Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC  

Two studies compared the development of beliefs about the stability and origins of physical and psychological traits in Japan and the United States in three age groups: 5-6-year-olds, 8-10-year-olds, and college students. The youngest children in both cultures were the most optimistic about negative traits changing in a positive direction over development and being maintained over the aging period. The belief that individual differences in traits are inborn increased with age, and in all age groups, this belief was related to predictions of greater trait stability. In both cultures, all ages believed positive traits would be maintained over development. In addition to developmental similarities across cultures, cultural variations, consistent with the hypothesis that interdependent cultures have a more incremental view of traits, were present. Japanese participants were more optimistic than American participants about negative traits changing towards the positive and were more likely to attribute differences in trait expression to effort. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.cogdev.2007.08.001

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：新潟大学  

The present study examined whether children's optimism would be observed in Japanese children who grow up in culture where self-enhancing bias, an optimistic tendency, is not as dominant as in the U.S. Twenty-four each of 5-, 6-, 8-10-year-olds, and college students were asked to predict whether each of eight negative traits would change as a character matured from age 10 to 21 (young adult) and from 21 to 80 (older adult). Results indicated that (1) the 5-year-olds showed "naive optimism" in that they believed the negative traits could change in extreme positive direction not only in young adults but also in older, due to maturation or increased age. (2) The school-aged children and adults showed "effort-dependent optimism" in that they believed the negative traits could change to average, based on personal effort or practice. (3) All the participants applied "optimism" to varied traits selectively. The significance of children's optimism as a motivation in the long-term acquisition of skills or expertise, as well as its nature, is discussed in terms of culture-free and culture-bound development.

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics of Yogo-teachers’ considerations, by comparing them with those of kindergarten teachers, when they are interacting with young children complaining of physical problems. A Yogo-teacher is a special licensed educator who supports children’s growth and development through health education and services on the basis of principles of health promotion in all areas of educational activities in school.<br />
We distributed two sets of questionnaires for Yogo- and kindergarten teachers to 50 kindergartens attached to national universities in Japan; we received 76 returns from 40 Yogo- teachers, 35 kindergarten teachers, and a health promotion staff (not having a license of Yogo- teacher) (the recovery rate was 76%) and analyzed 75 of them excluding the health promotion staff. The participants were asked to evaluate, using a 5-point scale, how frequently they took their considerations of the health management (1;leading children to appropriate treatments and 2;collecting accurate information from children on states and circumstances of physical problems) and educational (3;facilitating children’s awareness concerning health issues and 4;facilitating development of expressions concerning physical problems) points of view while interacting with children. They were also asked to describe what they did, practically speaking, to realize the above considerations.<br />
The analysis showed that both types of teachers very frequently took all four points of health management (1 and 2) and educational (3 and 4) views into consideration, and tended to do so for the former (1 and 2) more often than the latter (3 and 4). In addition, it was showed that Yogo-teachers tended to consider the latter (3 and 4) much more often than did the kindergarten teachers.<br />
Regarding variations and frequencies of their descriptions about practical actions, there were not so many differences between the two types of teachers. Ten categories were extracted as practical actions for collecting accurate information; “Information collection from people other than the children concerned” (52%) was the most frequent response, followed by “well thought- out way of asking and querying children” (43%), and “verbal exchanges at a physical spot where problems occurred” (40%) was relatively high. Six categories were extracted as practical actions for facilitating children’s awareness concerning health issues; “no response/don’t know”(39%) was the most frequent response, followed by “support for making children aware of causal factors or prevention methods of physical problems” (23%), and “support for relating physical problems to everyday lifestyle and physical phenomena” (23%). Kindergarten teachers had more “no response/ don’t know” answers than Yogo-teachers. Eight categories were extracted as practical actions for<br />
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国際幼児教育研究 Vol.26.2019 International Journal of Early Childhood Education Vol.26.2019<br />
facilitating development of expressions concerning physical problems, the most frequent of which was “facilitating or supporting children’s verbal expressions” (52%), followed by “well thought- out way of creating verbal expressions transmitted to children” (32%), which was relatively high. Yogo-teachers had more “using non-verbal expressions and objective indicators” answers than kindergarten teachers.<br />
Results suggest that Yogo-teachers tend to interact with young children with more consideration of the health educational points of view than do kindergarten teachers, and their tendencies may possibly lead to an increase in opportunities for young children to learn about health issues and how to express themselves regarding physical problems, in a form suitable for early childhood. KEYWORDS<br />
young children, complaining of physical problems, yogo-teacher, social interaction, health education, health management<br />

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本数学教育学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The principal aim of the present study was to clarify the environment of the pediatric inpatients and outpatients in Japan in comparison with previous studies regarding whether consideration and adjustments are being carried out for children. A national cross-sectional survey was administered by mail to hospitals with more than 300 beds that advertise a pediatric department and pediatric hospitals (1,069 hospitals), and responses were obtained from 256 hospitals (response rate : 23.9%). The results revealed that physical adjustments were performed in approximately 50% of hospital pediatric outpatient departments. In hospital wards also, the rate of placement of a playroom or educational facilities and the rate of placement of nursery teachers were higher than in previous studies. Moreover, the results of the present study show that new pediatric medical professionals are being deployed in hospitals. These findings suggest great improvements in the current pediatric medical environment in Japan in comparison with the past. However, with regard to explanation and consent to children undergoing medical treatment, the prevalence of guidelines for medical staff was low (36 facilities ; 14.3%), which remains a problem.

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Authorship：Lead author,　Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

Previous studies have shown that young children are overall more optimistic than older children and adults in that they believe negative physical and psychological traits can change in an extremely positive direction through maturity or increased age. We call this type of optimism” naive optimism”. In a series of two studies of 74 Japanese participants from four age groups (preschool, grades 1, 2, and 3) in Study 1 and 24 Japanese young children from two age groups (4-year-olds and 5-year-olds) in Study 2, it was showed that young children&#039;s optimism differed from that of older children and adults, which was called “effort-dependent optimism” and the belief that negative traits could be improved in a somewhat better direction through personal effort or practice.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本教育心理学会  

DOI： 10.20587/pamjaep.57.0_6

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：金子書房  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：心理学評論刊行会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：お茶の水女子大学大学院人間文化研究科  

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Part of collection (book)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPANESE ASSOC EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY  

It is said that types of rule revision triggered by counterevidence depend on various factors. The current research examined whether activating a metaknowledge, "theories involving fewer principles and non-ad hoc explanation of certain phenomena are better," promoted revising prior rules into more generalized rules after encountering counterevidence. In Exp.1, it was confirmed that revising prior rules to more generalized knowledge was too difficult, even when a subject had specified knowledge about counterevidence and other instances. In Exp.2, before conducting a rule generation task, above-mentioned metaknowledge was instructed explicitly to experimental group subjects, while not to control group subjects. It was found that subjects of an experimental group, significantly more than a control group, revised to more generalized rules after encountering counterevidence. This finding indicated that using the metaknowledge affected the type of rule revision and promoted revision to more generalized rules. A general discussion found out how this metaknowledge affected processes of rule revision, and its application to education was offered.

DOI： 10.5926/jjep1953.45.3_263

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPANESE ASSOC EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY  

The present study had two purposes. One was to investigate children's and adults informal knowledge of the earth's shape, especially on how they related the following two knowledges: “observational knowledge (e.g.the ground is flat)” and “knowledge from scientific information (e.g.the earth is round)”, both conflicting each other. A second purpose was to examine effects of instructions invented by the author on changes from inadequate into adequate knowledges. The results of Exp. I and II-A: showed that contrary to results of previous researches there were many children (Kindergarteners, 1st, 3rd-, 5th-grades) who couldnot relate two conflicting knowledges at all. Although getting older made more people able to relate them correctly if needed, for a long time they considered them as distinct. The results of Exp.II-B showed that in order for children to correctly relate these knowledges, it was necessary to instruct them explicitly on how to properly relate them, while clearly indicating the conflict between both knowledges. © 1995, The Japanese Association of Educational Psychology. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.5926/jjep1953.43.2_113

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Total pages：390  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：へるす出版  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(公社)日本小児保健協会  

本研究の目的は、小児の外来および病棟環境における子どもへの配慮について、先行研究と比較して明らかにすることである。全国の小児科を標榜する300床以上の総合病院および小児専門病院1,069病院を対象に郵送法による横断調査を実施し、256病院(回収率23.9%)から回答を得た。結果は、対象とした約50%の病院の小児外来は子どもへの物理的な工夫が実施されていた。入院病棟においてもプレイルームや教育施設の設置率、保育士の配置率が先行研究に比較して上昇していた。さらに、今回の調査においては、病院に新たな小児医療専門職の配置が行われていることが明らかとなった。従来に比較して、現在の日本の小児医療環境の向上が示唆された。一方、医療処置を受ける子どもへの説明と同意に関して、医療従事者のためのガイドラインの保有率は36施設(14.3%)と少数であり、残された課題となった。(著者抄録)

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(公社)日本小児保健協会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：新潟大学  

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