased with increases in agar concentration. We found that the histograms of the logarithm of the local elastic modulus were described well by a single normal distribution. As the agar concentration increased, the peak values of the histograms increased, while the half-value width remained constant. These results imply that the gelation process of agar gels has a common mechanism, despite its complexity.

DOI： 10.1093/jmicro/52.3.277

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 日本生物物理学会  

DOI： 10.2142/biophys.43.S109_1

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 日本生物物理学会  

DOI： 10.2142/biophys.43.S108_3

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 日本生物物理学会  

DOI： 10.2142/biophys.43.S162_1

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：INST PURE APPLIED PHYSICS  

We improved the force modulation mode with scanning probe microscopy (SPM) in order to make a quantitative evaluation of the viscoelasticity of living cells. Taking account of the viscosity of liquid medium, the vibration frequency of the cantilever was selected to be 500 Hz, and analysis of cantilever vibration was adopted for evaluation of the viscoelasticity of the samples. Consequently, we have succeeded in determining viscoelasticity distribution on living cells. The values of Young's modulus and the coefficient of viscosity vary from 10 to 50 kPa and from 20 to 40 Pa(.)s on a cell, depending on its internal cellular structure.

DOI： 10.1143/JJAP.41.4952

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 日本生物物理学会  

DOI： 10.2142/biophys.42.S194_2

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 日本生物物理学会  

DOI： 10.2142/biophys.42.S163_1

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 日本生物物理学会  

DOI： 10.2142/biophys.42.S162_3

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA  

Organic conductor (DMTSA)BF4 is a compound composed of an electron donor DMTSA and a monovalent acceptor BF4-. The conductivity at room temperature is similar to 400 Omega (-1)cm(-1) and behaves metallic. At ambient pressure, the gradual metal-insulator transition was observed at similar to 200K. We found that the sample shows non-linear conduction in the insulating state under 0.35GPa. We discuss the apparent similarity with the non-linear electric conduction by the density wave sliding.

DOI： 10.1016/S0379-6779(00)01218-2

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Animal cells crawl in tissue to achieve their functions. The cell locomotion is a typical case of collective phenomena in biological systems. By atomic force microscopy (AFM), we measured the spatial distribution of local elasticity over cells of fibroblasts, which are kept alive in physiological conditions. The AFM experiments revealed that: (1) the nucleus area of the cell surface is about 10 times softer than the surroundings, and (2) distribution of local elasticity is evolving in time. The drug-dosing experiments confirm that the cell shape and stiffness originate mainly in actin filaments but not in microtubules. The elasticity pattern does not always correspond to that of actin filaments from fluorescence observations. These results indicate that the cell stiffness results not only from the density of actin filaments but also from their dynamical properties. (c) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/S1567-1739(00)00013-4

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

An analytical method is proposed to evaluate the viscoelasticity of a biomaterial in water by the scanning probe microscope. The proposed method utilizes the dependence of amplitude and phase lag of cantilever vibration on the viscoelasticity when the tip on the cantilever cyclically penetrates into the cell. The cyclical penetrations are carried out in two ways
one is by excitation of the cantilever fixed end, and other by that of the table. The analysis takes the drag force of water due to the cantilever vibration into account. The stiffness and the viscosity of the cell are analytically related with the amplitude and the phase lag of the cantilever vibration. The results shows that the relations among the amplitude, the phase lag, stiffness and viscosity vary significantly depending on the excitation frequencies of the cantilever fixed end and the table. © 2001, The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1299/kikaic.67.3498

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

Ferroelastic domain boundary can be regarded as a type of twin domain boundary. A twin deformation is induced in a conducting organic crystal (TMTSF)(2)X when the shear stress is applied. TMTSF denotes tetramethyle-tetraselenafulvalene and x does an anion such as ClO4+ and PF6+. The boundary can move easily along one direction under the small shear stress of about I kPa. We could successfully observe the motion of the isolated twin boundary in real time and investigate control parameters of its motion. The motion of the twin boundary is intermittent even under a constant stress. The boundary can move under stress above a small threshold. Temperature dependence of the local velocity strongly depends on the applied stress: when the temperature is lowered, the velocity increases under the small stress while decreases under the large stress. The local velocity depends not only on external stress and temperature but also on the waiting time before the onset of motion.

DOI： 10.1080/00150190108008518

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 日本生物物理学会  

DOI： 10.2142/biophys.41.S207_2

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 日本生物物理学会  

DOI： 10.2142/biophys.41.S93_2

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：The Japanese Society of Microscopy  

DOI： 10.11410/kenbikyo1950.35.276

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD  

To identify the types of neurons and to infer the patterns of connectivity in slug tentacles, we stained the neurons in the superior and inferior tentacles in the terrestrial slug, Limax marginatus, by backfilling of the tentacular nerves with Lucifer yellow. Four types of stained neurons, '(1) sensory neurons', '(2) gamma cells', '(3) ganglion cells', '(4) lateral cells', were identified both in the superior and inferior tentacles. Three subtypes of the sensory neurons, '(la) round sensory neurons', '(lb) spindle-shaped sensory neurons', and '(lc) small sensory neurons', were found in the digits. The gamma cells and the ganglion cells were interneurons. Three subtypes of gamma cells, '(2a) round monopolar gamma cells', '(2b) round bipolar gamma cells', and '(2c) large gamma cells', were present in the digits. The ganglion cells were composed of '(3a) monopolar ganglion cells','(3b) bipolar ganglion cells', and '(3c) elongated ganglion cells'. The monopolar and bipolar types were located both in the tentacular ganglia and digits, whereas the elongated type was present only in the tentacular ganglia. The lateral cells, whose function is unknown, were found in the dermo-muscular sheaths of the tentacles. Our study provides the first description of the neuronal map of inferior tentacles in gastropods. The results showed no differences in the morphological features of stained neurons between the superior and inferior tentacles in L. marginatus. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd and the Japan Neuroscience Society. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/S0168-0102(00)00118-8

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：JAPAN J APPLIED PHYSICS  

In order to examine the mechanical properties of the membrane surface of astrocytes, we observed living astrocytes by atomic force microscopy (AFM) both in contact mode and force-mapping mode. Ridge-like structures reflecting actin filaments were observed in the topographic images in contact mode, but not in force-mapping mode, using a zero-loading force. When we measured the elasticity of astrocytes, we observed that the cell membrane above the nucleus was soft and the cell membrane above the cytosol was stiff. In particular, the parts reflecting actin filaments were very stiff. This effect of actin filaments on the elasticity of astrocytes was confirmed by the loss of actin filaments after application of actin-polymerization inhibitor.

DOI： 10.1143/JJAP.39.3711

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Measurements of the local elastic modulus of agar gels obtained with atomic force microscope (AFM) force mapping were compared with values obtained by the tensile creep method. The observed spatial distributions of the local elastic modulus over the gel surface in AFM elastic images clearly corresponded to the network structure of agar fibers observed both in AFM topographic and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. Both peak and average values of distribution functions in the histograms of local elastic modulus increase monotonically with the agar concentration. Values obtained by AFM force mapping were found to be proportional to values obtained from creep experiments. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/S0304-3991(99)00170-9

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Using the force mapping mode of atomic force microscopy (AFM), we measured spatial distribution of elastic moduli of living mouse fibroblasts (NIH3T3) in a physiological condition. The nuclear portion of the cellular surface is about 10 times softer than the surroundings. Stiffer fibers are confirmed in the elastic images. In order to investigate origin of the softer nuclear portion and the stiffer fibers, we fixed the identical cells imaged by the AFM, and carried out immunofluorescence observation for three types of cytoskeletal filaments - actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments, using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). A comparison between the AFM and the CLSM images revealed that the elasticity of the cells was concerned not only with the distribution of actin network, but also with intermediate filaments, whereas microtubules had no large effect on the measured elasticity. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/S0304-3991(99)00157-6

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING  

We have focused on effects of local mechanical properties of the cell on cell motion. By using atomic force microscopy, we measured spatial distribution of local elastic modulus on mouse fibroblasts (NIH3T3), which is living in a physiological condition. In order to examine validity of AFM elastic measurements, we measured local elastic modulus of gels as elastic reference materials. The results obtained with AFM were compared with values obtained by tensile creep method. It is veryfied that these values are proportional each other. The AFM experiments on living cells revealed that center area of cell surface is about 10 times softer than the surroundings and looks like a big softer hole in the elasticity image. We fixed the cell just after the AFM measurements and carried out immunofluorescence observation for cytoskeletal filaments of actin filaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments. A comparison between distribution of local elasticity and cytoskeletones indicates that harder area on the cell results mainly from concentration of actin filaments. However, We found that some areas like the big softer hole do not correspond to distribution of actin filaments.

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：BALTZER SCI PUBL BV  

A twin boundary of an organic single crystal can move easily under a small stress. The boundary motion is intermittent, even under a constant stress. The local velocity depends not only on external stress but also on the waiting time before the onset of motion. The present system is considered as a simple system of dry Friction between two commensurate lattices. We found some similarities between the twin boundary motion and solid/solid dry friction.

DOI： 10.1023/A:1018848225662

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

We examined the interior structure of exocytotic apertures in synaptic vesicles of neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells using atomic force microscopy. The atomic force microscopy detected apertures of 50-100 nm in diameter at various depths within the varicosities of these cells. We were also able to image a regular radial pattern on the wall and lump-like structures at the bottom of these apertures. In contrast, scanning electron microscopy could only detect the apertures but not the fine details of their interior. The cells examined here exhibited the same electrophysiological properties and expression of synaptophysin and syntaxin 1 as presynaptic terminals, as studied by various electrophysiological and imaging techniques.
Our results indicate that atomic force microscopy allows three-dimensional viewing of the fine structures located inside exocytotic apertures in nerve cells. (C) 2000 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/S0306-4522(00)00320-1

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

The topography and elasticity of living and fixed astrocytes cultured from the rat cerebra were studied quantitatively by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Ridge-like structures reflecting F-actin beneath the cell membrane were prominent in the contact-mode images of living astrocytes. Many of these ridges became unclear after fixation (2%, glutaraldehyde). In addition, the ridge-like structures were invisible in the topography of living cells observed at zero-loading force in the force mapping mode, which is considered to show the real cell surface not pressed down by an AFM tip. The topography of fixed cells observed both in the contact mode and at zero-loading force in the force mapping mode was similar to that of living cells observed at zero-loading force in the force mapping mode, although some deformed areas were detected in the fixed cells. The elasticity map images of living astrocytes showed that the cell membrane above the nucleus was softer (2-3 kPa) than the surroundings, and that the cell membrane above F-actin was stiffer (10-20 kPa) than the surroundings. In the elasticity map images of fixed astrocytes, on the other hand, the elasticity of the cells was found to be relatively uniform (200-700 kPa) irrespective of the inner structures of cells. These results show that images observed by AFM should be carefully examined in consideration of the force introduced to specimens and the elasticity of specimens to find out the real surface topography.

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

Using the force modulation mode in atomic force microscopy, we have succeeded in capturing time-lapse viscoelastic images of living mouse fibroblasts (NIH3T3) for several hours in a physiological condition without damaging the fibroblasts. Elongation of the lamellipodia and swelling of blabs were observed in time-lapse topographic images, which were taken every 10 min. The corresponding viscoelastic responses at a frequency of 600 Hz were visualized as consecutive images. The stiffer part of the cell body was fairly stable and did not show morphological changes for over 1 h. This is probably due to excess condensation of the actin network, hardening the cell cortex, and lowering the cytoskeletal activity. The nuclear portion of the cell body seems to be slightly less viscous than the peripheral region.

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 日本生物物理学会  

DOI： 10.2142/biophys.40.S80_2

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 日本生物物理学会  

DOI： 10.2142/biophys.40.S182_2

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：INT SOC HISTOLOGY & CYTOLOGY  

We observed the time-dependent morphological alteration of astrocytes during their adhesion by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and investigated the relationships between this morphological alteration and the localization of actin filaments and connexin 43 by immunocytochemistry. The fine processes observed as fine ridge-like structures by AFM were closely concerned with ac tin filaments by immunocytochemistry, During the adhesion of astrocytes, actin filaments appeared to be aligned regularly beyond the borders among different cells. Detectable connexin immunoreactivity was changed in the following regions: 1) the tips of fine cell processes and the cell margin when astrocytes started to adhere; 2) the border of cells when astrocytes tightly adhered; and 3) non-specific sites when astrocytes became a cluster. In the former two cases, the immunopositive spots for connexin were observed to colocalize with the tips of cell processes with actin filaments. These results strongly suggest that connexin associated with actin filaments at the tip of cell processes plays an important role in the early stage of the adhesion of astrocytes. These observations afford valuable clues for understanding the glial communication.

DOI： 10.1679/aohc.62.355

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：特定非営利活動法人 日本バイオレオロジー学会  

DOI： 10.11262/jpnbr1987.13.3_29

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：JAPAN J APPLIED PHYSICS  

As the first step in the study df morphological changes in neurons associated with their functional changes, we applied atomic force microscopy (AFM) for the observation of fine three-dimensional morphological changes in rat cerebellar granule cells stimulated by an agonist of glutamate receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). The AFM revealed that NMDA changed the cross-sections of cell bodies from a trapezoid-like form to a triangle-like form within a minute. The fine hill-like structures on the top surfaces of the cell bodies became wider during the same period. These results were suggested to be induced by the depolymerization; of filamentous actin triggered by the entry of Ca2+ via cation channels complexed with the activated NMDA receptors.

DOI： 10.1143/JJAP.38.3940

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人日本生物物理学会  

DOI： 10.2142/biophys.39.179

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SPRINGER VERLAG  

Intermittent and irregular motion of isolated twin boundary (kink) in organic crystal (TMTSF)(2)PF6 was studied at room temperature. Both the local velocity and the time of intermission are determined not only by external stress and temperature but also by the time (t(w)) elapsed after the backward passage and before the following forward one. When the kink moves after longer t(w) its velocity becomes smaller and the time of intermission longer. Both tend to saturate for t(w) longer than 10(2) s. This result indicates that some disorder is induced in the lattice by the backward motion and it is relaxed during t(w). We also found that the effect of the backward motion of one kink on its following motion is equivalent quantitatively to that of the forward motion of the pair-created counterpart.

DOI： 10.1007/s100510050623

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：AMER INST PHYSICS  

The topographic and viscoelastic images of the nerve cell (NG108-15) living in the culture medium were successfully obtained in the force modulation mode using atomic force microscopy(AFM), We found that there exists variation of elasticity in the cell, To compare the elastic results with F-actin network of cytoskeleton which is considered as a possible origin for cell stiffness, the fluorescence observation was made on the fu;ed cells just after the AFM measurements. The results show no clear correspondence between density of F-actin and stiffness of the cells.

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記述言語：英語  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：AMER INST PHYSICS  

We have investigated viscoelastic properties of living mouse fibroblasts (NIH3T3) in a physiological condition using both force mapping and force modulation modes in atomic force microscopy. Spatial distribution of the elastic moduli has been measured using the force mapping mode. The nucleus area of the cell is about 10 times softer than the cytoplasm. Temporal changes in shape and viscoelasticity of developing lamellipodia have been captured using the force modulation mode. The dynamic changes were succeeded in capturing with time resolution of 10 minutes.

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 日本生物物理学会  

DOI： 10.2142/biophys.39.S37_1

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 日本生物物理学会  

DOI： 10.2142/biophys.39.S36_4

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 日本生物物理学会  

DOI： 10.2142/biophys.39.S37_2

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 日本生物物理学会  

DOI： 10.2142/biophys.39.S57_3

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：JAPAN J APPLIED PHYSICS  

Although we can routinely obtain fine structural images of cells by atomic force microscopy (AFM), the adequacy and reliability of morphological information acquired from these AFM images remain to be examined. In this report, we compared images of the line structures of nerve cells as observed by both AFM and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Although AFM revealed the structure of the top views of cells in greater detail than SEM, their side structures were better observed by SEM. The linear structures in the neural processes detected only by AFM were confirmed, by immunofluorescence staining, to be reflections of the cytoskeletal structures located beneath the cell membrane. These differences between the AFM and the SEM images reflected the characteristics of the detection systems and methods used for sample preparation. Therefore, these results revealed that more detailed information on cell morphology can be obtained by using both AFM and SEM to advantage.

DOI： 10.1143/JJAP.37.3855

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：JAPAN J APPLIED PHYSICS  

The morphology of cultured glial cells was examined using a combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and immunofluorescence staining for cytoskeletons. The meshwork of type-1 astrocytes consisted of thick longitudinal and thin lateral lines on the cell surfaces observed by AFM, the former lines were confirmed to be reflections of actin filaments. The astrocytic processes of type-2 astrocytes were observed to be rugged on AFM. These structures were mainly affected by microtubules. Immunofluorescence imaging of microglia revealed that actin filaments and microtubules were arranged radially and wavily along the cell edge, respectively. AFM could detect these radial and wavy structures clearly. These results show that AFM can provide information on the cytoskeletons of glial cells, indicating that AFM is a useful tool for the morphological characterization of cells.

DOI： 10.1143/JJAP.37.3849

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：JAPAN J APPLIED PHYSICS  

Using the force modulation mode in atomic force microscopy (AFM), we have succeeded in imaging elastic properties of agar gels immersed in water. The elastic images of ap ar have been captured simultaneously with the topographic images. Stiffer grains of agar whose size is about 200 nm can be clearly seen in the elastic image of 3.0% agar, while they are not so visible in the case of 1.5% agar. These grains probably correspond to aggregation of agar which cannot be observed in the topographic images. We also measured force-versus-distance curves using AFM to confirm that the absolute values of elastic modulus (Young's modulus) of agar coincide with the bulk values measured using the conventional stress-strain method. The estimated values of the elastic moduli with the AFM were 40 and 90 kPa for 1.5% and 3.0% agar gels, respectively. These are in good agreement with the respective bulk values of 30 and 80 kPa obtained using the conventional method.

DOI： 10.1143/JJAP.37.3860

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：INT SOC HISTOLOGY & CYTOLOGY  

Using the force modulation mode in atomic force microscopy, we measured elastic properties of living mouse fibroblasts (NIH3T3) in a culture medium, The topographic images of the cellular surface and the corresponding elastic images of the cellular surface were able to be captured simultaneously with high spatial resolution, The consecutive images were useful for examining time-dependent changes in the cellular surface, We observed that some cells continued to shrink and change their softness for 2 hours, Then the force modulation mode in atomic force microscopy shows potential use in analyzing time-dependent regional elastic properties of living cells with high spatial resolution.

DOI： 10.1679/aohc.61.57

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：KOREAN PHYSICAL SOC  

Motion of twin boundaries in (TMTSF)(2)PF6 was studied. The twin boundary moves intermittently and chaotically under constant force. Moreover it moves spontaneously in some regions. The spontaneous motion is intermittent and chaotic. Presumably there are other factors, besides external stress and position dependent potential, which determine the motion. The intermittence and chaos are the essentials of twin boundary motion and they can not be explained as long as the twin boundary is regarded as a rigid body.

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：KOREAN PHYSICAL SOC  

The vacuum evaporation method was modified for thin films of the organic charge-transfer complex (BEDT-TTF)(2)I-3. This modified evaporation method made it possible to investigate the effect of the substrate tempearture on the film properties in detail. The thin films changed systematically from the alpha-phase of (BEDT-TTF)(2)I-3 to the beta-phase as the substrate temperature was raised from 40 degrees C to 60 degrees C. This was caused not by the transformation of the alpha-phase to the alpha(t)-phase but by the growth of two different phases. The morphology and the structure of the deposited films were also examined by atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction.

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：KOREAN PHYSICAL SOC  

Response of the spin-density wave condensate in (TMTSF)(2)AsF6 and motion of twin boundaries in (TMTSF)(2)PF6 were studied comparatively. In the former, internal degrees of fredom are essential to understand various dynamical properties. The dynamics of twin boundary is so complicated but it should not be regarded as a rigid planar object.

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：JAPAN J APPLIED PHYSICS  

We examined the practical scan speed for the observation of live neurons in a physiological solution using atomic force microscopy (AFM) with a desired vertical resolution of the order of 10(-8) mi which was reasonable when taking into account that a flicker of extracellular protein and saccharide on the neurons in the solution occurred during an observation period of a couple of minutes. The practical scan speed was found to be under 40 mu m/s, therefore, if we applied AFM using 100 lines and 100 pixels per line to an observation area of 20 mu m x 20 mu m, the minimum period for acquiring one image was estimated to be about 2 min. This procedure gave us good images that represented the slow three-dimensional dynamics in live neurons, such as the retrograde movement of surface protuberances, but suggested that another approach was required to detect fast structural changes induced by stimulation.

DOI： 10.1143/JJAP.36.3877

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1080/10587259708032321

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：EDITIONS PHYSIQUE  

Structure and dynamics of twin boundaries in (TMTSF)(2)PF6 were studied. From microscopic observations, they are planar in shape and their width is less than 20 nm. No change in their shape was found. Their movement and pair annihilation do not leave any trace in the crystal surface. Their motion under external force as well as spontaneous movement are intermittent and chaotic. Role of internal degree of freedom is essential.

DOI： 10.1051/jp1:1996174

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1051/jp1:1996175

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1016/0379-6779(96)80184-6

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1016/0038-1098(96)00062-2

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1016/0379-6779(94)02791-V

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：The Chemical Society of Japan  

Various radical cation salts of 2,3-dimethyl-tetrathioanthracene (DMTTA) and -tetraselenoanthracene (DMTSA) with NO₃⁻, BF₄⁻, ClO₄⁻, PF₆⁻, AsF₆⁻, and Br⁻ counter anions were prepared by an electrocrystallization technique. It has been found that these salts have either 1 : 1 or 2 : 1 stoichiometry depending on the volumes of the anions, but all are electrically conductive regardless of the stoichiometries. In particular, the NO₃ and BF₄ salts of DMTSA, in spite of 1 : 1 stoichiometry, recorded unusually high room temperature conductivities of 440 and 450 S cm⁻¹, respectively, and had metallic behaviors down to around 200 K. In addition, the other salts were semiconductors with very low activation energies. X-Ray crystallographic analyses showed that the crystal structures of all the salts consist of one-dimensional stacking columns of the donor molecules, but the two metallic salts have more favorable uniform stacking columns in which there are not only effective π electronic interactions but also strong heteroatomic interactions. Furthermore, solid electronic spectra indicated that these 1 : 1 radical cation salts have the advantage of marked reduction of on-site Coulombic repulsion in the donor molecules, which serves to suppress a Mott transition.

DOI： 10.1246/bcsj.67.766

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

A novel donor, 1,4-bis[2-(6,7-ethylenedithio-1,4,5,8-tetrathifulvalen-2-yl)ethenyl]-2,5-dimethylbenzene
BETE-DMB (1), was synthesized. Its extended π-electron conjugation was confirmed from the electrochemical behaviour. The electrical conductivity of the needle shape single crystals of BETE-DMB/IBr2 is 80 Scm-1 at room temperature, and shows metallic behaviour down to ca. 230 K. © 1993.

DOI： 10.1016/0379-6779(93)90363-2

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Magnetic-property measurements of pyrolytic carbon prepared by the thermal CVD of adamantane were carried out using the Faraday balance method and the ESR spectroscopy. The content of ferromagnetic metallic oxide as impurity in the samples has been confirmed to be low enough not to influence on the present magnetic-property measurements. Analysis of the measurement results has shown that the sample obtained are basically superparamagnetic and, even, ferromagnetic at low temperatures in a certain sample. © 1992, Taylor &amp
Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1080/10587259208047044

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

1,4-Bis[2(tetrahiafulvalen-2-yl)ethenyl]-2,5-dimethylbenzene (BTFE-DMB) is synthesized. Both the absolute values of oxidation potentials and the difference between the first and second ones of BTFE-DMB are smaller than those of tetrathiafulvalene (TTF). The resistivity of the single crystal of its iodine salts is as low as 7 × 10-3 ω cm at room temperature. The crystal shows a metallic-conducting behavior above c. 80 K. © 1992.

DOI： 10.1016/0379-6779(92)90343-H

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

The effects of evaporation conditions on crystal and physical properties of the evaporated films were investigated from X-ray examination and electric measurement. Conducting (BEDT-TTF) iodide films were obtained under the condition of a short distance between the substrate and the crucible during deposition. As the substrate temperature was raised, the obtained films exhibited various crystal structures having different physical properties. © 1991.

DOI： 10.1016/0379-6779(91)92025-D

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Anisotropic Raman spectra of single crystals of (TTF)18(I3)18(CH2Cl2)2 were observed at room temperature. Its anisotropy was reflected on its crystal structure which is composed of three types of segregated stacking columns of TTF molecules. The charge transfer degrees of TTF molecules were estimated from the Raman band frequencies of TTF molecules and structural data of the crystal. © 1991.

DOI： 10.1016/0379-6779(91)91819-V

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Superconducting organic thin films were prepared by using a charge-transfer complex (BEDT-TTF) iodide as a raw material and adopting a novel vacuum evaporation method and heat treatment. X-ray examinations verified that most parts of the obtained film were composed of the αt-phase of (BEDT-TTF)2I3 crystals. Superconducting diamagnetism was observed below about 5 K. © 1990.

DOI： 10.1016/0379-6779(90)90183-L

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1016/0379-6779(89)90485-2

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Pb/Si multilayers are prepared by rf sputtering on substrates which are cooled down by liq.N2. Clear modulation of the composition in the multilayers is confirmed by the XPS depth profile examination. The superconducting transition temperatures of the multilayers are almost 7.2K, which is close to the value of bulk Pb. The critical magnetic fields are very large values and exhibit a large anisotropy. © 1987 The Japan Society of Applied Physics.

DOI： 10.7567/JJAPS.26S3.1439

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

The Hall voltage and conductivities perpendicular to the b-axis of NbSe3 were measured. The former is strongly current-dependent in the non-Ohmic regime, while the transverse conductivities are Ohmic. The results are consistently explained by taking account of the contribution of the sliding charge-density-wave to the conductivity parallel to the b-axis. © 1981, THE PHYSICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1143/JPSJ.50.739

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（国際会議）   出版者・発行元：AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（国際会議）   出版者・発行元：AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY  

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：(一社)日本細胞生物学会  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（国際会議）   出版者・発行元：AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（国際会議）   出版者・発行元：AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人日本物理学会  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（国際会議）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人日本機械学会  

粒子法の一種であるMPS法を基本にして、細胞を模擬した膜・繊維・液体からなる複合構造体の計算モデルの構築と、それを用いた群体としての挙動シミュレーションを試みた.その計算モデルの概要と、計算例を示す。

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記述言語：日本語  

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：日本表面科学会  

DOI： 10.1380/jsssj.29.235

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人日本物理学会  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（国際会議）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人日本物理学会  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（国際会議）   出版者・発行元：JAPAN SOC CELL BIOLOGY  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（国際会議）   出版者・発行元：JAPAN SOC CELL BIOLOGY  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（国際会議）   出版者・発行元：JAPAN SOC CELL BIOLOGY  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（国際会議）   出版者・発行元：JAPAN SOC CELL BIOLOGY  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：日本生物物理学会  

DOI： 10.2142/biophys.45.105

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（国際会議）   出版者・発行元：BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：物性研究刊行会  

この論文は国立情報学研究所の電子図書館事業により電子化されました。

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（国際会議）   出版者・発行元：AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（国際会議）   出版者・発行元：AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（国際会議）   出版者・発行元：AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人日本物理学会  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（国際会議）   出版者・発行元：JAPAN SOC CELL BIOLOGY  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（国際会議）   出版者・発行元：JAPAN SOC CELL BIOLOGY  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人日本物理学会  

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その他リンク： http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/10940750

記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人日本物理学会  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：応用物理学会分科会日本光学会  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人日本機械学会  

Knowledge of viscoelasticity distribution of a living biological cell is useful for investigation of a relationship between its motility and cellular structure. This paper proposes a strict evaluation method of viscoelasticity of cells through vibration analysis of AFM cantilever in water by considering resistance force of cells against cantilever tip penetration and drag force of water due to the cantilever vibration. Cyclic penetration of the tip is presently given by the vibration of the table, while additional vertical motion is applied to the table to avoid the effect of. topography on the evaluation of the viscoelasticity. A map of viscoelasticity distribution is taken by scanning motion of the table.

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：日本電子顕微鏡学会  

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：AMER INST PHYSICS  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人電子情報通信学会  

(TMTSF)_2Xは、擬一次元的な電気伝導度を示す低次元電荷移動型有機錯体である。(TMTSF)_2Xの単結晶に適当な外力を加えると、結晶の一部に双晶変形が生じる。孤立したkinkの運動の観測を(TMTSF)_2PF_6単結晶を使っておこなったところ、一定の応力下でも、間欠性や速度のばらつきのような複雑な振る舞いを示した。しかし、kinkの変位の時間依存性を示す曲線は一つの曲線に規格化が可能であることを見いだし、これより結晶中のkinkの運動は欠陥の分布などの結晶内に固定された要因以外に運動を支配する要因があることがわかった。さらにこの要因は運動前の履歴に強く関係していることがわかった。

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（国際会議）   出版者・発行元：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人日本物理学会  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人日本物理学会  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人日本物理学会  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人日本物理学会  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人日本物理学会  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人日本物理学会  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人日本物理学会  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人日本物理学会  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人日本物理学会  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人日本物理学会  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人日本物理学会  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人日本物理学会  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人日本物理学会  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人日本物理学会  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人日本物理学会  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人日本物理学会  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人日本物理学会  

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