Authorship：Lead author   Publisher：Japan Prosthodontic Society  

DOI： 10.2186/ajps.16.107

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BACKGROUND: The state of food comminution caused by chewing is an important factor triggering the swallowing reflex. However, the impact of retronasal aroma released from comminuted food to the nose upon swallowing during food intake is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated the relationship between aroma concentration and swallowing threshold while chewing a standardised test food. METHODS: Twenty healthy participants took part in this study. Concentration of retronasal aroma was measured over time through the nostrils using an odour sensor. The aroma concentration was measured while chewing an orange-flavoured gummy jelly until swallowing, and the number of chewing strokes was measured to determine the swallowing threshold. Next, the aroma concentration was measured while chewing the gummy jelly for 30 strokes, and 100% and 200% of swallowing threshold without swallowing. The surface area increase in the expectorated gummy jelly pieces was calculated using image analysis and defined as masticatory performance at 30 strokes. RESULTS: The average number of chewing strokes until the swallowing threshold was 45.1 ± 14.2. Higher masticatory performance was associated with a smaller number of chewing strokes at swallowing threshold, and a greater increase in surface area at the swallowing threshold. The number of chewing strokes and the aroma concentration were similar between the swallowing threshold and at the maximum aroma concentration while chewing at 200% of the swallowing threshold. CONCLUSION: The findings suggested that the swallowing threshold might be influenced by retronasal aroma concentration as well as the state of food comminution.

DOI： 10.1111/joor.13389

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Authorship：Lead author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Prosthodontic Society  

DOI： 10.2186/jpr.jpr_d_23_00117

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Language：Japanese  

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BACKGROUND: The tongue functions by modulating according to bolus volume when swallowing; however, associated tongue dynamics are unclear. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to clarify how tongue motion and tongue pressure change with bolus volume during swallowing. METHODS: Sixteen healthy volunteers (age 29.5 ± 3.8 years; 12 males, 4 females) were recruited. Two electromagnetic articulography markers were attached, one each on the anterior and posterior parts of the tongue, to measure motion. A sensor sheet, with five pressure-sensitive points, was attached to the hard palate to measure tongue pressure. Participants were asked to swallow 3 ml and 10 ml of water. Motion trajectory, maximum velocity, vertical displacement just before contact with the hard palate, and maximum magnitude and duration of tongue pressure were analysed. RESULTS: Tongue rotation was observed in the sagittal plane; its rate of appearance was significantly higher when swallowing 3 ml of water than when swallowing 10 ml, and the rate of rotation at posterior part was significantly higher than at the anterior part. The maximum velocity and vertical displacement were significantly greater when swallowing 10 ml of water than those when swallowing 3 ml of water. There was no significant difference in either the maximum magnitude of tongue pressure or maximum duration of tongue pressure between 3 ml and 10 ml. CONCLUSION: Bolus volume influenced the pattern of tongue motion; however, there was no difference in tongue pressure.

DOI： 10.1111/joor.13248

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Society of Gerodontology  

DOI： 10.11259/jsg.36.91

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Wiley  

DOI： 10.1111/joor.13208

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

To provide appropriate foods for elderly people with eating difficulties, it is necessary to take account of the ability of compensatory mastication such as tongue squeezing. However, the biomechanics of tongue squeezing is still unclear. The aim of present study is to investigate the effect of the initial mechanical properties of gels on the change in tongue pressure production during squeezing and swallowing. As test sample, nine kinds of gels with three fracture force and three fracture strain were prepared. Tongue pressure during squeezing and swallowing gels was measured by using an ultra-thin tongue pressure sensor with five measuring points attached on the hard palate in seven healthy participants, and analyzed at four phases; Initial squeeze, Middle squeeze, Last squeeze, and Swallowing. The maximal magnitude of tongue pressure was increased for gels with higher fracture force at most measuring points and was decreased for gels with higher fracture strain at some measuring points on the median line during Initial and Middle squeezing. However, no influence by fracture force and strain was found in magnitude during Last squeezing and Swallowing. The duration of tongue pressure increased for gels with higher force at most measuring points during Middle squeezing, although no influence by strain was found during each phase. The results clearly show how the initial fracture properties of gels influence on tongue pressure production during each phase of food oral processing, which clarified one aspect of squeezing with tongue, as the compensatory mastication.

DOI： 10.1111/jtxs.12593

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

PURPOSE: In recent years, the chewing frequency, i.e., the number of chewing cycles, has decreased owing to changes in dietary habits. Although these changes may be related to complete body health, there is no evidence-based tool to measure the dietary habits. We developed a small ear-hung wearable device for monitoring mastication behavior. The device, worn on the ear pinna, allows the counting of the number of chewing cycles, and data are collected on a smartphone via Bluetooth. In this study, the reliability of the novel device was verified. METHODS: A total of 22 healthy volunteers participated in the study. During measurement, the subjects wore the novel wearable device on their right ear pinna and were asked to chew gum, gummy jellies, and rice balls. The number of chewing cycles was counted by the device. A mandibular kinesiograph (MKG) was also recorded, and the chewing activity was recorded as a video. The accuracy, precision, and recall of the ear-hung device were calculated by comparing the data obtained from the MKG and the video recording. Additionally, the factors affecting reliability were examined. RESULTS: The accuracy, precision, and recall of the novel device were 101.6 ± 13.6%, 85.3 ± 11.0%, and 84.5 ± 9.5%, respectively. Although the accuracy was not affected by any factor, precision and recall of the novel device for women were significantly worse than that for men, and were greatest when the subjects were chewing gum. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the newly developed ear-hung wearable device for counting the number of chewing cycles was sufficiently reliable.

DOI： 10.2186/jpr.JPR_D_20_00032

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Mastication is a physiological process whereby food is comminuted and mixed with saliva to form a swallowable bolus; it is also the initial process for retronasal aroma that is released from foods to receptors in the nose. However, the influence of mastication state on retronasal aroma is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between aroma concentration and factors related to mastication state. The study design was an analytical observational study. Twelve male volunteers (age, 26.5 ± 2.7 years) were recruited and divided into five and seven participants in the low and high masticatory performance groups, respectively. The stimulated salivary flow rate was measured while participants chewed paraffin wax. First, an odor sensor was placed in the nostril, and the aroma concentration was measured over time as participants chewed an orange-flavored gummy jelly standardized for masticatory performance assessment until swallowing; chewing strokes were counted to determine swallowing thresholds. Next, participants were instructed to chew the gummy jelly for a certain number of strokes (i.e., 50 or 100% of swallowing thresholds, as well as 30 strokes) and expectorate the jelly without swallowing. The surface area of comminuted jelly at 30 chewing strokes was defined as masticatory performance. Maximum and slope of aroma concentration, surface area, number of chewing strokes, and stimulated salivary flow rate were compared between low and high masticatory performance groups. Statistical significance was set at α = 0.05. At 30 chewing strokes, the maximum aroma concentration and the slope were significantly greater in the high masticatory performance group than in the low masticatory performance group. There was a positive correlation between the maximum aroma concentration and the number of chewing strokes with aroma release in both groups. No significant correlation was found between the maximum aroma concentration and the stimulated salivary flow rate. However, multiple regression analysis (with aroma concentration as a dependent variable) showed that the increase in surface area, the number of chewing strokes, and the stimulated salivary flow rate were significant explanatory variables. The results suggested that retronasal aroma was influenced by mastication state and salivary flow rate during chewing.

DOI： 10.3389/fnut.2021.623507

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BACKGROUND: Tongue motor biomechanics during swallowing was not fully elucidated due to the technical difficulty. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between tongue motion and tongue pressure production by simultaneously measuring tongue motion and tongue pressure during water swallowing. METHODS: In 12 healthy male participants (mean age, 30.8 ± 4.2 years), tongue pressure and tongue motion trajectory during dipper- and tipper-type swallows of 3 mL of water were measured using a sensor sheet system equipped with five sensing points and an electromagnetic articulography, respectively. The temporal correlation between motion of anterior/posterior tongue and tongue pressure production during swallowing was evaluated on the synchronised waveforms. RESULTS: In the dipper-type swallow, a similar up-and-down motion pattern in vertical direction was observed among all participants before tongue pressure production. Those motion patterns were common at the anterior and posterior tongue locations with a temporal difference in some segment of tongue motion. On the other hand, tongue directly attached to hard palate with temporal synchronicity between the anterior and posterior parts. In both types of swallow, a strong temporal correlation was found between the timing of tongue-palate contact and the Onset of tongue pressure by intra-class correlation coefficients. CONCLUSION: From the simultaneous measurement of tongue motion and tongue pressure production, the tongue motion pattern during water swallowing and the temporal correlation between tongue motion and tongue pressure production were elucidated.

DOI： 10.1111/joor.13079

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BACKGROUND: Pharyngeal residue can trigger aspiration and choking after swallowing. Various studies to assess the amount of pharyngeal residue have been conducted; however, an easy and quantitative method is yet to be established. The aroma released from the pharyngeal residue is thought to be delivered from the pharynx to the nasal cavity via velopharynx by expiration, that is, retronasal pathway. OBJECTIVE: This study verified that the amount of pharyngeal residue could be estimated by aroma intensity. METHODS: Ten healthy adult subjects had tubes in from the oral cavity to the pharynx. Varying amounts of essence were dispensed into the pharynx through the tube either at rest or after swallowing the essence. Pharyngeal residue was simulated by retention essence in the pharynx without swallowing. An odour sensor was placed in the nostril, and the aroma intensity of the retained essence was measured over time. RESULTS: The aroma intensity level flattened after a certain period of time had elapsed, and a significant correlation was found between the amount of essence dispensed and the flattened aroma intensity, both at rest and after swallowing. Furthermore, to estimate in a short period of time, changes in aroma intensity over time were estimated by fitting to a decay curve. The estimated intensity at convergence, calculated from the fitted curve from 80 to 120 seconds after swallowing, was significantly correlated to the measured intensity. CONCLUSION: The amount of pharyngeal residue can be estimated in a short period of time by measuring the aroma intensity.

DOI： 10.1111/joor.12974

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

PURPOSE: Masticatory performance can be measured through elution of glucose or beta-carotene from comminuted gummy jelly. However, these methods require special devices. Additionally, occasional/unintentional swallowing or inadequate collection of comminuted particles of gummy jelly in the oral cavity may cause measurement errors. Therefore, we devised a new photographic method to estimate the increase in surface area and weight of comminuted gummy jelly. This study aimed to verify the accuracy of this method. METHODS: Initially, fifty images depicting the comminuted pieces in a special box were prepared. Then, the increase in surface area was measured using a fully-automated method, and the weight was measured. The size and angle of each image were adjusted based on markers located at the four corners of the box. From these photographic images, the area, perimeter, color average, color deviation, side area, and amount of surface roughness for each particle was calculated, and multiple regression analysis was performed to estimate the surface area and weight. The relationship between the estimated values and the values measured with the fully-automated device and by weight were analyzed. RESULTS: The intra-class correlation coefficient between the estimated value and the value from the fully-automated method was r = 0.956. This high correlation was also obtained under different photographic conditions. Furthermore, for determining whether 80% or less gummy jelly was collected, the sensitivity was 100% and the specificity was 91%. CONCLUSIONS: The newly developed photographic method is valuable because it is accessible and may assist in achieving reliable evaluation of masticatory performance.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jpor.2019.04.010

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Older adults with disorders of mastication and swallowing are often fed soft foods such as jelly or puree. The texture of such semi-solid foods allows them to be squeezed between the tongue and palate rather than being chewed. However, it is difficult to visually identify such strategies for the oral processing of food. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that there is a difference in the sequential coordination between the masseter and supra-hyoid muscles, and to identify feeding behaviors such as chewing and squeezing using electromyography. Seventeen male subjects (mean age: 30.8 years) were recruited. Four kinds of gels were prepared (two kinds of fracture force and fracture strain) as test samples. Subjects were instructed to consume the gels in three ways: squeezing with the tongue, chewing with the teeth and eating freely until swallowing. The amount of squeezing/chewing and the consumption time was unlimited. The masseter and supra-hyoid muscle activity were recorded during the entire consumption time and videofluorography was simultaneously recorded during each ingestion. Lissajous figures were made from the electromyographic activity of the two groups of muscles during the first stroke, and a regression line was made to determine the gradient of each figure to compare squeezing and chewing using the Mann-Whitney U-test. The masseter and supra-hyoid muscles were active simultaneously during squeezing with the tongue. However, the masseter was active after the supra-hyoid during chewing. The gradient of the regression line from the Lissajous figures between the masseter and supra-hyoid muscle activity was positive during squeezing, but negative during chewing. Analysis of the ROC curve showed that the cutoff value of the gradient for differentiating feeding behaviors was 0.097, with a sensitivity of 95.3% and specificity of 98.4%. When we allocated 68 free intakes into squeezing and chewing according to this cutoff value, we could distinguish with good precision, and the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were 86.8, 91.1, and 66.7% respectively. These results suggest that certain aspects of muscle activity differed among oral processing methods. Lissajous analysis of muscle activity was useful for identifying ingestion behaviors.

DOI： 10.3389/fphys.2020.00618

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(公社)日本補綴歯科学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Society of Stomatognathic Function  

DOI： 10.7144/sgf.30.136

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Dysphagia Rehabilitation  

Background: Functional deterioration of the tongue and lips causes hypoplasia of the bolus, limits the diet that can be ingested, and leads to malnutrition, but there have been few reports on the relationship. In this study, we considered that the oral diadochokinesis of patients admitted to general hospitals could be used as an index to grasp nutritional status and diet modification, and investigated the relationship.

Methods: The subjects were patients referred to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of a general hospital for swallowing function evaluation, and 259 inpatients aged 65 years or older (135 males, average age 84.4±8.0) who ingested orally and were able to perform an oral diadochokinesis test. Using the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index, we classified them into two groups: a high nutritional risk group and a moderate / mild / none group. The diet modification was determined based on the results of a swallowing function evaluation and swallowing endoscopy, and was divided into two groups: a soft diet / paste diet group and a regular diet / chopped diet group. Differences in oral diadochokinesis between groups were compared, and the ROC curve was used to calculate the cutoff values for malnutrition and diet modification.

Results: 158 out of 259 were classified into the severe nutritional risk group, and their oral diadochokinesis (/pa/ 3.6 times/s, /ta/ 3.6 times/s, /ka/ 3.3 times/s) was moderate/mild/no nutritional risk. It was significantly lower than the moderate/mild/no group (/pa/ 4.4 times/s, /ta/ 4.2 times/s, /ka/ 3.9 times/s). If the cutoff values are /pa/ 4.7 times/s, /ta/ 4.7 times/s, and /ka/ 4.3 times/s according to the ROC curve, the sensitivity / specificity (severe nutritional risk group) is 75.3% / 44.6%, 77.8% / 42.6%, 74.7% / 43.6%. On the other hand, in terms of diet modification, 142 people ate normal diet or chopped diet. Oral diadochokinesis was significantly lower in the soft / paste diet (JSDR2021 code: 3,2) group (/pa/ 3.5, /ta/ 3.4, /ka/ 3.1) than in the normal diet / chopped diet (JSDR2021 code: 4,3) group (/pa/ 4.3, /ta/ 4.1, /ka / 3.9). If the cutoff values are /pa/ 4.5, /ta/ 4.7, /ka/ 4.3 according to the ROC curve, the sensitivity /specificity (soft food / paste food group) is 76.9% / 46.5%, 81.2% / 39.4%, 79.5% / 42.3%.

Conclusion: Oral diadochokinesis values of 4 times/s or less of older inpatients admitted to a general hospital may be a predictive indicator of malnutrition and low diet modification.

DOI： 10.32136/jsdr.27.2_117

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Other Link： https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R000000004-I033062302

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Society of Stomatognathic Function  

DOI： 10.7144/sgf.29.130

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：新潟歯学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(公社)日本補綴歯科学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本老年歯科医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本老年歯科医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Society of Stomatognathic Function  

DOI： 10.7144/sgf.29.102

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：公益社団法人 日本生体医工学会  

舌は咀嚼・嚥下・構音において重要な役割を担っているが，口腔内にあり直接その運動を観察できないため，現在まで咀嚼時舌運動の詳細な解析はほとんど行われていない．本研究の目的は，舌運動モーションキャプチャシステム（電磁アーティキュログラフ，以下EMAとする）により，咀嚼時の舌運動と顎運動の関係を明らかにすることである．健常若年女性2名のグミゼリー咀嚼時の舌運動と顎運動をEMAにて記録した．EMAのマーカーは舌の4か所（前方，後方，右側，左側）および切歯点，頭部動揺補正のために左右頬骨弓外側部と鼻骨正中部に貼付した．咀嚼開始5－21秒を分析対象とし，開口開始からの1咀嚼サイクルを基準として顎運動・舌運動波形の正規化を行い，前頭断・矢状断に分けて波形分析を行った．その結果，前頭断波形では，舌前方部が最も大きく咀嚼側へ動いていた．また，舌は最大開口後，閉口相の間に咀嚼側へ移動し，咬合相の間に戻っていた．舌後方部の垂直的な動きは，顎運動よりも小さかった．矢状断波形では，開口時には下顎は後方に動いたが，舌は前方へも動いていた．特に舌後方部のマーカーは大きく前方へ動いていた．舌は，開口開始後，最大開口までの間に最前方位をとっており，閉口後に最後方位をとっていた．以上より，グミゼリー咀嚼時，舌は顎運動と協調して動き，食塊を歯列上に乗せ，さらに咀嚼されてばらけた食塊を再度歯列上に乗せる動きをしていると考えられた．

DOI： 10.11239/jsmbe.annual60.251_2

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Society of Stomatognathic Function  

DOI： 10.7144/sgf.28.92

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Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

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