担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Elsevier BV  

DOI： 10.1016/j.ynirp.2022.100116

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

INTRODUCTION: Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD) is a chronic vestibular syndrome lasting more than 3 months. The core vestibular symptoms are dizziness, unsteadiness, and non-spinning vertigo, which are exacerbated by upright posture or walking, active or passive motion, and exposure to moving or complex visual stimuli. Among these, visual exacerbation is a key feature of PPPD for which the neural mechanisms are unknown. We hypothesized that vestibular symptoms may be exacerbated by visual stimuli through gaze behavioral change after exposure to moving or complex visual stimuli. The study aimed to examine gaze stability after exposure to moving visual stimuli in patients with PPPD. METHODS: Fourteen healthy controls (HCs), 27 patients with PPPD, and 12 patients with unilateral vestibular hypofunction (UVH), showing chronic vestibular symptoms for >3 months, were enrolled in the study. The participants were instructed to fixate on the gazing point at the center of a screen for 30 s before and after 90 s of exposure to moving visual stimuli. Gaze stability, best represented by the bivariate contour ellipse area (BCEA), was compared among three groups, both before and after exposure to the moving visual stimuli. Comparisons between pre- and post-moving visual stimuli in BCEA were also conducted. Correlation between the post/pre ratio of BCEA and vestibular tests, several clinical symptom scales including the Dizziness Handicap Inventory, Niigata PPPD Questionnaire, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the exacerbation of dizziness by exposure to moving visual stimuli was examined in the PPPD group. RESULTS: BCEA, both before and after exposure to moving visual stimuli in the PPPD group, was not different from that in HC and UVH groups. In the PPPD group, BCEA increased significantly after exposure to moving visual stimuli. The post/pre ratio of BCEA correlated with the occurrence of exacerbation of the dizziness sensation by exposure to moving visual stimuli; however, it did not correlate with vestibular tests or clinical symptom scales. CONCLUSION: Patients with PPPD were more likely to exhibit gaze instability after exposure to moving visual stimuli, which potentially exacerbated vestibular symptoms. This phenomenon may help elucidate the neural mechanisms of visual exacerbation in patients with PPPD.

DOI： 10.3389/fnhum.2022.1056556

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担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a New World monkey, serves as a useful animal model in clinical and basic neuroscience. The present study recorded scalp auditory evoked potentials (AEP) in non-sedated common marmoset monkeys (n = 4) using a noninvasive method similar to that used in humans, and aimed to identify nonhuman primate correlates of the human AEP components. A pure tone stimulus was presented while electroencephalograms were recorded using up to 16 disk electrodes placed on the scalp and earlobes. Candidate homologues of two categories of the human AEP, namely, the middle latency responses (MLR; Na, Pa, Nb, and Pb) and the cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEP; P1, N1, P2, N2, and the sustained potential, SP) were identified in the marmoset. These waves were labeled as CjNa, CjPa, CjNb, CjPb, CjP1, CjN1, CjP2, CjN2, and CjSP, where Cj stands for Callithrix jacchus. The last MLR component, CjPb, was identical to the first CAEP component, CjP1, similar to the relationship between Pb and P1 in humans. The peak latencies of the marmoset MLR and CAEP were generally shorter than in humans, which suggests a shorter integration time in neural processing. To our knowledge, the present study represents the first scalp recorded MLR and CAEP in the alert common marmoset. Further use of these recording methods would enable valid species comparisons of homologous brain indices between humans and animals.

DOI： 10.1016/j.heares.2021.108229

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掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Elsevier BV  

DOI： 10.1016/j.ecns.2020.07.002

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：(一社)日本臨床神経生理学会  

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担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Pitch classes (e.g., do, re, and mi) in music evoke color sensations in pitch class-color synesthesia, which is a recently described form of synesthesia in musicians. The synesthetic color sensations were confirmed to be consistent over an extended time interval, fulfilling a widely-accepted criterion for the authenticity of synesthesia. However, it remains unclear whether the color sensations occurred automatically (i.e., without voluntary effort), which is another defining property of synesthesia. We utilized the Stroop paradigm to investigate this issue in 10 pitch class-color synesthetes. Participants were visually presented with pitch class names in font colors that were either congruent or incongruent with the participants' own color sensations. The speed for reporting the font color was slower when it was incongruent with the synesthetic sensation than when it was congruent. The finding verifies the authenticity of pitch class-color synesthesia by demonstrating that the color sensations occur automatically, even when unnecessary.

DOI： 10.1016/j.concog.2019.04.001

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担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

The auditory cortex integrates auditory information over time to obtain neural representations of sound events, the time scale of which critically affects perception. This work investigated the species differences in the time scale of integration by comparing humans and monkeys regarding how their scalp-recorded cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) decrease in amplitude as stimulus duration is shortened from 100 ms (or longer) to 2 ms. Cortical circuits tuned to processing sounds at short time scales would continue to produce large CAEPs to brief sounds whereas those tuned to longer time scales would produce diminished responses. Four peaks were identified in the CAEPs and labeled P1, N1, P2, and N2 in humans and mP1, mN1, mP2, and mN2 in monkeys. In humans, the N1 diminished in amplitude as sound duration was decreased, consistent with the previously described temporal integration window of N1 (>50 ms). In macaques, by contrast, the mN1 was unaffected by sound duration, and it was clearly elicited by even the briefest sounds. Brief sounds also elicited significant mN2 in the macaque, but not the human N2. Regarding earlier latencies, both P1 (humans) and mP1 (macaques) were elicited at their full amplitudes even by the briefest sounds. These findings suggest an elongation of the time scale of late stages of human auditory cortical processing, as reflected by N1/mN1 and later CAEP components. Longer time scales of integration would allow neural representations of complex auditory features that characterize speech and music.

DOI： 10.3389/fnins.2019.00630

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担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Absolute pitch (AP) is the ability to identify the pitch names of arbitrary musical tones without being given a reference pitch. The acquisition of AP typically requires early musical training, the critical time window for which is similar to that for the acquisition of a first language. This study investigated the left-right asymmetry of the auditory cortical functions responsible for AP by focusing on the T-complex of auditory evoked potentials (AEPs), which shows morphological changes during the critical period for language acquisition. AEPs evoked by a pure-tone stimulus were recorded in high-AP musicians, low-AP musicians, and non-musicians (n = 19 each). A balanced non-cephalic electrode (BNE) reference was used to examine the left-right asymmetry of the N1a and N1c components of the T-complex. As a result, a left-dominant N1c was observed only in the high-AP musician group, indicating "AP negativity," which has previously been described as an electrophysiological marker of AP. Notably, this hemispheric asymmetry was due to a diminution of the right N1c rather than enhancement of the left N1c. A left-dominant N1a was found in both musician groups, irrespective of AP. N1c and N1a exhibited no left-right asymmetry in non-musicians. Hence, music training and the acquisition of AP are both accompanied by a left-dominant hemispheric specialization of auditory cortical functions, as indexed by N1a and N1c, respectively, but the N1c asymmetry in AP possessors was due to reduced neural activities in the right hemisphere. The use of a BNE is recommended for evaluating these radially oriented components of the T-complex.

DOI： 10.3389/fnins.2019.00809

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) damage the neurovascular unit, promote the blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption following ischemic stroke, and play essential roles in hemorrhagic transformation (HT), which is one of the most severe side effects of thrombolytic therapy. However, no biomarkers have presently been identified that can be used to track changes in the distribution of MMPs in the brain. Here, we developed a new 19F-molecular ligand, TGF-019, for visualizing the distribution of MMPs in vivo using 19F-magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (19F-MRSI). We demonstrated TGF-019 has sufficient sensitivity for the specific MMPs suspected in evoking HT during ischemic stroke, i.e., MMP2, MMP9, and MMP3. We then utilized it to assess those MMPs at 22 to 24 hours after experimental focal cerebral ischemia on MMP2-null mice, as well as wild-type mice with and without the systemic administration of the recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA). The 19F-MRSI of TGN-019-administered mice showed high signal intensity within ischemic lesions that correlated with total MMP2 and MMP9 activity, which was confirmed by zymographic analysis of ischemic tissues. Based on the results of this study, 19F-MRSI following TGN-019 administration can be used to assess potential therapeutic strategies for ischemic stroke.

DOI： 10.1155/2019/8908943

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担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Elsevier {BV}  

DOI： 10.1016/j.concog.2018.08.010

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担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP  

Synesthesia, an anomalous blending of senses in which stimulation of one sensory modality produces sensation in a different modality, provides a unique opportunity to study how multimodal information is represented in the human brain. We investigated how pitch classes (do, re, mi, etc.) are associated with the three dimensions of color (hue, saturation, and value/brightness) in 15 subjects who possessed "pitch class-color synesthesia". Across-subject averaging of reported colors revealed that pitch classes have rainbow hues, beginning with do-red, re-yellow, and so forth, ending with si-violet, accompanied by a decrease in saturation. Enharmonic pitch classes that referred to the same pitch class with a different name produced color sensations according to the name of the base pitch class, e.g., a reddish color for do-sharp and a yellowish color for re-flat. Thus the main factor producing color sensations was the name, not the sound, of the note; behavioral experiments corroborated this interpretation. Pitch class-color synesthesia represents a newly described type of synesthesia that is distinct from the well-known crossmodal association between pitch height and value/brightness. Findings suggest that the two dimensions of musical pitch, pitch class and pitch height, are mapped to the hue-saturation plane and the value/brightness dimension of color, respectively.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-017-18150-y

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その他リンク： http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0289-8048

担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Society for Neuroscience  

The neural processes underlying self-initiated behavior (behavior that is initiated without an external stimulus trigger) are not well understood. This event-related fMRI study investigated the neural origins of self-initiated behaviors in humans, by identifying brain regions that increased in neural activities several seconds prior to self-initiated movements. Subjects performed a hand grasping task under two conditions: a free-timing and cued timing condition. The supplementary motor area (SMA) began to activate several seconds prior to self-initiated movement (accounting for hemodynamic delay), representing a potential blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal correlate of the readiness potential (RP) on electroencephalogram (EEG), referred to here as “readiness BOLD signals.” Significant readiness BOLD signals were also observed in the right frontoparietal areas, precuneus, and insula, all of which are known to contribute to internally-generated behaviors, but with no prior evidence for such early and slow accumulation of neural activities. Moreover, visual and auditory cortices also exhibited clear readiness BOLD signals with similar early onsets, even absent external stimulation. Slow accumulation of neural activities throughout distributed cortical areas, including sensory, association, and motor cortices, underlies the generation of self-initiated behaviors. These findings warrant reconsideration of the prevailing view that the SMA or some other specific locus in frontoparietal cortex serves as the ultimate neural origin of self-initiated movement.

DOI： 10.1523/ENEURO.0183-17.2017

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD  

Functional reorganization of the motor system following brain damage has been studied extensively in stroke patients, in which not only the cerebrum but also the cerebellum (CbII) undergoes substantial reorganization. However, the role of CbII in motor functional reorganization in brain tumor patients remains poorly investigated. Because brain damages in brain tumor patients occur much more slowly than in stroke patients, the neural mechanisms for motor functional reorganization might differ between these two disease conditions. This functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study investigated whether CbII constitutes the neural substrates for motor functional reorganization in eighteen supratentorial brain tumor patients who exhibited no clinical signs of paresis. The patients and normal volunteers underwent a unilateral hand movement task. In the patients, the locus of primary sensory motor (SM1) activation during contralesional hand movement was significantly displaced by the tumor, suggesting functional compromise and/or reorganization in the central sulcus region. In addition, their contralesional CbII activation during contralesional hand movement was substantially increased as compared to normal controls. The finding represents the first conclusive evidence that CbII is involved in the motor-related functional reorganization in patients with brain tumor. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.04.036

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担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Scalp-recorded evoked potentials (EP) provide researchers and clinicians with irreplaceable means for recording stimulus-related neural activities in the human brain, due to its high temporal resolution, handiness, and, perhaps more importantly, non-invasiveness. This work recorded the scalp cortical auditory EP (CAEP) in unanesthetized monkeys by using methods that are essentially identical to those applied to humans. Young adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatto, 5-7 years old) were seated in a monkey chair, and their head movements were partially restricted by polystyrene blocks and tension poles placed around their head. Individual electrodes were fixated on their scalp using collodion according to the 10-20 system. Pure tone stimuli were presented while electroencephalograms were recorded from up to nineteen channels, including an electrooculogram channel. In all monkeys (n = 3), the recorded CAEP comprised a series of positive and negative deflections, labeled here as macaque P1 (mP1), macaque N1 (mN1), macaque P2 (mP2), and macaque N2 (mN2), and these transient responses to sound onset were followed by a sustained potential that continued for the duration of the sound, labeled the macaque sustained potential (mSP). mPl, mN2 and mSP were the prominent responses, and they had maximal amplitudes over frontal/central midline electrode sites, consistent with generators in auditory cortices. The study represents the first noninvasive scalp recording of CAEP in alert rhesus monkeys, to our knowledge. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.heares.2015.05.007

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE  

Hypoglycemic encephalopathy (HE) is caused by a lack of glucose availability to neuronal cells, and no neuroprotective drugs have been developed as yet. Studies on the pathogenesis of HE and the development of new neuroprotective drugs have been conducted using animal models such as the hypoglycemic coma model and non-coma hypoglycemia model. However, both models have inherent problems, and establishment of animal models that mimic clinical situations is desirable. In this study, we first developed a short-term hypoglycemic coma model in which rats could be maintained in an isoelectric electroencephalogram (EEG) state for 2 min and subsequent hyperglycemia without requiring anti-seizure drugs and an artificial ventilation. This condition caused the production of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), a cytotoxic aldehyde, in neurons of the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, and a marked increase in neuronal death as evaluated by Fluoro-Jade B (FJB) staining. We also investigated whether N-(1,3-benzodioxole-5-ylmethyl)-2,6-dichlorobenzamide (Alda-1), a small-molecule agonist of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2, could attenuate 4-HNE levels and reduce hypoglycemic neuronal death. After confirming that EEG recordings remained isoelectric for 2 min, Alda-1 (8.5 mg/kg) or vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide; DMSO) was administered intravenously with glucose to maintain a blood glucose level of 250 to 270 mg/dL. Fewer 4-HNE and FJB-positive cells were observed in the cerebral cortex of Alda-1-treated rats than in DMSO-treated rats 24 h after glucose administration (P = 0.002 and P = 0.020). Thus, activation of the ALDH2 pathway could be a molecular target for HE treatment, and Alda-1 is a potentially neuroprotective agent that exerts a beneficial effect on neurons when intravenously administered simultaneously with glucose.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0128844

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その他リンク： http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6337-8156

担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：BioMed Central Ltd.  

Background: Subject's own name (SON) is detected automatically and unconsciously in the brain. SON negativity, an early wave in the mismatch negativity latency range, has been proposed as a potential event-related potential (ERP) index of the automatic preattentive detection of SON. SON negativity is probably not a general measure of familiarity, as it is not elicited by the subject's parent's name. We further investigated the specificity of this response by testing whether it is elicited by a name to which subjects were strongly but only temporarily familiarized. Findings: Subjects performed a task to detect an arbitrary unfamiliar name for forty minutes. Then, that name was presented randomly and equiprobably with nine novel unfamiliar names while they played a video game and tried to ignore the sounds. SON negativity was not elicited, even when subjects spontaneously noticed hearing the familiarized name. Conclusions: The finding supports the notion that SON negativity represents a specific ERP measure of the early preattentive detection of SON, rather than a general measure of familiarity.

DOI： 10.1186/s13104-015-1150-8

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担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.03.020

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担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：(一社)日本臨床神経生理学会  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS  

Acute deprivation of unilateral sensory input rapidly enhances contralateral hand motor function, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We herein used functional MRI to evaluate, in 14 healthy individuals, motor cortical activation for right finger motion before, during, and after sensory deprivation of left forearm induced by reversible, noninvasive ischemic nerve block (INB). Before INB, the motor task activated the left primary sensorimotor cortex (SM1) as expected. During INB, the volume of the left SM1 activation significantly increased, and, after INB, it returned to the pre-INB, baseline level. The effectiveness of the INB of the left forearm was ensured by confirming disappearance of the activation in right primary sensory cortex that is normally caused by tactile stimulation of the left index finger. These findings demonstrate that acute deafferentation of unilateral forearm causes rapid and reversible changes in the neural substrates for contralateral finger motion, mediated possibly by attenuation of transcallosal interhemispheric inhibition.

DOI： 10.1097/WNR.0000000000000138

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その他リンク： http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0289-8048

担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：AMER PHYSICAL SOC  

Deterministic nonlinear dynamical processes are ubiquitous in nature. Chaotic sounds generated by such processes may appear irregular and random in waveform, but these sounds are mathematically distinguished from random stochastic sounds in that they contain deterministic short-time predictability in their temporal fine structures. We show that the human brain distinguishes deterministic chaotic sounds from spectrally matched stochastic sounds in neural processing and perception. Deterministic chaotic sounds, even without being attended to, elicited greater cerebral cortical responses than the surrogate control sounds after about 150 ms in latency after sound onset. Listeners also clearly discriminated these sounds in perception. The results support the hypothesis that the human auditory system is sensitive to the subtle short-time predictability embedded in the temporal fine structure of sounds. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.87.042916

DOI： 10.1103/PhysRevE.87.042916

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その他リンク： http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0289-8048

記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS  

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担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

The effects of musical training on the early auditory cortical response to pitch transitions in music were investigated by use of the change-N1 component of auditory event-related potentials. Musicians and non-musicians were presented with music stimuli comprising a melody and a harmony under various listening conditions. First, when the subjects played a video game and were instructed to ignore the auditory stimuli, the onset of stimuli elicited a typical, fronto-central onset-N1, whereas melodic and harmonic pitch transitions within the stimuli elicited so-called change-N1s that were more posterior in scalp distribution. The pitch transition change-N1s, but not onset-N1, were enhanced in musicians. Second, when the listeners attended to the same stimuli as above to detect infrequently occurring target stimuli, the change-N1 elicited by pitch changes (in non-target stimuli) was augmented, in non-musicians only when the target was easily detectable, and in both musicians and non-musicians when it was difficult to detect. Thus, the early, obligatory cortical response to pitch transitions during passive listening was chronically enhanced by training in musicians, and, reflecting this training-induced enhancement, the task-related modulation of this response was also different between musicians and non-musicians. These results are the first to demonstrate the long-term effects of training, short-term effects of task and the effects of their interaction on the early (similar to 100-ms) cortical processing of pitch transitions in music. The scalp distributions of these enhancement effects were generally right dominant at temporal electrode sites, suggesting contributions from the radially oriented subcomponent of change-N1, namely, the Tb (N1c) wave of the T-complex.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08278.x

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その他リンク： http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0289-8048

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

Japanese and Chinese share virtually identical morphographic characters invented in ancient China. Whereas modern Chinese retained the original morphographic functionality of these characters (hanzi), modern Japanese utilizes these characters (kanji) as complex syllabograms. This divergence provides a unique opportunity to systematically investigate brain strategies for sentence reading in Japanese-Chinese bi-literates. Accordingly, we investigated brain activation associated with Japanese and Chinese reading in 14 native Japanese speakers literate in Mandarin and 14 native Mandarin speakers literate in Japanese using functional magnetic resonance imaging performed on a 31 system. The activation pattern exhibited clearly distinct features specific for each language. Regardless of the subject's native language literacy, Chinese reading activated an area significantly larger than Japanese reading, suggesting that brain processes involved in Chinese reading were much more complex than Japanese reading. Significant recruitment of corresponding cortical areas in the right hemisphere with Chinese reading was also apparent. The activation patterns associated with Japanese reading by native Japanese literates was highly consistent with previous reports, and included the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), left posterior temporal lobe (PTL), and left ventral premotor cortex (PMv). The activation pattern associated with Chinese reading by native Chinese literates was also highly consistent with previous reports, namely the left IFG, left PTL, left PMv, left anterior temporal lobe (ATL), and bilateral parieto occipital lobes (LPOL). The activation pattern associated with Chinese reading by native Japanese literates was virtually identical to that by native Chinese literates, whereas the activation pattern associated with Japanese reading by native Chinese literates was signified by additional activation of LPOL compared to that by native Japanese literate. The study indicated that IFG and PTL are universal language areas, while PMv is the area for decoding complex syllabograms. LPOL is the "Chinese language area," while ATL is essential for languages with analytic morphosyntax. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.07.011

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その他リンク： http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0289-8048

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

Neural processes underlying the orienting response (OR) to subject's own name (SON) were investigated using the oddball paradigm. Subjects were presented with SON, subject's parent's name, and unfamiliar persons' names while they played a video game and ignored the auditory stimuli. A P3a-like frontal positivity (P440, 440?ms) indexing OR was elicited by SON only when it was the rare stimulus and its amplitude decreased with the repeated presentation of SON. Preceding the P440, SON consistently elicited an early frontal negativity (SON negativity, 170270?ms), including when SON was the high-probability stimulus, and unlike the P440, this negativity did not habituate. These results conform to the hypothesis that early preattentive processing of speech sounds distinguishes SON from other names irrespective of short-term stimulus context, and that this culminates in an OR only when SON is evaluated as being contextually meaningful.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01363.x

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS  

Hemispheric differences in the temporal processing of musical sounds within the primary auditory cortex were investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI) time series analysis on a 3.0 T system in right-handed individuals who had no formal training in music. The two hemispheres exhibited a clear-cut asymmetry in the time pattern of fMRI signals. A large transient signal component was observed in the left primary auditory cortex immediately after the onset of musical sounds, while only sustained activation, without an initial transient component, was seen in the right primary auditory cortex. The observed difference was believed to reflect differential segmentation in primary auditory cortical sound processing. Although the left primary auditory cortex processed the entire 30-s musical sound stimulus as a single event, the right primary auditory cortex had low-level processing of sounds with multiple segmentations of shorter time scales. The study indicated that musical sounds are processed as 'sounds with contents', similar to how language is processed in the left primary auditory cortex. NeuroReport 22:470-473 (C) 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

DOI： 10.1097/WNR.0b013e3283475828

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その他リンク： http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0289-8048

担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS  

The consonance of individual chords presented out of musical context, or the noncontextual consonance of chords, is usually defined as the absence of roughness, which is a sensation perceived when slightly mistuned frequencies are not clearly resolved in the cochlea. The present work uses evoked potentials to demonstrate that the absence of roughness is not sufficient to explain the entirety of noncontextual consonance perception. Presented with a random sequence of various pure-tone intervals (0-13 semitones), listeners' cerebral cortical activities distinguished these stimuli according to their noncontextual consonance in a manner consistent with standard musical practice, even when the intervals exceeded the critical bandwidth (approximately three semitones). The roughness-based model of noncontextual consonance could not account for this result because these wide intervals had indistinguishably low levels of roughness. Further, this effect was evident only in musicians, indicating plasticity in the underlying neural mechanisms. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that, although the absence of roughness may represent an important aspect of noncontextual consonance, properties of intervals other than those related to roughness also contribute to this perception, underpinned by neural activity in the central auditory system that can be plastically modified by experience. (C) 2010 Acoustical Society of America. [DOI: 10.1121/1.3500685]

DOI： 10.1121/1.3500685

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記述言語：日本語  

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担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Different contexts require different visual pattern recognitions even for identical retinal inputs, and acquiring expertise in various visual-cognitive skills requires long-term training to become capable of recognizing relevant visual patterns in otherwise ambiguous stimuli. This 3-Tesla fMRI experiment exploited shikatsu-mondai (life-or-death problems) in the Oriental board game of Igo (Go) to identify the neural substrates supporting this gradual and adaptive learning. In shikatsu-mondai, the player adds stones to the board with the objective of making, or preventing the opponent from making nigan (two eyes), or the topology of figure of eight, with these stones. Without learning the game, passive viewing of shikatsu-mondai activated the occipito-temporal cortices, reflecting visual processing without the recognition of nigan. Several days after two-hour training, passive viewing of the same stimuli additionally activated the premotor area, intraparietal sulcus, and a visual area near the junction of the (left) intraparietal and transverse occipital sulci, demonstrating plastic changes in neuronal responsivity to the stimuli that contained indications of nigan. Behavioral tests confirmed that the participants had successfully learned to recognize nigan and solve the problems. in the newly activated regions, the level of neural activity while viewing the problems correlated positively with the level of achievement in learning. These results conformed to the hypothesis that recognition of a newly learned visual pattern is supported by the activities of fronto-parietal and visual cortical neurons that interact via newly formed functional connections among these regions. These connections would provide the medium by which the fronto-parietal system modulates visual cortical activity to attain behaviorally relevant perceptions. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.06.080

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS  

We investigated whether or not frame composition spontaneously selected by individuals exhibit a natural left shift in preference of luminosity, as previously suggested, by examining biases in luminosity imprinted in photographs taken under three different conditions: (i) daytime pictures taken outside without determination of frame composition (N = 4153); (ii) daytime pictures taken outside with determination of frame composition (N=4035); and (iii) pictures taken inside with determination of frame composition (N=4045). As anticipated, there was a strong vertical gradient of luminance grayscale intensity, reflecting natural day light distribution, for pictures of categories (i) and (ii). Similarly, a minor vertical gradient was detected for pictures of category (iii), indicating common room lighting conditions. To our great interest, there was a consistent leftward tilt of ca. 2 and 9 degrees found in the vertical gradients for pictures of categories (ii) and (iii), respectively, but not for pictures of category (i). The result provides clear-cut evidence that there is indeed a natural preference for a leftward bias in luminosity for frame composition.

DOI： 10.1097/WNR.0b013e32821c57c8

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担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC  

The temporal and spatial characteristics of the cortical processes responsible for absolute pitch (AP) and relative pitch (RP) were investigated by multi-channel event-related potentials (ERPs). Compared to listening, pitch-naming of tones in non-possessors of AP elicited three ERP components (P3b, parietal positive slow wave, frontal negative slow wave) over parietal and frontal scalp between 300 and 900 ms in latency, representing the cortical processes for RP. Possessors of AP elicited a unique left posterior-temporal negativity ('AP negativity') at 150 ms in both listening and pitch-naming conditions, representing the cortical processes for AP that were triggered by pitch input irrespective of the task the subjects were asked to perform. Congruency of auditory Stroop stimuli modulated the amplitudes of parietal positive slow wave (non-possessors of AP) and 'AP negativity' (possessors of AP), confirming that these components reflect the verbal labeling or pitch-to-pitch-name associative transformation that is central to pitch-naming. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that AP is subserved by neuronal processes in the left auditory association cortex that occur earlier and more automatically than the processes for RP, which involve broader areas of the cortex over longer periods of time.

DOI： 10.1093/cercor/bhh177

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担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS  

Depue & Morrone-Strupinsky's (D&M-Ss) implicit assumption appears to be that affiliative bonding is either strengthened or maintained with time; however, it is more realistic that it can also be weakened or destroyed by conflictive interpersonal interactions. Without specifying the mechanisms by which antagonistic stimuli deteriorate affiliative bonding, the model is incapable of accounting for the dynamics associated with this complex phenomenon.

DOI： 10.1017/S0140525X05260065

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担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

While activity of MT+/V5 neurons is believed to be necessary for the conscious perception of visual motion, whether neural activity in MT+/V5 is a sufficient condition for the conscious perception of motion in vision still remains unanswered. A high-field (3.0 Tesla) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study was designed and performed to answer this specific question. Eleven healthy subjects viewed a checkerboard pattern stimulus reversed in contrast at 0.2, 12, 30, and 60 Hz while being probed for activation in MT+/V5. At 0.2 Hz, all viewers perceived pattern-reversal which was stationary in position. However, at 12, 30, and 60 Hz, many subjects perceived apparent motion (e.g., vertical and horizontal flows) in the square pattern. At 12 and 30 Hz reversals, MT+/V5 was activated in all subjects (11/11). Nevertheless, three out of eleven (3/11) subjects denied motion perception in these conditions. At 60 Hz reversal, as many as seven out of eleven (7/11) subjects failed to see motion but activation in MT+/V5 was found in the majority (5/7) of the subjects. The results demonstrated that significant MT+/V5 activation occurs without accompanying subjective awareness of seeing motion in an apparent-motion stimulus, indicating that neural activity in MT+/V5 does not represent a sufficient condition for conscious perception of motion in vision. © 2005 by Japanese Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

DOI： 10.2463/mrms.4.69

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担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：SPRINGER TOKYO  

DOI： 10.1007/s10329-004-0105-9

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD  

The cortical processes underlying grapheme-phoneme conversion were investigated by event-related potentials (ERPs). The task consisted of silent reading or vowel-matching of three Japanese hiragana characters, each representing a consonant-vowel syllable. At earlier latencies, typical components of the visual ERP, namely, P1 (110 ms), NI (170 ms) and P2 (300 ms), were elicited in the temporo-occipital area for both tasks as well as control task (observing the orthographic shapes of three Korean characters). Following these earlier components, two sustained negativities were identified. The earlier sustained negativity, referred here to as SN1, was found in both the silent-reading and vowel-matching task but not in the control task. The scalp distribution of SN1 was over the left occipito-temporal area, with maximum amplitude over O1. The amplitude of SN1 was larger in the vowel-matching task compared to the silent-reading task, consistent with previous reports that ERP amplitude correlates with task difficulty. SN2, the later sustained negativity, was only observed in the vowel-matching task. The scalp distribution of SN2 was over the midsagittal centro-parietal area with maximum amplitude over Cz. Elicitation of SN2 in the vowel-matching task suggested that the vowel-matching task requires a wider range of neural activities exceeding the established conventional area of language processing. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.05.099

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：日本認知心理学会  

DOI： 10.14875/cogpsy.2004.0.056.0

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担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS  

dCortical processes underlying perception of musical consonance were investigated by long-latency auditory evoked potentials (EPs). Subjects listened to a random sequence of dyadic pure tones paired at various pitch intervals (1, 4, 6, 7, or 9 semitones). Amplitudes of P2 and N2 components of auditory EPs were significantly modulated by pitch interval of the dyads, being most negative for 1 semitone (minor second) and least negative or most positive for 7 semitones (perfect fifth). The results indicate that neural processing of consonance depend not only on peripheral mechanisms in the inner ear but also on higher associative processing of pitch relationships in the cerebral cortex. (C) 2003 Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

DOI： 10.1097/01.wnr.0000099989.54721.75

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担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

Left-right asymmetry in the central processing of musical consonance was investigated by dichotic listening tasks. Two piano tones paired at various pitch intervals (1-11 semitones) were presented one note in each ear to twenty absolute-pitch possessors. As a result, a weak overall trend for left ear advantage (LEA) was found, as is characteristic of trained musicians. Second, pitches of dissonant intervals were more difficult to identify than those of consonant intervals. Finally, the LEA was greater with dissonant intervals than with consonant intervals. As the tones were dichotically presented, the results indicated that the central auditory system could distinguish between consonant and dissonant intervals without initial processing of pitch-pitch relations in the cochlea. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00236-7

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担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SPRINGER-VERLAG TOKYO  

Since the earliest periods of primatology study, researchers have been aware of animals' consistent individual differences in behavior or personality. Many papers have been published on this subject, but they lacked a common theoretical and methodological background. The present work is an attempt to provide such theoretical and methodological foundations to this field of biological science. In the theoretical formulation section, "biological study of personality" is first derived as an extension of the ethology paradigm, and non-human primate personality research is subsequently characterized as its strategic component. In the methodology section, brief reviews and discussions are presented on subjective and objective personality assessment methods with non-human primates with a reference to the reliability and validity concepts in human psychometrics. The work provides a theoretical framework and methodological suggestions for non-human primate personality research.

DOI： 10.1007/BF02629652

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その他リンク： http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0289-8048

担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD  

Functional asymmetry of the parietal lobes during piano performance was assessed utilizing independent component cross-correlation-sequential epoch analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging time series. Eight right handed musically trained subjects played the piano with their right hand, left hand, or both hands as cued by visually presented musical scores. The areas activated included the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and the primary sensorimotor areas (SM1). While unilateral SM1 activation was correlated to motion of the corresponding contralateral hand, PPC activation was correlated to piano performance irrespective of hand modality. Furthermore, PPC activation exhibited significant asymmetry, with left hemisphere dominance. The results indicate that the left parietal lobe plays a significant role in the cortical processes of piano performance. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/S0304-3940(01)02024-9

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担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC  

The authors investigated the behavioral aging effects of Japanese macaques in 3 object discrimination learning tasks: learning-set (LS) formation, go/no-go discrimination learning, and multiple discrimination reversals. Aged monkeys showed deteriorated performance in these tasks compared with younger controls, Hypothesis analysis of LS showed that aged monkeys had difficulty learning the lose-shift component of the hypothesis win-stay-lose-shift with respect to object. Deficits in go/no-go successive discrimination were clear in no-go trials only in the first 2 pairs of 5 tasks. Performance of aged monkeys was severely disturbed from a chance to criterion level in discrimination reversals. These results are attributed not only to increased tendency for perseveration but also to difficulty in associating the reward and the object in aged monkeys and may be related to the decline in the functions of the ventral frontal cortex.

DOI： 10.1037//0735-7044.115.2.259

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担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SPRINGER TOKYO  

All animals must acquire food and mates by approaching them despite possibilities of accompanying risks and thus are frequently encountered with approach-avoidance conflicts in daily lives. Behavioral individual differences in such situations may be considered as one of the most biologically fundamental personality traits. "Partitioned raisin test" was devised to assess this trait with macaque monkeys. It involved throwing, raisins into groups of monkeys and observing the preferred distance of each from the human feeder, a source of possible harm. The test was administered to 4 groups of Japanese monkeys (30 total) and 3 groups of rhesus monkeys (19 total), all 1-yr-old and matched in history. Individual differences in the preferred proximity to the feeder, as expressed by the Proximity Index (PI), were found in both species, PI was not correlated with a measure of dominance over the raisins. Individual differences in PI were also not due to territorial effects unrelated to the location of the feeder. PI was stable in five of the six monkeys re-tested after one year of interval in a newly organized group, where there supposedly had been a change in their social structure. Partitioned raisin test was shown to be capable of depicting individual differences related to differential approach bias in an approach-avoidance conflict situation. Although possible confounding effects by social factors need to be delineated in the following studies, the method may provide a handy and widely applicable way for the assessment of this trait with monkeys.

DOI： 10.1007/BF02640688

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：Primate Society of Japan  

DOI： 10.2354/psj.14.95

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その他リンク： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JALC/00341033095?from=CiNii

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記述言語：英語  

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J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：(公社)日本放射線技術学会  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（国際会議）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

DOI： 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.675

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：新潟医学会  

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その他リンク： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2015187841

記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：(一社)日本神経学会  

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人電子情報通信学会  

簡単な実験手法により,聴覚におけるストループ干渉を示した.刺激は,九つのピッチ-シラブルの組み合わせであった.ド,レ,ミの三つのシラブルのそれぞれが,C3,D3,E3の各々のピッチで歌われたものである.例えば,C3-ドは一致刺激,C3-レは不一致刺激である.聴取者の絶対音感の有無に関わらず,ピッチについて反応する際には,不一致のシラブルによる干渉がみられた.シラブルについて反応する際には,絶対音感を有する被験者に限り,不一致のピッチによる干渉がみられた.すなわち,双方向性の干渉パターンが絶対音感を有する聴取者に,片側方向性の干渉パターンが絶対音感を有しない聴取者にみられた.この結果は,先行研究(Miyazaki,2000)と一致している.絶対音感保持者のピッチ処理や,ストループ干渉のモデルに関する示唆を議論した.

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