DOI： 10.1063/1.5086954

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DOI： 10.1080/15421406.2019.1645466

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DOI： 10.7567/1347-4065/aaec10

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DOI： 10.7567/1347-4065/ab4cfd

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Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

Asia Communications and Photonics Conference (ACP) © OSA 2019 © 2019 The Author(s) Hybrid sensors combining a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) were developed. The simultaneous measurement of the QCM and SPR signals allowed evaluating the swelling of polymer film and liquid properties. © 2019 K. Shinbo, C. Lertvachirapaiboon, Y. Ohdaira, A. Baba and K. Kato.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Nature Publishing Group  

Localised surface plasmons (LSPs) are now applied to various fields, such as bio-sensing, solar cell, molecular fluorescence enhancement and quantum-controlled devices at nanometre scale. Recent experiments show that LSPs are optically saturated by high-intensity light. Absorption saturation arises as a result of strong optical nonlinearity and cannot be explained by the conventional boson model of LSPs. Here, we propose a simple model of saturable LSPs using an effective dipole approximation. The strategy is to directly compare the classical linear optical response of an LSP with that obtained from a saturable quantum two-level system in the limit of weak excitation. The second quantization can then be performed by replacing a classical polarizability with a quantum dipole operator. Taking an ellipsoidal nanometal as an example, we analyse in detail the optical response of a single ellipsoidal nanometal to validate our model. Our numerical results show that the plasmon resonance frequency and spectral linewidth decrease as the aspect ratio of the ellipsoid increases, which is similar to the size dependence observed in early experiments.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-018-20880-6

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Taylor and Francis Inc.  

Enhancement of photoisomerization of Azobenzene dye Chicago Sky Blue 6B (CSB) was attempted using long-range surface plasmon resonance (LRSPR). The CSB film was prepared on a grating substrate with metal film for LRSPR, and its transmission light property was investigated before and after white light irradiation for photoisomerization. The transmission light was markedly changed by irradiation of p-polarized white light, and the change was attributed to photoisomerization of CSB induced by LRSPR which accompanies an intense electric field. Furthermore, the effect of LRSPR was significant compared to standard SPR.

DOI： 10.1080/15421406.2018.1456146

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：SPIE  

Not so long ago, pseudo random numbers generated by numerical formulae were considered to be adequate for encrypting important data-files, because of the time needed to decode them. With today's ultra high-speed processors, however, this is no longer true. So, in order to thwart ever-more advanced attempts to breach our system's protections, cryptologists have devised a method that is considered to be virtually impossible to decode, and uses what is a limitless number of physical random numbers. This research describes a method, whereby laser diode's frequency noise generate a large quantities of physical random numbers. Using two types of photo detectors (APD and PIN-PD), we tested the abilities of two types of lasers (FP-LD and VCSEL) to generate random numbers. In all instances, an etalon served as frequency discriminator, the examination pass rates were determined using NIST FIPS140-2 test at each bit, and the Random Number Generation (RNG) speed was noted.

DOI： 10.1117/12.2288160

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：SPIE  

While standard laser range finders use modulation signals, such as sharp pulses, the method we devised employs laser diode's frequency noise, and a frequency discriminator, to produce the intensity noise signal, which we use to generate fast physical random numbers. Observed through a frequency discriminator, beams traveling along two different paths share intensity noise patterns, i.e., the same fast physical random numbers, but with a time lag. We compared the two, and calculated their cross-correlation. By sweeping their time lags, we confirmed the length of the two optical paths, up to 50m.

DOI： 10.1117/12.2288086

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：SPIE  

An inordinate amount of time, effort (and paper) has been spent trying to find a way to stabilize laser-diode frequencies, but our research team has been working on the premise, that frequency instability can, in fact, have its up-sides. In the present work, we focus on a method that uses laser diodes' own noise to generate physical random numbers. Introducing a frequency discriminator as a reference, we control and stabilize the difference between the frequency reference and the laser frequency, thereby generating random numbers at a suitable point.

DOI： 10.1117/12.2288035

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DOI： 10.1117/12.2324829

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DOI： 10.1117/12.2324692

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPIE-SOC PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS  

An optical range finder system that relies on laser diodes' frequency noise, instead of intensity or frequency modulations, and its improvement in resolution are reported. The distance to the target is measured by calculating the cross-correlation of two signals reflected from the target and reference mirrors. These two signals are converted from the laser diodes' frequency noise signals by frequency/intensity converters, such as a Fabry-Perot etalon. We obtained the distance to the target by checking time lags between the target and reference beams at the highest correlation coefficient. We also measured the change in the correlation coefficient around the peak sampling point by adjusting the reference-path length, achieving a resolving power of +/- 3 mm. (C) The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

DOI： 10.1117/1.OE.56.6.064101

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPIE-SOC PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS  

An optical range finder system that relies on laser diodes' frequency noise, instead of intensity or frequency modulations, and its improvement in resolution are reported. The distance to the target is measured by calculating the cross-correlation of two signals reflected from the target and reference mirrors. These two signals are converted from the laser diodes' frequency noise signals by frequency/intensity converters, such as a Fabry-Perot etalon. We obtained the distance to the target by checking time lags between the target and reference beams at the highest correlation coefficient. We also measured the change in the correlation coefficient around the peak sampling point by adjusting the reference-path length, achieving a resolving power of +/- 3 mm. (C) The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

DOI： 10.1117/1.OE.56.6.064101

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPAN SOC ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY  

Analysis of NH3 gas under various humidity conditions was conducted using a waveguide surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor with dual sensing parts. Two pairs of Ag films/sensing polymer films were prepared separately on a waveguide core of BK-7 slide glass. Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) were used as sensing materials. A white light was guided through the core by illuminating the substrate edge, and the SPR property was investigated by observing the output light spectrum. The thicknesses of PAA and PVA films were adjusted to induce SPR at different wavelengths. PAA exhibited remarkable response against NH3 gas, but it also exhibited a strong dependence on humidity. In contrast, PVA responded to humidity but hardly responded to NH3 gas below 20 ppm. The dual sensing would allow us to conduct precise NH3 measurements under various humidity conditions.

DOI： 10.2116/analsci.33.443

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY  

In this study, we demonstrate improved photovoltaic properties in inverted organic thin-film solar cells by simultaneous excitation of grating-coupled surface plasmons and grating-coupled waveguide modes on gold grating surfaces. The cell consists of a glass-ITO substrate/titanium dioxide/poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl): phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly( styrene sulfonate)/gold structure. The grating structures were fabricated on P3HT: PCBM layers using a nanoimprinting technique with a PDMS stamp. The grating-structured PDMS stamps were fabricated using a DVD-R grating template with a grating pitch, Lambda, of 740 nm. Reflectivity measurements made using p-polarized light clearly indicate 2 types of excitation modes, i.e., surface plasmons and waveguide modes, while s-polarized light produces only waveguide modes. Incident photon-to-current efficiency measurements exhibited increased photocurrent wavelengths corresponding to the wavelengths of surface plasmon excitations and waveguide mode excitations. Through the simultaneous excitation of surface plasmons and waveguide modes, short-circuit photocurrents in the grating-structured cells exhibited an improvement of up to 11% in the solar cells, leading to an efficiency increase of 16%.

DOI： 10.1039/c6cp06931b

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A stable microwave source using frequency stabilized diode lasers was developed. The Doppler-free spectra of Rb atoms produced by saturated absorption spectroscopy were used to obtain highly-sensitive control signals and lock the frequency of diode lasers to it. The beat frequencies between two independently stabilized diode lasers were 1.2 GHz and 2.9 GHz. The fluctuations in beat frequencies were 40 kHz and 400 kHz respectively in the best stability.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

Fluorescent nanodroplets of liquid crystal (LC) were generated by the electrospray deposition of LC solvent containing rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) dye molecules. The shape and density of the nanodroplets strongly depended on the concentration of LC diluted with ethanol solution. The fluorescent spectra from the Rh6G molecules in LC nanodroplets were obviously blue-shifted compared with the LC films of the bulk state. Furthermore, the LC nanodroplets were dispersed on a metallic nanograting formed by optically modifying an azobenzene thin-film layer under the metallic film. The nanodroplets were size-selectively aligned on the metallic nanograting. (C) 2016 The Japan Society of Applied Physics

DOI： 10.7567/JJAP.55.02BB09

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Applied Physics  

DOI： 10.7567/JJAP.55.02BB09

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

DOI： 10.1080/15421406.2015.1097002

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：IEICE-INST ELECTRONICS INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS ENG  

A quartz-crystal-microbalance (QCM) and surface-plasmon-resonance (SPR) hybrid sensor was prepared, and the depositions of polymer electrolytes layer-by-layer (LbL) films were observed in situ. The estimated thicknesses obtained from the QCM method were different from those obtained from the SPR method. This was estimated to be caused by film swelling and water contained in the film.

DOI： 10.1587/transele.E98.C.136

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

In this study, we fabricated a novel quartz-crystal-microbalance (QCM)/optical-waveguide hybrid sensor. An in situ observation of a lead phthalocyanine (PbPc) thin-film deposition was conducted during vacuum evaporation, and the effectiveness of the sensor was demonstrated. The film thickness was obtained from the QCM frequency, and the optical absorption of the film was observed by optical waveguide spectroscopy using part of the QCM substrate without the electrode. The film absorption depends on the polarization direction, substrate temperature and deposition rate, owing to aggregate formation. The thickness dependence of the absorption property was also investigated. (C) 2013 The Japan Society of Applied Physics

DOI： 10.7567/JJAP.52.05DC20

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPIE-SOC PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS  

We describe a method of generating physical random numbers by means of a diode laser that has an extremely wide-band frequency-noise profile. Fluctuations in the laser frequency affect the intensity of the light transmitted through the optical frequency discriminator, detected thereafter as random fluctuations. This allows us to simultaneously generate 8 random bit streams, due to the parallel processing of 8-digit binary numbers sampled by an 8-bit analog-to-digital converter. Finally, we generated physical random numbers at a rate of 3 Gbit/s, by combining one data stream with another stream that is delayed by 2 ms, by exclusive-OR. (C) The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI. [DOI: 10.1117/1.OE.52.1.014302]

DOI： 10.1117/1.OE.52.1.014302

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SCIENCE PRESS  

Optical near-field excitations were investigated on the basis of molecular alignment control of liquid crystals (LCs) on an optically rewritable nanostructure of photoreactive molecular thin films. Twisted nematic (TN) cells of LC molecules were constructed utilizing ITO substrates with 260 nm gratings of an azobenzene molecular thin film, fabricated using standing evanescent waves. The polarization changes of light transmitted through the TN cells, which were due to the alignment changes of LC molecules locally rubbed by the azobenzene nanogratings, were observed. Furthermore, we demonstrated local plasmon excitation of Au nanowires deposited on the azobenzene nanogratings using oblique vacuum evaporation, a phenomenon that produced strong anti-optical absorption spectra. The modulation of the local plasmon resonance in metallic nanowires decorated with LC molecules was confirmed.

DOI： 10.1007/s11433-012-4754-1

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

We fabricated a hybrid sensor utilizing quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy. We confirmed its effectiveness by observing QCM frequency shifts and SPR wavelength changes for two processes: deposition of various transparent polymer thin films and moisture sorption. For thin-film deposition, the relationship between the QCM frequency and SPR wavelength was found to depend on the refractive index of the film material. For moisture sorption, the direction of SPR wavelength shift depended on the film thickness. This was estimated to be caused by film swelling and decrease in refractive index induced by moisture. (C) 2012 The Japan Society of Applied Physics

DOI： 10.1143/APEX.5.036603

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：IEICE-INST ELECTRONICS INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS ENG  

Ridge optical waveguides (OWGs) of fluorinated polyimides were deposited on a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), and a hybrid sensor employing the OWG spectroscopy and the QCM technique was prepared. A polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film with CoCl2 was deposited on the OWG, and humidity sensing characteristics were investigated. White light was entered into the waveguide and the output light spectra was observed. The output light intensity markedly changed because of the chromism of CoCl2 by humidity sorption. During the output light measurement, the QCM frequency was monitored simultaneously. The humidity dependences of the QCM frequency and output light were also investigated in a range from 10% to 70%. Furthermore, the response to hydrofluoroether (HFE) was observed, and the change in the output light was hardly observed because CoCl2 does not exhibit chromism in HFE sorption.

DOI： 10.1587/transele.E94.C.1851

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：IEICE-INST ELECTRONICS INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS ENG  

A half-cylindrical BK-7 prism/dielectric film with a grating/Ag film/fluorescent polymer film structure was prepared, and its surface plasmon (SP) excitation property was investigated. It was confirmed experimentally that SP excitations are possible in this structure by using prism and grating couplings. The SP excitation property depended on the direction of the grating vector. Furthermore, intense photoluminescence was observed when the SPs were simultaneously excited at the Ag/polymer interface by prism coupling and at the Cytop/Ag interface by grating coupling.

DOI： 10.1587/transele.E94.C.196

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPAN SOC APPLIED PHYSICS  

Multiple surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors were prepared on a waveguide, and vapor sensing was carried out. A BK-7 slide glass was used as a waveguide core, and three pairs of Ag films (50 nm)/polymer films with various thicknesses were prepared separately on the waveguide. White light was input from the substrate edge, and the spectrum of the output light was observed. Discrete SPR dips can be observed in the output light spectra by selecting the dielectric constant and the thickness of the polymer film, which govern the SPR condition. The sensors with poly( vinyl alcohol) as sensing material were prepared and the water vapor sorption properties were investigated. Furthermore, polyisoprene, poly( vinyl carbazole), poly( methyl methacrylate), and perfluorinated polymer were used as sensing materials, and the detection of various vapors was carried out. (C) 2011 The Japan Society of Applied Physics

DOI： 10.1143/JJAP.50.01BC15

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING  

Random numbers can be classified as either pseudo- or physical-random in character. Pseudo-random numbers' periodicity renders them inappropriate for use in cryptographic applications, but naturally-generated physical-random numbers have no calculable periodicity, thereby making them ideally-suited to the task. The laser diode naturally produces a wideband "noise" signal that is believed to have tremendous capacity and great promise, for the rapid generation of physical-random numbers for use in cryptographic applications. We measured a laser diode's output, at a fast photo detector and generated physical-random numbers from frequency noises. We then identified and evaluated the binary-number-line's statistical properties. The result shows that physical-random number generation, at speeds as high as 40Gbps, is obtainable, using the laser diode's frequency noise characteristic.

DOI： 10.1117/12.875830

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

A hybrid sensor of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and optical waveguide (OWG) spectroscopies was prepared, and in-situ observations were carried out for lead phthalocyanine (PbPc) film depositions using vacuum evaporation technique. The peak wavelength of the absorption spectra changed with the PbPc film thickness. The responses of QCM frequency and optical absorption were also observed, and they suggested the phase formation changed with the thickness. Furthermore, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern and the atomic force microscope (AFM) image were investigated for the film.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER CHEMICAL SOC  

In this Article, we present a novel method to detect adrenaline on poly(3-aminobenzylamine) (PABA) ultrathin films by electrochemical-surface plasmon resonance (EC-SPR) spectroscopy. We prepared a PABA film, which specifically reacts with adrenaline, on a gold electrode by electropolymerization of 3-aminobenzylamine. The specific reaction of benzylamine within the PABA structure with adrenaline was studied by XPS, UV-vis spectroscopy, and EC-SPR techniques. Adrenaline was detected in real time by EC-SPR spectroscopy, which provides simultaneous monitoring of both optical SPR reflectivity and electrochemical current responses upon injecting adrenaline into the PABA thin film. The number of changes in both current and SPR reflectivity on the injection of adrenaline exhibited the linear relation to the concentration, and the detection limit was 100 pM. The responses were distinctive to those for uric acid and ascorbic acid, which are major interferences of adrenaline.

DOI： 10.1021/la1034992

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER CHEMICAL SOC  

In this paper, we demonstrate photocurrent generation from nanostructured layer-by-layer (LbL) ultrathin films consisting of chromophores and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT). We fabricated 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methy1-4-pyridinio)porphyrin tetr (p-toluenesulfonate) (TMPyP)-SWNT/sodium copper chlorophyllin (SCC)-SWNT LbL film from noncovalently adsorbed composites. SWNT were dissolved in water-soluble cationic TMPyP and anionic SCC, and the resulting solutions were used for electrostatic LbL multilayer fabrication. The solubility of SWNT in water was studied by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. The composites were highly dispersed owing to the pi-pi interactions. The fluorescence spectroscopy measurements showed efficient quenching of TMPyP and SCC fluorescence, which was due to the interaction with SWNT. In situ surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy during the LbL multilayer fabrication indicated a stepwise increase in reflectivity, implying the successive formation of nanostructured hybrid ultrathin films. Cyclic voltammetry revealed that the electroactivity of the hybrid film was enhanced by the incorporation of SWNT. The composite LbL film electrode exhibited an enhancement of photocurrent compared to a TMPyP/SCC (no SWNT) film electrode, suggesting efficient charge separation and electron transfer in the system.

DOI： 10.1021/jp103121m

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan (IEE Japan)  

DOI： 10.1541/ieejfms.130.193

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA  

In this report, we demonstrate a convenient method of fabricating single-walled carbon nanotubes/organic semiconductor hybrid ultrathin multilayers using a layer-by-layer self-assembly approach. Single-walled carbon nanotubes were solubilized by water-soluble cationic alcian blue pyridine variant and anionic copper phthalocyanine-3,4',4 '',4'''-tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt, which were then utilized for electrostatic layer-by-layer multilayer fabrication. The solubilization ability of single-walled carbon nanotubes was studied in water by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. The composites were highly dispersed owing to the pi-pi interactions. In situ surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy during the layer-by-layer multilayer fabrication indicated a stepwise increase in reflectivity, indicating the successive formation of nanostructured hybrid ultrathin films. Cyclic voltammetry revealed that the electroactivity of the hybrid film was enhanced by the incorporation of single-walled nanotubes. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.tsf.2009.09.052

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPAN SOC APPLIED PHYSICS  

In this work, we demonstrate multimode surface plasmon (SP) excitations by white light irradiation on metallic diffraction grating/plastic substrates. Recordable compact discs were used as the diffraction grating substrates on which silver films were deposited by vacuum evaporation. Since the grating pitch (1.6 mu m) was larger than that of diffraction gratings commonly used for the excitation of SPs, multimode SP excitations due to several diffraction orders were observed simultaneously in the wavelength region from 400 to 800 nm. The obtained SP excitations were then compared with the calculated SP dispersion on the grating. The multimode SP excitations were further studied on spin-coated poly[2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV) thin film/silver grating substrates. An increased photoluminescence intensity due to SP excitations was observed on MEH-PPV/silver grating surfaces. (C) 2010 The Japan Society of Applied Physics

DOI： 10.1143/JJAP.49.01AE02

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) were fabricated using poly(3-hexyl thiophene) (P3HT), and the effects of inserted Lewis-acid thin layers on electrical properties were investigated. The OFETs have active layers of P3HT and vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) as a Lewis-acid layer. Larger drain currents were observed for the OFET with the V2O5 layer than that without the layer. The calculated field-effect mobility of the fabricated OFET was 1.4 x 10(-2) cm(2) / (Vs), where as that of the OFET without the V2O5 layer was 6.2 x 10(-3) cm(2) / (Vs). It was thought that charge transfer (CT) complex which was formed at the interface between P3HT and V2O5 layer was dissociated by gate voltage, and the generated holes seem to contribute to drain current and the apparent high mobility.

DOI： 10.1080/15421401003597977

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Polymer fibers were prepared by an electrospinning method utilizing a copper wire electrode in a capillary tube. The morphology of electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) fibers was observed, and was found to be dependent on the wire electrode tip position in the capillary tube, the concentration of the polymer solution, the distance between the electrodes, and the applied voltage. By using the wire electrode, the experimental setup is simple and the distance between the electrodes and the applied voltage can be easily reduced. Furthermore, the preparation of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) fibers was carried out. P3HT fibers were successfully prepared by mixing poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) in P3HT solution. Orientation control was also carried out by depositing the fibers on a rotating collector electrode, and the alignment of the P3HT: PEO fibers was confirmed. Anisotropy of the optical absorption spectra was also observed for the aligned fibers. (C) 2010 The Japan Society of Applied Physics

DOI： 10.1143/JJAP.49.04DK24

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA  

In this study, stab and ridge optical waveguides (OWGs) made of fluorinated polyimides were deposited on a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), and hybrid sensors using OWG spectroscopy and the QCM technique were prepared. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film with CoCl(2) was deposited on the OWGs, and the characteristics of humidity sensing were investigated. A prism coupler was used to enter a He-Ne laser beam (lambda = 632.8 nm) to the slab OWG. The output light intensity markedly changed due to chromism of the CoCl(2) as a result of humidity sorption, and this change was dependent on the incident angle of the laser beam to the slab OWG. During the measurement of output light, the QCM frequency was simultaneously monitored. The humidity dependence of the sensor with the slab OWG was also investigated in the range from 15 to 85%. For the sensor with the ridge OWG, white light was entered by butt-coupling, and the characteristics of humidity sensing were investigated by observing the output light spectrum and the QCM frequency. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V.

DOI： 10.1016/j.tsf.2009.07.059

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The attenuated total reflection (ATR) and emission light properties utilizing surface plasmon (SP) excitations were measured for the electrochemical change of poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5diyl) (P3HT) thin films in-situ. The SP emission light could detect the SP excited by molecular luminescence of P3HT. The ATR and SP emission light properties were observed for the doped-dedoped states of P3HT thin film. The ATR and SP emission light properties were remarkably changed with the electrochemical doping and dedoping. The SP emission light also decreased by decrease of the molecular luminescence of P3HT by doping. For the dedoped-state P3HT thin film, SP emission light also increased by increase of the molecular luminescence. The SP emission light excited by molecular luminescence can be controlled by the control of doping-dedoping state. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.tsf.2009.07.083

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING  

We demonstrate nanofabrication of photoreactive azobenzene molecular thin films using optical migration of molecules induced by local polarization in optical near-fields. Transportation and alignment control of the nanomaterial systems were investigated to modulate the excitation of the optical near-fields. Energy transfers from fluorescent molecules were observed along a planar boundary system of metals and dielectrics. The fundamental processes of tunneling energy that flowed to the metallic layer were evaluated from the angular distribution of scattered light in a far field, corresponding to the angular spectrum of scattered fields, including those of evanescent waves excited near the fluorescent molecules and nanostructures fabricated on azo molecular films.

DOI： 10.1117/12.825955

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

A new Mach-Zehnder type optical-interferometer utilizing evanescent wave illuminations of a reflected beam at a prism surface was constructed to evaluate photoreactive molecular thin films on a prism surface. Refractive index changes of the films due to photoisomerization of azo molecules on the prism caused by an irradiation beam were observed from phase changes between an incident beam and the reflected one at the prism surface. Real-time measurements were also demonstrated using the interferometer microscopy, exhibiting two dimensional distributions of the refractive indices in the molecular films partially excited by the focused irradiation laser beam.

DOI： 10.1080/15421400902946103

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：IEICE-INST ELECTRONICS INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS ENG  

In this report. we demonstrate electrocatalytic oxidation properties of ascorbic acid at poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) thin films in view of their potential application for big-sensing devices. PEDOT thin films were deposited on gold thin films by electropolymerization of EDOT monomer in acetonitrile solvent. In-situ electrochemical-surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (EC-SPR) was used to detect both electrochemical and optical signals upon an injection of ascorbic acid.

DOI： 10.1093/ietele/e91-c.12.1881

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Attenuated total reflection (ATR) property utilizing surface plasmon (SP) excitation was investigated for BK-7 prism/MgF2/Ag film/fluorescent organic dye film structure. In the structure, it is expected that SPs are excited at MgF2/Ag and Ag/dye film interfaces by Otto and Kretschmann configurations, respectively. In the experimental ATR curve, reflection dips for the SP excitations at the interfaces could be detected. Furthermore. SP emission lights were observed by irradiation of Ar ion laser beam from the dye film side. The SP emission light curve with two peaks was observed and it was also considered that the peaks corresponded to the SP excitation of Otto and Kretschmann Configurations. The SP emission light spectra indicated the excited fluorescent dyes induced the SP emission lights. Intense emission light of Otto configuration was observed in this sample.

DOI： 10.1093/ietele/e91-c.12.1883

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Gas sensing properties were investigated using localized surface plasmons (LSPs) and a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). A thin film of polyvinylalcohol (PVA) and gold colloid (20 ran in diameter) was deposited on the QCM substrate, and the gas responses of the optical absorption of gold colloid LSP and the QCM frequency were simultaneously observed. Vapors of water, ethanol and methylamine in N-2 were detected. The optical absorption spectra changed with the gas adsorption and desorption, and the gas response could be repeatedly observed. Furthermore, the relationship between the QCM frequency and the optical properties depended on the vapor species. Hybrid sensing can be used for detection and discrimination of various vapor adsorptions. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.tsf.2007.11.110

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：IEICE-INST ELECTRONICS INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS ENG  

In this study, attenuated total reflection (ATR) utilizing surface plasmon (SP) excitation and SP emission lights were observed for the adsorption of polystyrene (PS) spheres and a water-soluble polymer. The PS spheres contained fluorescent dyes and exhibited red fluorescence. The ATR properties indicated film deposition with increasing number of adsorption cycles. The SP emission light induced by the fluorescent dye ill the spheres was also measured. and all increase in the peak intensity, as well as an angle shift. was observed. Furthermore, the SP emission light spectra were investigated at various emission angles. The dispersion relation obtained front the SP emission light almost corresponded to that obtained from the ATR curves.

DOI： 10.1093/ietele/e91-c.10.1663

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：OPTICAL SOC AMER  

We demonstrate local circular polarization in surface vortices of an optical near-field generated by superposing two cross-propagating evanescent waves with transverse electric fields on a planar dielectric surface. The circularly rotating local electric fields are converted into circularly polarized propagating light waves in free space via a near-field interaction with a sub-wavelength size local probe. The results show that optical near-fields generated under the influence of a material environment with local rotational symmetry carry angular pseudo-momentum with respect to the symmetry axis. The local circular polarization is of fundamental significance in spin-related and magneto-optical phenomena in nanophotonics. (C) 2007 Optical Society of America.

DOI： 10.1364/OE.16.002915

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPAN SOC APPLIED PHYSICS  

In this study, thin films of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) mixed with 100 nm polystyrene (PS) microspheres were prepared, and changes in attenuated total reflection (ATR) utilizing surface plasmon (SP) excitation due to the adsorption of humidity were investigated. The PS microspheres contained luminescent dyes, and SP emission light due to these dyes was observed. The sample configuration was prism/Ag film (50 nm)/PVA film with sphere. ATR dip and SP emission peak angles shifted with the adsorption and desorption of humidity, and SP emission light intensity changed markedly. Furthermore, kinetic curves were plotted and humidity adsorption responses were repeatedly observed. Finally, the dispersion relations of SPs were obtained from ATR and SP emission light properties.

DOI： 10.1143/JJAP.47.1110

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Vapor treatments using several organic solvents were carried out for vacuum-evaporated magnesium phthalocyanine (MgPc) thin films. The UV-vis absorption spectra, surface morphologies, and X-ray diffraction patterns were markedly altered by the treatments and depend on the vapor. Furthermore, Au top-contact organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) were fabricated using MgPc films with and without the vapor treatments. The FET with N-methylpyrrolidone treatment did not work, but that with dichloromethane vapor treatment showed a large improvement in the on/off ratio and field-effect mobilities. Ethanol vapor treatment (5 min) also improved the FET characteristics, but long-term treatment (60 min) induced poor performance.

DOI： 10.1143/JJAP.47.484

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Top-contact organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) were fabricated using vacuum evaporated magnesium phthalocyanine (MgPc) thin films with and without ethanol vapor treatments and OFET characteristics were investigated. The UV-vis absorption spectra, surface morphologies and x-ray diffraction patterns of the MgPc films were largely changed and the on/off ratio and field-effect mobilities of the OFETs were improved due to the vapor treatment. Hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) vapor treatment of n-Si substrate surface also induced improvements of the OFET performance.

DOI： 10.1080/15421400701548266

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

The attenuated total reflection (ATR) properties and emission light due to surface plasmon (SP) excitations have been investigated in the prism/Ag/MgF2/organic dye/MgF2/Ag structure. Poly(2-methoxy-5-(2 '-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV) was used as the organic dye. SPs were excited at the interfaces of Ag/air, Ag/MgF2 and MgF2/Ag in this structure, and the resonant curve due to the SP excitations was observed by the ATR measurement. The emission light through the prism was observed using various light incidences by reverse and usual irradiations. When the incident light angle was fixed to an SP resonant angle as SPs were excited at two interfaces of Ag/MgF2 and MgF2/Ag, the strongest emission light was observed. The emission light spectra at various emission angles were measured and the emission light was related to photoluminescence of the organic dyes, and the intensity and the spectra strongly depended on the emission angles.

DOI： 10.1080/15421400701544901

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Molecular aligned naphthacene thins films were fabricated using vacuum evaporation and the rubbing method. The attenuated total reflection (ATR) and emission light properties from surface plasmon (SP) excitation due to molecular luminescence were investigated for these films. The long axis of the rod-like molecule was estimated to align perpendicular to the rubbing direction. The ATR and emission light properties depended on the molecular orientation.

DOI： 10.1093/ietele/e89-c.12.1758

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DOI： 10.1109/NMDC.2006.4388918

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Nano-patterns were investigated on azo dye thin films exposed by an interference of evanescent waves propagating on a prism surface. The patterns strongly depended upon polarization of the incident laser beams forming electric field vectors of the evanescent waves in the vicinity of the prism surface. Line structures of surface relief gratings (SRGs) were clearly inscribed by selecting s-polarization of the incident light. The cyclic pattern of the lines was approximately 210 nm that was smaller than a half of the wavelength of the incident laser at 488 nm. Any line patterns were not obtained using p-polarization of the light, but nano-dot patterns were fabricated on azo dye films. This technique based on molecular migration due to evanescent waves is thought to be very useful for nano-device processing and future device applications. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.02.054

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Aluminum phthalocyanine chloride (AlClPc) thin films were evaporated and the properties of the AlClPc thin films treated with ethanol vapor were investigated using attenuated total reflection (ATR) and emission light measurements due to surface plasmon (SP) excitations. The optical absorption spectra and surface morphology remarkably changed due to the ethanol-vapor treatment. From the ATR measurement, it was found that the thickness evaluated from the theoretical calculations increases with the treatment of ethanol vapor. The emission lights due to SP were also observed for the samples. The emission light intensity increase with the surface roughness for the incident light with wavelength of 488.0 nm. The current vs. voltage characteristics of the AlClPc thin films before and after the ethanol-vapor treatment were also investigated and it was found that the conduction current was increased by the ethanol-vapor treatment. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.tsf.2005.07.022

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The radiation properties of oscillating electric dipoles are studied theoretically for three and four layered systems including a single metallic slab based on angular spectrum representation of vector spherical waves, One of the remarkable results obtained is the transmission energy spectrum showing strong dependence (in the thickness of a dielectric layer placed between oscillating electric dipole and metallic surface, which explains the experimental result,; of molecular fluorescence into surface plasmon modes. The theory based on angular spectrum representation and tunneling current provides us with a clear identification of plasmonic excitation transfer, transmission loss associated with plasmon transport in metallic layer, and energy dissipation or quenching of excitation due to surface plasmon excitation at the metallic surface in relation to the characteristic complex wave number of evanescent waves.

DOI： 10.1093/ietele/e88-c.9.1836

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER INST PHYSICS  

Fabrication of surface relief gratings (SRGs) on azo dye thin films has been investigated utilizing an interference of evanescent waves. SRGs of approximately 210 nm were inscribed on the photoisomerized azo dye films, that were smaller than a half wavelength of an incidence laser of 488.0 nm. The films were set on a right-angled triangular prism surface and were in the interference of evanescent waves of totally reflected laser beams at the prism surface. The interference at the surface was performed using a laser beam through the one side of the isosceles and the returned beam at the other side of the isosceles where a mirror was set. The SRG patterns of azo dye films due to trans-cis transition of the dyes were observed in situ using an atomic force microscope above the prism surface. (C) 2005 American Institute of Physics.

DOI： 10.1063/1.1857070

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPAN SOC APPLIED PHYSICS  

Surface plasmon (SP) emission light was observed for a merocyanine (MC) Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) film and an MC/crystal violet (CV) hetero-LB film in the ATR Kretschmann configuration. Intense photoluminescence of CV and quenching of MC were observed due to an energy transfer from MC to CV in the hetero-LB film. SP emission light due to CV was also observed for the MC/CV hetero-LB film. Furthermore, the emission light properties of the MC/CV hetero-LB film did not depend on the polarization direction of excitation light and were considered to be a result of the molecular shape of CV.

DOI： 10.1143/JJAP.44.599

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY  

Emission light due to surface plasmon (SP) excitations has been investigated in Kretschmann configuration of prism/metal thin film/organic dye thin films by means of direct irradiation of a laser beam from air to the films. Emission light through the prism coincided with the resonant conditions of SP excitations in the configuration. It was thought that SPs on the metal surface were excited by luminescence of dye molecules close to the metal surface, and the SPs propagating along the metal surface were converted to the emission light according to the resonant conditions of SPs in the configuration. Intensities and spectra of the SP emission light through the prism strongly depended upon emission angles, nanostructures of dye films, the film thickness and mixture of two kinds of dyes.

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A novel method was performed for optical fabrication of nano-structures on organic photosensitive thin films utilizing evanescent waves on prism surface. The evanescent waves are produced by means of total internal reflection of laser beams on a prism surface and the intensity shows exponential decay from the surface. Nano-patterns of surface relief gratings (SRGs) were inscribed for spin-coated azo dye (congo red) films showing photoisomerization by the evanescent waves. The cycle pattern of the SRG was approximately 210nm that was smaller than a half of the incident laser wavelength of 488 run. In the conventional technique of fabrication of SRGs, it is very difficult to obtain narrower lattices and one can not obtain any smaller lattices of SRGs than a half wavelength of the laser beam. This techniques based on molecular migration due to evanescent waves are thought to be very useful for nano-device processing and future device applications.

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Surface plasmon (SP) emission light has been investigated for rhodamine-B (RB) dye Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films on silver (Ag) thin film in the attenuated total reflection (ATR) Kretschmann configuration by means of reverse irradiation of a laser beam. Emission light through the prism was clearly observed for the configuration of prism/Ag/LB films corresponding to the resonant excitation conditions for SPs using the reverse irradiation. The intensities of the SP emission light increased with the thickness of the RB LB films. but nonlinear reductions of the SP emission light and photoluminescence (PL) were observed due to nonradiative energy transfer at the very small separations between the RB and Ag films. It is thought that the SPs, that is. two-dimensional optical waves, are excited by PL of the RB dyes on the Ag film and that this phenomenon is very useful for applications utilizing dye molecules on metal thin films.

DOI： 10.1143/JJAP.43.2335

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan  

Photoluminescence and surface plasmon emission light have been investigated in the attenuated total reflection (ATR) Kretschmann configuration. Surface plasmons (SPs), two-dimensional optical waves, were excited when rhodamine-B (RB) dye Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films on metal thin film were directly irradiated by laser beams in the Kretschmann configuration. Emission light, that is, three-dimensional optical waves through the prism were observed corresponding to the resonant conditions of SP excitations in the configuration. The intensity of the SP emission light was small for the RB LB film with 4 layers, but the intensities increased in proportion to the thickness for the LB films having above 8 layers. Photoluminescence intensities also strongly depended upon the nanostructured separation between the RB LB films and metal thin films. It is thought that the phenomena are very useful for applications utilizing dye molecules on metal and conversion between three- and two-dimensional optical waves.

DOI： 10.1541/ieejfms.124.293

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：IEICE-INST ELECTRONICS INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS ENG  

Frequency modulation (FM) noise spectroscopy with diode laser is applied to high-resolution Doppler-free spectroscopy of Cs atomic vapor Dear a dielectric surface with evanescent-wave pump-probe configuration. Both high resolution and high sensitivity are realized by using an extremely simple experimental setup, in which no sweep or precise tuning of laser frequency are required. Several experimental configurations of optical near-field spectroscopy are demonstrated, which is useful for an extensive study of resonant interactions of atoms and microscopic electronic systems in optical near-fields.

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To characterize the optical properties of a semiconductor tip apex or semiconductor nanoparticles attached to a tip apex, an experimental setup to detect the photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the specimens excited by the evanescent wave was constructed, The tip-prism surface distance dependency of the PL spectra was observed by means of a prism covered with conducting thin films which were used to define the origin of the separation by detecting the tunneling current. It was demonstrated that the PL intensity exponentially depends upon the separation.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD  

Spin-sensitive optical near-field microscopy and spectroscopy are proposed based on the study on the conserved quantities in optical near-field interactions of atoms with dielectric surfaces. A two-step photoionization spectra of Cs atoms resolving hyperfine structures are demonstrated near a planar dielectric surface by using evanescent waves. These techniques of state/spin-selective excitation and highly sensitive detection, combined with the techniques of optical pumping, will open up possibilities of space- and polarization-sensitive detection of optical near-fields using atomic probes. This novel method provides us with a useful technique for the observation of polarization nature of the optical near-field and controlling the spin states of mesoscopic electronic systems.

DOI： 10.1046/j.1365-2818.2001.00799.x

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© COPYRIGHT SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only. Semiconductor laser range-finder systems use so-called time-of-flight methods that require us to modulate semiconductor lasers intensity and frequency, and detect those of reflected lights, in order to compare optical paths to the reference and the target. But, accurate measurement requires both high-speed modulation and detection systems. By taking advantage of semiconductor lasers broad-spectrum frequency noise, which has a range of up to a few GHz, and converting it to intensity noise, we were able to generate a set of high-speed physical random numbers that we used to precisely measure the distance. We tuned the semiconductor lasers oscillation frequencies loosely to the Rb absorption line and converted their frequency noise to intensity noise, in the light transmitted. Observed through a frequency discriminator, beams traveling along two different paths will always share intensity noise patterns, but there is a time lag. We calculate the cross-correlation of the two signals by sweeping their time lags. The one with the highest degree of correlation was that corresponding to the difference in the length of the two optical paths. Through our experiments, we confirmed that the system was accurate up to a distance of 50 m, at a resolution of 0.03 m, when the sampling rate was adjusted to 0.2 ns.

DOI： 10.1117/12.2187963

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

Because of their low cost, light weight, low power consumption and durability, semiconductor lasers are ideal, for use as optical range finder light-sources. Their oscillation-frequency fluctuations generate the physical random numbers, which are used to measure distances. While normal range finders use modulation signals, such as sharp pulses, the method we devised employs semiconductor lasers' frequency noise, and a frequency to intensity converter, such as the rubidium absorption profile, to produce physical random numbers. This allowed us to construct an optical range finder that requires no additional modulation of the semiconductor laser, - has a range of up to 50 meters, and resolution of 0.06 meters. We also consider the resolving power of this method without changing its sampling rate.

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The encryption technique is necessary for the internet community. The encryption using the pseudo-random numbers is considered safe because it takes a lot of time to decode it. However, since high speed processing computers are emerging in these days, it may not safe anymore. On the other hand, quantum cryptographic communications which are theoretically impossible to decode have been advanced and need a large number of physical random numbers. This paper describes a method, whereby semiconductor laser diodes' frequency noise-signatures generate a series of physical random numbers. As a result, we generated random number bit strings at 40Gb/s in a VCSEL and at 50Gb/s in a FPLD.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

A hybrid sensor of quartz-crystal-microbalance and surface-plasmon-resonance was prepared by using an AT-cut quartz substrate as an optical waveguide and by exciting surface plasmon at the surface of the QCM metal electrode. In-situ evaluation of cationic poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and anionic poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) layer-by-layer film deposition was conducted. The estimated thickness of the deposited film from the SPR result tends to be smaller than that from the QCM result and remarkable difference was observed for the result obtained using aqueous solution of pH 2.5. It was estimated that amino group of PAH was ionized at low pH solution and it induced repulsion between the polymer chain; the polymer film swelled and mass of sorbed water was detected.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

A hybrid sensor of quartz-crystal-microbalance and surface-plasmon-resonance was prepared by using an AT-cut quartz substrate as an optical waveguide and by exciting surface plasmon at the surface of the QCM metal electrode. In-situ evaluation of cationic poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and anionic poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) layer-by-layer film deposition was conducted. The estimated thickness of the deposited film from the SPR result tends to be smaller than that from the QCM result and remarkable difference was observed for the result obtained using aqueous solution of pH 2.5. It was estimated that amino group of PAH was ionized at low pH solution and it induced repulsion between the polymer chain; the polymer film swelled and mass of sorbed water was detected.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

A hybrid sensor of quartz-crystal-microbalance and surface-plasmon-resonance was prepared by using an AT-cut quartz substrate as an optical waveguide and by exciting surface plasmon at the surface of the QCM metal electrode. In-situ evaluation of cationic poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and anionic poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) layer-by-layer film deposition was conducted. The estimated thickness of the deposited film from the SPR result tends to be smaller than that from the QCM result and remarkable difference was observed for the result obtained using aqueous solution of pH 2.5. It was estimated that amino group of PAH was ionized at low pH solution and it induced repulsion between the polymer chain; the polymer film swelled and mass of sorbed water was detected.

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A semiconductor laser's frequency fluctuates owing to the refractive index fluctuations caused by the spontaneous emission in a laser cavity. In this study, a new application of semiconductor laser's frequency noise characteristics is discussed. We propose a new laser rangefinder using the semiconductor laser's frequency noise. This method calculates the correlation between the divided laser beams and determines the optical distance without any modulation, and its accuracy are expected unchanged even in a long distance measurement. We measured the distance from 0 to 35m using the proposed method.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

The light output from a semiconductor laser has high speed noise in both intensity and frequency region. We generate physical random numbers from frequency noise which will be converted into intensity frequency noise by using a frequency discriminator. In this report, we compared two random numbers, one is generated from the free-running laser and the other is generated from the narrower-oscillation-width laser.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

Recently, cryptographic is important to protect information. Now, the pseudo-random number is used for cryptographic. But, it will be deciphered easily because of the computer development in the near future. Physical random number attracts attention because it is difficult to be deciphered when the physical random number is used in coding system. On the other hand, it is difficult to create it fast. Therefore, many fast physical-random number generation methods, which use the wide intensity noise characteristic of a diode laser, have been reported. We demonstrated a fast physical random number generation using the laser diode's frequency noise characteristic.

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The pseudo-random number is normally used for large-scale simulation and encryption of communication. On the other hand, the physical-random number is recently expected to be used in these fields because it has no calculable periodicity and so makes the safer cipher. Therefore, many fast physical-random number generations, which use the wide intensity noise characteristic of a diode laser, have been reported. Because the diode laser has very fast frequency noise, we propose the method using it here.

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Diode lasers are characterized by wideband frequency-noise output that is easily detected by frequency-selective elements, that convert frequency deviation into intensity fluctuation. Any such intensity noise can be digitized by means of A/D converters; so, some of these digital signals demonstrate physical-random number characteristics. We demonstrated physical random number generation and evaluated the physical random numbers using NIST standard tests.

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Pseudo-random numbers' periodicity renders them inappropriate for use in cryptographic applications, but, naturally-generated physical-random numbers have no calculable periodicity, thereby making them ideally-suited to the task. Some experiments about physical-random number generation have reached to Gbps range by using laser diode's (LD's) intensity noises in recent years. The laser diode naturally produces a wideband "noise" signal that is believed to have tremendous capacity and great promise, for the rapid generation of physical-random numbers for use in cryptographic applications. The result shows that the fast physical-random number generation, as fast as 5Gbps, is obtainable, using the laser diode's frequency noise characteristic.

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In this work, we demonstrate a novel dopamine sensor using multimode surface plasmon excitations by irradiating white light source on metallic diffraction gratings /plastic substrates. A recordable blue-ray disc (BD-R:Λ=320 nm) and a compact disc (CD-R:Λ=l.6μm) were used as diffraction grating substrates. In the case of CD-R disc, multiple surface plasmon resonance excitations due to several diffraction orders were observed at same time as the grating pitch is larger than commonly used diffraction gratings. Layer-by-layer ultrathin films prepared from iron containing bis(terpyridine) polymer (Fe(II)-BTP) and poly(ethylene dioxythiophene) : poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) were used as an electrochemical mediator for sensing the dopamine. Large changes in grating coupling surface plasmon dips were obtained upon an injection of the dopamine on the LbL/metallic grating surface.

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In this work, we demonstrate a novel dopamine sensor using multimode surface plasmon excitations by irradiating white light source on metallic diffraction gratings/plastic substrates. Since the grating pitch is larger than commonly used diffraction gratings, multiple surface plasmon resonance excitations due to several diffraction orders were observed at same time. Layer-by-layer ultrathin films prepared from iron containing bis (terpyridine) polymer (Fe(II)-BTP) and poly (ethylene dioxythiophene): poly (styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) were used as an electrochemical mediator for sensing the dopamine. Large changes in grating coupling surface plasmon dips were obtained upon an injection of the dopamine on the LbL/metallic grating surface.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

In this work, we demonstrate a novel dopamine sensor using multimode surface plasmon excitations by irradiating white light source on metallic diffraction gratings/plastic substrates. Since the grating pitch is larger than commonly used diffraction gratings, multiple surface plasmon resonance excitations due to several diffraction orders were observed at same time. Layer-by-layer ultrathin films prepared from iron containing bis (terpyridine) polymer (Fe(II)-BTP) and poly (ethylene dioxythiophene): poly (styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) were used as an electrochemical mediator for sensing the dopamine. Large changes in grating coupling surface plasmon dips were obtained upon an injection of the dopamine on the LbL/metallic grating surface.

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In this study, atomic force microscope (AFM) nanolithography was used in order to manipulate the surface morphology of carbazole precursor dendron polymer thin films. The precursor films were prepared by spin-coating method on evaporated gold thin films. The bias voltages were applied between the conducting AFM cantilever and gold thin films, generating the cross-linking of electroactive pendant carbazole monomers present in the films. This was attributed the electrochemical ion transport, which was assisted by water meniscus and residual mobile ions in the film. The raised morphology was observed after the application of bias voltages. An increase in height change was observed as applied voltages increased, while it was decreased as the scanning speed was increased.

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A Hybrid sensor utilizing SPR and QCM methods was prepared, and PVA film deposition and gas adsorption to the PVA films were investigated. The optical absorption properties due to SP excitation depended on the PVA film thickness. The adsorptions of humidity, ethanol and acetone gases were investigated by SPR and QCM methods and responses were repeatedly observed. The humidity response depended on the PVA thickness and it was considered to be due to the small penetration depth of electric field. The hybrid sensor in this study is easy to fabricate and useful for various film evaluation and sensors.

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We prepared electrospun polymer fibers using a copper wire electrode in Teflon capillary tube. Compared to conventional method, fiber diameter, needed volume of polymer solution, applied voltage for fiber preparation, distance between the electrodes can be largely reduced in this method. The shapes were investigated for electrospun poly (vinylalcohol) fiber prepared with various conditions. Furthermore, orientation control of PS fibers and preparation of P3HT fiber field-effect transistor were carried out. This method should be useful for study of electrospinning method and developing electronic devices using electrospun fibers.

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Optical near-fields localizing near a material surface provide us the novel technologies of material fabrication in nano meter regions. This is applicable to the excitation- and transportation-control of optical near field signals, and expected to develop a high-speed and highly-functional device which is never achievable by the conventional optical technology. For a practical optical-device operation, it is very important to develop the modification method of nano material alignment controlled by the external optical-signals. In this study, we demonstrate an alignment control of sub-micron materials using the optically controllable photo-alignment layers fabricated simply by the standing evanescent waves. Dielectric small spheres were periodically aligned on the grating structures of azobenzene molecular films. The vertical positions were controlled by the rewriting processes using the optical near-fields around the small spheres. Furthermore, we investigated the local plasmon excitations on the metallic nano-wires fabricated by an oblique evaporation on the azobenzene gratings.

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An optical fabrication of azo dye molecular films has been investigated using a local polarization in optical near-field. The locally polarized optical near-fields on a prism surface were generated by superposing two evanescent waves cross-propagating on the surface. Gratings of the azo films with nano-structure were fabricated by photo-isomerization process caused by the local polarizations of the optical near-fields. The migrations of the azo dye molecules and their orientations were evaluated by means of photoluminescence spectroscopy.

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Random numbers can be classified as either pseudo-random or physical random in character. Pseudo-random numbers' periodicity renders them inadequate for coding purposes, in an age of ultra high-speed calculation, whereas Naturally-generated physical random numbers have no calculable periodicity. This work demonstrates how semiconductor lasers' inherent noise can be exploited for use in generating the physical random number and applying it in the field of cryptography.

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Gold colloid and polyvinylalcohol thin films were deposited on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), and gas-sensing properties for humidity, alcohol, amine vapors were investigated. The absorbed masses were obtained from QCM and the optical absorption spectra due to localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of gold colloid were simultaneously observed. LSPR depends on the dielectric constants and thickness of absorbed molecule, therefore the simultaneous observation of QCM and LSPR should be useful for discrimination of absorbed specie and developing multifunctional sensors.

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Optical near-fields strongly coupled with materials offer new technologies for optical fabrication of small materials because of their nature different from optical fields in a free space. In this report, we introduce a novel method for optical fabrication of nano-structures on azo dye thin films utilizing evanescent waves. Nano-patterns such as gratings, dots and wire like structures were fabricated for molecular thin films showing photo-isomerization by means of evanescent waves of locally polarized optical near-fields on a prism surface. This new techniques based on molecular migration due to evanescent waves are thought to be very useful for nano-device processing, future device applications and sensing.

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