Faculty Profiles - YOSHIHARA Akihiro

Papers - YOSHIHARA Akihiro

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Relationship between autoantibody associated with rheumatoid arthritis and tooth loss. Reviewed International journal

Yuko Hayashi, George Taylor, Akihiro Yoshihara, Masanori Iwasaki, Stuart A Gansky, Hideo Miyazaki

Gerodontology 2018.5

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

INTRODUCTION: This study evaluated the relationship between serum Rheumatoid Factor (RF) levels and tooth loss in a community-dwelling elderly Japanese women. It was hypothesised that women with high baseline RF levels would experience greater tooth loss over 10 years than age-matched women with lower baseline serum RF levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study population consisted of 197 women aged 70 years with ≥12 teeth at baseline. One hundred and twenty-four participants completed a 10-year follow-up and were divided into 2 groups according to their baseline serum RF levels as follows: RF negative (<15 U/mL; n = 114) and RF positive (>15 U/mL; n = 10). Negative binomial regression was used to investigate the relationship between baseline RFs and tooth lost over the 10-year period. RF and its interaction with the baseline number of teeth were independent variables, with 9 other adjustment covariates. RESULTS: Baseline RFs were significantly associated with tooth loss (P = .035). In addition, a statistical interaction between baseline RFs and baseline number of teeth was identified (P = .023), modifying the association between RFs and tooth loss. The adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) for RF-positive participants with 21 baseline teeth was 1.88 (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.76, 4.65). IRRs obtained for participants who had 25 baseline teeth (3.02; 95% CI: 1.03, 8.83) or 30 baseline teeth (5.47; 95% CI: 1.29, 23.13) suggested that RF-positive participants with a high number of baseline teeth would exhibit greater tooth loss than RF-negative participants. CONCLUSION: High serum RF levels were associated with a greater IRR for future tooth loss in elderly Japanese women.

DOI： 10.1111/ger.12344

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Effect of lifestyle on 6-year periodontitis incidence or progression and tooth loss in older adults. Reviewed International journal

Iwasaki M, Borgnakke WS, Ogawa H, Yamaga T, Sato M, Minagawa K, Ansai T, Yoshihara A, Miyazaki H

Journal of clinical periodontology 45 ( 8 ) 896 - 908 2018.5

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

AIM: To evaluate the longitudinal association of combined healthy lifestyle factors with incidence or progression of periodontitis and tooth loss in older adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This 6-year study included 374 Japanese 70-year olds with 7,157 teeth, from a source eligible baseline population of 554 individuals. Four lifestyle factors-cigarette smoking, physical activity, relative weight, and dietary quality-were scored as healthy (1 point) or unhealthy (0 point). Adding the individual scores generated the "healthy lifestyle score" (0-4 points). Multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression models were applied to evaluate tooth-specific associations between the baseline healthy lifestyle score and the incidence or progression of periodontitis (increase in clinical attachment loss ≥3 mm) and tooth loss. RESULTS: After 6 years, 19.0% of the teeth exhibited periodontitis incidence or progression and 8.2% were lost. Compared with a healthy lifestyle score of 0-1 (least healthy), the highest score (4 points) was associated with a significantly lower tooth-specific risk of periodontitis (adjusted odds ratio = 0.32; 95% confidence interval: 0.16-0.62) and tooth loss (adjusted odds ratio = 0.42; 95% confidence interval: 0.23-0.77). CONCLUSIONS: Simultaneous adherence to multiple healthy lifestyle factors significantly lowers the risk of incidence or progression of periodontitis and tooth loss in older adults.

DOI： 10.1111/jcpe.12920

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Chronic Intra Oral Pain and Depressive Symptoms in Japanese Community-Dwelling Elderly: A Longitudinal Study. Reviewed

Hanindriyo L, Yoshihara A, Takiguchi T, Miyazaki H

Community dental health 35 ( 2 ) 102 - 108 2018.5

高次生活機能の加齢に伴う変化の軌跡と歯の本数の関連についての縦断研究

岩崎正則, 佐藤美寿々, 皆川久美子, 安細敏弘, 葭原明弘, 小川祐司, 宮崎秀夫

口腔衛生学会雑誌 68 ( 増刊 ) 112 - 112 2018.4

納豆摂取と歯の喪失との関連地域在住閉経後女性を対象とした縦断研究

佐藤美寿々, 岩崎正則, 皆川久美子, 葭原明弘, 宮崎秀夫

口腔衛生学会雑誌 68 ( 増刊 ) 112 - 112 2018.4

在宅超高齢者の栄養状態と栄養素摂取量との関連

濱嵜朋子, 岩崎正則, 角田聡子, 片岡正太, 濃野要, 葭原明弘, 安細敏弘, 宮崎秀夫

口腔衛生学会雑誌 68 ( 増刊 ) 113 - 113 2018.4

Relationship between alcohol consumption and periodontal tissue condition in community-dwelling elderly Japanese. Reviewed International journal

Suwama Kana, Yoshihara Akihiro, Watanabe Reiko, Stegaroiu Roxana, Shibata Satoko, Miyazaki Hideo

Gerodontology 2018.3

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

OBJECTIVES: To examine the associations among alcohol consumption level, dietary intake and other lifestyle factors, and periodontal condition, in community-dwelling elderly Japanese of a specific age. BACKGROUND: The relationship between alcohol consumption level and periodontitis is a controversial issue. METHODS: Participants were 438 dentate elders aged 73 years from a larger cohort survey of elders in Niigata City, Japan. Data collected from oral examination of each participant, including number of the existing teeth, mean probing pocket depth and mean clinical attachment level (CAL) were used for the analyses. A semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire and a lifestyle habit questionnaire were used to assess food and alcohol consumption, smoking experience, frequency of tooth brushing, interdental brush use, and visits to a dental clinic during the previous year. Blood glucose control was assessed by the glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level. Body mass index was calculated from height and weight measurements. The relationships between each variable and the individual mean CAL were analysed by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: According to logistic regression

DOI： 10.1111/ger.12335

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Relationship between clinical periodontal parameters and changes in liver enzymes levels over an 8-year period in an elderly Japanese population

Elastria Widita, Akihiro Yoshihara, Lisdrianto Hanindriyo, Hideo Miyazaki

Journal of Clinical Periodontology 45 ( 3 ) 311 - 321 2018.3

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Blackwell Munksgaard

Aims: An association between periodontal disease and liver enzymes has been reported previously. This study examined the relationship between clinical periodontal parameters and changes in liver enzymes levels in 265 non-institutionalized Japanese elderly aged 72 years over 8 years. Materials and methods: The number of sites with probing pocket depth (PPD) ≥ 6 mm and clinical attachment level (CAL) ≥ 6 mm were measured. Changes in liver enzymes (alanine transaminase [ALT] and aspartate transaminase [AST]) was grouped based on any elevation of concentrations. The relationship was determined by logistic regression with adjustment for confounders. Interaction test and stratified analysis were then performed according to smoking status and alcohol drinking habits, separately. Results: Elevation in ALT, but not AST, was significantly associated with PPD (odds ratio [OR] = 1.10) and CAL (OR = 1.03). A significant interaction of periodontal parameters on ALT was observed with smoking status, but not with alcohol drinking habit. The stratified analysis suggested that ALT was found to be significantly correlated with PPD (OR = 1.20) and CAL (OR = 1.04) to those who were smoker. Conclusion: The elevation in ALT levels might be associated with clinical periodontal parameters among non-institutionalized Japanese elderly, and this association was modified by smoking status.

DOI： 10.1111/jcpe.12861

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Association between serum resistin level and periodontal condition change among elderly people Reviewed

Ogawa H, Damrongrungruang T, Furugen R, Hayashida H, Saito T, Yoshihara A, Miyazaki H

Stoma Edu J 5 ( 1 ) 24 - 30 2018.3

Dentition status and frailty in community-dwelling older adults: A 5-year prospective cohort study

Masanori Iwasaki, Akihiro Yoshihara, Misuzu Sato, Kumiko Minagawa, Mieko Shimada, Mamoru Nishimuta, Toshihiro Ansai, Yutaka Yoshitake, Hideo Miyazaki

Geriatrics and Gerontology International 18 ( 2 ) 256 - 262 2018.2

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Blackwell Publishing

Aim: To examine the longitudinal association between dentition status and incidence of frailty in older adults. Methods: The present prospective cohort study included community-dwelling Japanese adults aged 75 years at baseline (n = 322). Dental examinations, biochemical blood examinations, physical performance and anthropometric measurements, and structured questionnaires were carried out at baseline. The presence of ≥20 teeth with nine or more occluding pairs of teeth was defined as functional dentition. Annual follow-up examinations, including physical performance, anthropometric measurements and structured questionnaires, were carried out over a 5-year period to determine the incidence of frailty, defined as three or more of the following five components derived from the Cardiovascular Health Study: weight loss, weakness, slowness, poor energy and low physical activity level. Adjusted hazard ratios of frailty incidence according to dentition status were calculated from Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. Results: At baseline, 118 participants (36.6%) were defined as having functional dentition. During the follow up, 48 participants (14.9%) developed frailty. The adjusted hazard ratio for frailty in participants with functional dentition was 0.50 (95% confidence interval 0.25–0.98) compared with participants without functional dentition, after adjusting for sex, income, education, smoking status, body mass index, serum biomarkers and comorbidities. Conclusions: Functional dentition was significantly associated with a lower risk of frailty defined by the Cardiovascular Health Study frailty index in older Japanese adults. These results suggest that maintaining healthy and functional dentition into later life is important for frailty prevention. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018
18: 256–262.

DOI： 10.1111/ggi.13170

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Association of liver enzyme levels and alveolar bone loss: A cross-sectional clinical study in Sado Island. Reviewed International journal

Ayumi Kuroki, Noriko Sugita, Shigeki Komatsu, Akio Yokoseki, Akihiro Yoshihara, Tetsuo Kobayashi, Kazutoshi Nakamura, Takeshi Momotsu, Naoto Endo, Kenji Sato, Ichiei Narita, Hiromasa Yoshie

Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry 10 ( 2 ) e100-e106 - e106 2018.2

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

Background: The interaction of periodontopathic bacteria with host immune system induces the production of inflammatory mediators which leads to alveolar bone loss (ABL), the essential feature of periodontitis. Concurrently, periodontal diseases cause the elevation of blood cytokine levels, the alteration of gut microbiota and the dissemination of enterobacteria to the liver. Owing to these mechanisms, periodontal disease might be a risk for liver dysfunction. Several epidemiological studies have reported associations between periodontal diseases and liver dysfunction, although the association between ABL and liver dysfunction has not been investigated. This cross-sectional study determined if elevated serum liver enzyme levels were associated with ABL in Japanese adults. Material and Methods: Japanese adults living on Sado Island who visited Sado General Hospital were invited to participate in the study. Participants over 40 years of age who underwent dental panoramic radiography and blood tests were included. Drinking and smoking habits were self-administered. After excluding patients with edentulous jaw, diagnosed liver diseases, and those on dialysis, data from 44 men and 66 women with a mean age of 73 years were analyzed. The average percentage of ABL for each participant was calculated for mesial and distal sites of all remaining teeth. The levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) were determined. Univariate analyses were performed to select covariates to be put in multivariate analyses. The association between elevated serum liver enzyme levels and the highest quartile of ABL were assessed by multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: After adjusting for covariates, no significant association was found between elevated serum AST, ALT, or GGT levels as dependent variables and the highest quartile of ABL as an explanatory variable. Conclusions: There was no significant association between the elevation of serum liver enzyme levels and ABL in Japanese adults. Key words:Liver enzymes, dental panoramic radiography, alveolar bone loss, Japanese adults.

DOI： 10.4317/jced.54555

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A 5-year longitudinal study of association of maximum bite force with development of frailty in community-dwelling older adults Reviewed

M. Iwasaki, A. Yoshihara, N. Sato, M. Sato, K. Minagawa, M. Shimada, M. Nishimuta, T. Ansai, Y. Yoshitake, T. Ono, H. Miyazaki

JOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION 45 ( 1 ) 17 - 24 2018.1

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：WILEY

To determine whether maximum bite force (MBF), an objective measure of oral function, is associated with development of frailty in community-dwelling older adults. This prospective cohort study included community-dwelling Japanese adults aged 75years at baseline (n=322). Baseline MBF was measured using an electronic recording device (Occlusal Force-Meter GM10). Follow-up examinations, including physical fitness and anthropometric evaluation and structured questionnaires, were administered annually over a 5-year period to determine the incidence of frailty, which was defined by the presence of 3 or more of the following 5 components derived from the Cardiovascular Health Study: low level of mobility, low physical activity level, weakness, shrinking and poor endurance and energy. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of incidence of frailty according to sex-stratified tertiles of baseline MBF were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. During the follow-up, 49 participants (15.2%) developed frailty. Participants in the lower tertile of MBF exhibited a significantly greater risk of frailty than those in the upper tertile. After adjustment for sex, depression, diabetes and Eichner index, the adjusted HRs for frailty in the upper through lower tertiles of MBF were 1.00 (reference), 1.27 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.50-3.20) and 2.78 (95% CI: 1.15-6.72), respectively (P for trend=.01). Poor oral function, as indicated by low MBF, increases the risk of development of frailty among elderly men and women.

DOI： 10.1111/joor.12578

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視診による歯肉炎評価の有用性 Reviewed

渡辺真光, 葭原明弘, 諏訪間加奈, 角田聡子, 岩崎正則, 安細敏弘, 宮崎秀夫

口腔衛生学会雑誌 68 ( 1 ) 36 - 37 2018.1

職域における歯科健診単独もしくは歯科健診と保健指導による行動変容

金子昇, 葭原明弘, 野々村絢子, 笹嶋真嵩, 宮本茜, 皆川久美子, 佐藤美寿々, 久保田悠, 濃野要, 山賀孝之, 宮崎秀夫

口腔衛生学会雑誌 68 ( 1 ) 37 - 37 2018.1

Associations of Tooth Loss, Denture Use, and Self-perceived Denture Fit with Frailty in Community-dwelling Older Adults: A Cross-sectional Study Reviewed

SATO Misuzu, IWASAKI Masanori, MINAGAWA Kumiko, OGAWA Hiroshi, YAMAGA Takayuki, YOSHIHARA Akihiro, MIYAZAKI Hideo

JOURNAL OF DENTAL HEALTH 68 ( 2 ) 68 - 75 2018

Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Japanese Society for Oral Health

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the associations of tooth loss, denture use, and self-perceived denture fit with frailty in community-dwelling older Japanese adults. The subjects were 344 Japanese adults (177 men and 167 women) aged 79 years in Niigata City (Japan), who participated in an oral and general health examination and a questionnaire survey in 2007. Frailty was defined as the presence of ≥ 2 of the following 3 factors derived and modified from the Study of Osteoporotic Fracture Criteria for Frailty: 1) weight loss ≥ 5% over 2 years, 2) inability to do chair stands, and 3) answer of “no” to the question “Do you feel full of energy?”. Associations between frailty and tooth loss, denture use, and self-perceived denture fit were evaluated using logistic regression analysis. The multivariable models were adjusted for sex, body mass index, and mental health. The frequency of frailty in this study was 8.4%. Multivariable logistic regression indicated that tooth loss (per each additional tooth present, adjusted odds ratio [OR]=0.94; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.90–0.99), the presence of 20 teeth or more (compared with the presence of less than 20 teeth, adjusted OR=0.39, 95% CI=0.15–0.97), denture non-use (compared with denture use, adjusted OR=17.89, 95% CI=5.00–64.32), and self-perceived ill-fitting denture (compared with well-fitting denture, adjusted OR=3.38, 95% CI=1.01–11.27) were significantly correlated with frailty. Our results suggest that tooth loss, denture non-use, and self-perceived ill-fitting denture were associated with frailty in community-dwelling older Japanese adults.

DOI： 10.5834/jdh.68.2_68

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Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2018250455

Relationship between Self-rated Tooth and Gingival Health and Self-rated General Health among General Japanese Subjects: The 8020 Health Study

MINAGAWA Kumiko, MIYAZAKI Hideo, YOSHIHARA Akihiro, SATO Misuzu, FUKAI Kakuhiro, ANDO Yuichi, SHIMAZAKI Yoshihiro, FURUTA Michiko, AIDA Jun, KANBARA Masaki

JOURNAL OF DENTAL HEALTH 68 ( 4 ) 198 - 206 2018

Language：Japanese Publisher：Japanese Society for Oral Health

Self-rated health is a simple way of assessing the health status. It is also used for oral health research in general population surveys. However, limited information is available on younger populations aged under 65 years. Accordingly, the aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the association between the self-rated tooth and gingival health and self-rated general health based on a survey conducted by the 8020 Promotion Foundation in 2015. For this survey, questionnaires were mailed to 5,000 people, aged 20 to 79, who were selected by stratified two-stage random sampling from Japanese municipalities, and 2,465 people responded (response rate=49.3%). Data without missing responses from 1,972 participants were used for analysis. The subjects were divided into three groups according to age: young participants (aged 20-39 years), middle-aged participants (aged 40-59 years), and elderly participants (aged 60-79 years). An ordinal logistic regression model was created to evaluate the association between self-rated tooth and gingival health and self-rated general health for each group. Multivariable models were adjusted for the number of teeth, sex, employment status, subjective economic status, education, comorbidity, presence of an adviser, and body mass index. Based on the ordinal logistic regression analysis, participants with good self-rated tooth and gingival health had significantly better self-rated general health. The adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) was 12.41 (7.22-21.34) for the young participants, 11.77 (7.50-18.48) for the middle-aged participants, and 10.07 (6.55-15.50) for the elderly participants. The present study suggests that the self-rated tooth and gingival health is significantly correlated with self-rated general health among general Japanese subjects in all age groups.

DOI： 10.5834/jdh.68.4_198

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2019038143

Association between Eating Assessment Tool-10 (EAT-10) and the Health, Dental, and Nutritional Status of Elderly Individuals Living at Home

AKIYAMA Rika, HAMASAKI Tomoko, SAKAI Rie, IWASAKI Masanori, KAKUTA Satoko, SOH Inho, YOSHIHARA Akihiro, MIYAZAKI Hideo, ANSAI Toshihiro

JOURNAL OF DENTAL HEALTH 68 ( 2 ) 76 - 84 2018

Language：Japanese Publisher：Japanese Society for Oral Health

This study investigated the relationship between dysphagia and the nutritional status of elderly individuals living at home when screened with Eating Assessment Tool-10 (EAT-10). A total of 129 participants (62 males, 67 females, aged 85 years) were surveyed. Participants were sent a questionnaire by mail and asked to complete and return it to the authors. Assessments included in the questionnaire were EAT-10, the self-reported number of teeth, Short-form Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA-SF), a subjective health evaluation, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence (TMIG-Index of Competence), Oral Health Impact Profile-49 (OHIP), and number of foods that can be masticated. To evaluate variation in the study's variables, the analysis was based on established scores of EAT-10: those suspected of having dysphagia score above three; those with no suspicion of dysphagia score below two. When screened with EAT-10, 52.7% of the participants were classified as being suspected of having dysphagia. There were significant correlations between dysphagia and a low OHIP score (p<0.001), the number of foods that can be masticated (p<0.001), subjective health evaluation (p<0.001), and MNA-SF (p=0.007). Furthermore, logistic regression analysis revealed that the nutritional status was associated with dysphagia (p=0.043)．These findings suggest the association of dysphagia with malnutrition in elderly people living at home.

DOI： 10.5834/jdh.68.2_76

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2018250456

Dental caries prevalence and treatment level of neglected children at two child guidance centers Reviewed

Yukiko Nogami, Yoko Iwase, Akiko Kagoshima, Issei Saitoh, Tsutomu Nakajima, Hideki Takahashi, Kanehito Nakagawa, Akihiro Yoshihara, Akitsugu Ohuchi, Tomiko Asahito, Haruaki Hayasaki

Pediatric Dental Journal 27 ( 3 ) 137 - 141 2017.12

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Elsevier Ltd

Objective Detailed evidence of a relationship between maltreated children and dental caries is limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of dmft and DMFT, and the characteristics of dental treatment level of children at two child guidance centers (CGC). Subject and methods A total of 166 children (mean age: 11.6 y ± 2.8) staying at two CGCs were examine, and their results were compared with those of the Survey of Dental Disease (SDD) carried out by the Japanese Society for Oral Health. Results Mean numbers of dental caries were 5.70 at the CGCs and 2.25 in the SDD. “Completely treated” children were 21.7% of total participants in the SDD, but only 3.6% at the CGCs. In addition, 7.0% of participants were “untreated” in the SDD, but 41.0% at the CGCs. The percentage of children without dental caries was 18.7% at the CGCs and 45.7% in the SDD. These differences between the CGCs and in the SDD were statistically significant. Conclusions Our results indicate that, due to a lack of daily oral care, dental caries are significantly more prevalent in children at CGCs. CGCs may be good places to improve neglected children's dental caries and oral health care.

DOI： 10.1016/j.pdj.2017.08.003

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Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128.9 million children, adolescents, and adults Reviewed

Majid Ezzati, James Bentham, Mariachiara Di Cesare, Ver Bilano, Honor Bixby, Bin Zhou, Gretchen A. Stevens, Leanne M. Riley, Cristina Taddei, Kaveh Hajifathalian, Yuan Lu, Stefan Savin, Melanie J. Cowan, Christopher J. Paciore, Adela Chirita-Emandi, Alison J. Hayes, Joanne Katz, Roya Kelishadi, Andre Pascal Kengne, Young-Ho Khang, Avula Laxmaiah, Yanping Li, Jun Ma, J. Jaime Miranda, Aya Mostafa, Martin Neovius, Cristina Padez, Lekhraj Rampal, Aubrianna Zhu, James E. Bennet, Goodarz Danaei, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Majid Ezzati, Leandra Abarca-Gomez, Ziad A. Abdeen, Zargar Abdul Hamid, Niveen M. Abu-Rmeileh, Benjamin Acosta-Cazares, Cecilia Acuin, Robert J. Adams, Wichai Aekplakorn, Kaosar Afsana, Carlos A. Aguilar-Salinas, Charles Agyemng, Alireza Ahmadvand, Wolfgang Ahrens, Kamel Ajlouni, Nazgul Akhtaeva, Hazzaa M. Al-Hazzaa, Amani Rashed Al-Othman, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Fadia AlBuhairan, Shahla AlDhukai, Mohamed M. Ali, Osman Ali, Ala'a Alkerwi, Mar Alvarez-Pedrerol, Eman Aly, Deepak N. Amarapurkar, Philippe Amouyel, Antoinette Amuzu, Lars Bo Andersen, Sigmund A. Anderssen, Dolores S. Andrade, Lars H. Angquist, Ranjit Mohan Anjana, Hajer Aounallah-Skhiri, Joana Araujo, Inger Arianse, Tahir Aris, Nimmathota Arlappa, Dominique Arveiler, Krishna K. Aryal, Thor Aspelund, Felix K. Assah, Maria Cecilia F. Assuncao, May Soe Aung, Maria Avdicova, Ana Azevedo, Fereidoun Azizi, Bontha V. Babu, Suhad Bahijri, Jennifer L. Baker, Nagalla Balakrishna, Mohamed Bamoshmoosh, Maciej Banach, Piotr Bandosz, Jose R. Banegas, Carlo M. Barbagallo, Alberto Barcelo, Amina Barkat, Aluisio J. D. Barros, Mauro V. G. Barros, Iqbal Bata, Anwar M. Batieha, Rosangela L. Batista, Assembekov Batyrbek, Louise A. Baur, Robert Beaglehole, Habiba Ben Romdhane, Judith Benedics, Mikhail Benet, James E. Bennet, Antonio Bernabe, Gailute Bernotiene, Heloisa Bettiol, Aroor Bhagyalaxmi, Sumit Bharadwaj, Santosh K. Bhargava, Zaid Bhatti, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Hongsheng Bi, Yufang Bi, Anna Biehl, Mukharram Bikbov, Bihungum Bista, Dusko J. Bjelica, Peter Bjerregaard, Espen Bjertnes, Marius B. Bjness, Cecilia Bjorkelund, Anneke Blokstra, Simona Bo, Martin Bobak, Lynne M. Boddy, Bernhard O. Boehm, Heiner Boeing, Jose G. Boggia, Carlos P. Boissonnet, Marialaura Bonaccio, Vanina Bongard, Pascal Bovet, Lien Braeckevelt, Lutgart Braeckman, Marjolijn C. E. Bragt, Imperia Brajkovich, Francesco Branca, Juergen Breckenkamp, Joao Breda, Hermann Brenner, Lizzy M. Brewster, Garry R. Brian, Lacramioara Brinduse, Graziella Bruno, H. B. Bueno-de-Mesquita, Anna Bugge, Marta Buoncristiano, Genc Burazeri, Con Burns, Antonio Cabrera de Leon, Joseph Cacciottolo, Hui Cai, Tilema Cama, Christine Cameron, Jose Camola, Gunay Can, Ana P. C. C. Candido, Mario Capanzana, Vincenzo Capuano, Viviane C. Cardoso, Axel C. Carlsson, Maria J. Carvalho, Felipe F. Casanueva, Juan Pablo Casas, Carmelo A. Caserta, Snehalatha Chamukuttan, Angelique W. Chan, Queenie Chan, Himanshu K. Chaturvedi, Nishi Chaturvedi, Chien-Jen Chen, Fangfang Chen, Huashuai Chen, Shuohua Chen, Zhengming Chen, Ching-Yu Cheng, Angela Chetrit, Ekaterina Chikova-Iscener, Arnaud Chiolero, Shu-Ti Chiou, Maria-Dolores Chirlaque, Belong Cho, Yumi Cho, Kaare Christensen, Diego G. Christofaro, Jerzy Chudek, Renata Cifkova, Eliza Cinteza, Frank Claessens, Els Clays, Hans Concin, Susana C. Confortin, Cyrus Cooper, Rachel Cooper, Tara C. Coppinger, Simona Costanzo, Dominique Cottel, Chris Cowell, Cora L. Craig, Ana B. Crujeiras, Alexandra Cucu, Graziella D'Arrigo, Eleonora d'Orsi, Jean Dallongeville, Albertino Damasceno, Camilla T. Damsgaard, Goodarz Danae, Rachel Dankner, Thomas M. Dantoft, Saeed Dastgiri, Luc Dauchet, Kairat Davletov, Guy De Backer, Dirk De Bacquer, Amalia De Curtis, Giovanni de Gaetano, Stefaan De Henauw, Paula Duarte de Oliveira, Karin De Ridder, Delphine De Smedt, Mohan Deepa, Alexander D. Deev, Abbas Dehghan, Helene Delisle, Francis Delpeuch, Valerie Deschamps, Klodian Dhana, Augusto F. Di Castelnuovo, Juvenal Soares Dias-da-Costa, Alejandro Diaz, Zivka Dika, Shirin Djalalinia, Ha T. P. Do, Annette J. Dobson, Maria Benedetta Donati, Chiara Donfrancesco, Silvana P. Donoso, Angela Doering, Maria Dorobantu, Ahmad Reza Dorosty, Kouamelan Doua, Wojciech Drygas, Jia Li Duan, Charmaine Duante, Vesselka Duleva, Virginija Dulskiene, Vilnis Dzerve, Elzbieta Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Eruke E. Egbagbe, Robert Eggertsen, Gabriele Eiben, Ulf Ekelund, Jalila El Ati, Paul Elliott, Reina Engle-Stone, Rajiv T. Erasmus, Cihangir Erem, Louise Eriksen, Johan G. Eriksson, Jorge Escobedo, Alun Evans, David Faeh, Caroline H. Fall, Victoria Farrugia Sant'Angelo, Farshad Farzadfar, Francisco J. Felix-Redondo, Trevor S. Ferguson, Romulo A. Fernandes, Daniel Fernandez-Berges, Daniel Ferrante, Marika Ferrari, Catterina Ferreccio, Jean Ferrieres, Joseph D. 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Horta, Leila Houti, Christina Howitt, Thein Thein Htay, Aung Soe Htet, Maung Maung Than Htike, Yonghua Hu, Jose Maria Huerta, Constanta Huidumac Petrescu, Martijn Huisman, Abdullatif Husseini, Chinh Nguyen Huu, Inge Huybrechts, Nahla Hwalla, Jolanda Hyska, Licia Iacoviello, Anna G. Iannone, Jesus M. Ibarluzea, Mohsen M. Ibrahim, Nayu Ikeda, M. Arfan Ikram, Vilma E. Irazola, Muhammad Islam, Aziz al-Safi Ismail, Vanja Ivkovic, Masanori Iwasaki, Rod T. Jackson, Jeremy M. Jacobs, Hashem Jaddou, Tazeen Jafar, Kazi M. Jamil, Konrad Jamrozik, Imre Janszky, Juel Jarani, Grazyna Jasienska, Ana Jelakovic, Bojan Jelakovic, Garry Jennings, Seung-Lyeal Jeong, Chao Qiang Jiang, Santa Magaly Jimenez-Acosta, Michel Joffres, Mattias Johansson, Jost B. Jonas, Torben Jorgensen, Pradeep Joshi, Dragana P. Jovic, Jacek Jozwiak, Anne Juolevi, Gregor Jurak, Vesna Juresa, Rudolf Kaaks, Anthony Kafatos, Eero O. Kajantie, Ofra Kalter-Leibovici, Nor Azmi Kamaruddin, Efthymios Kapantais, Khem B. Karki, Amir Kasaeian, Joanne Katz, Jussi Kauhanen, Prabhdeep Kaur, Maryam Kavousi, Gyulli Kazakbaeva, Ulrich Keil, Lital Keinan Boker, Sirkka Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, Roya Kelishadi, Cecily Kelleher, Han C. G. Kemper, Andre P. Kengne, Alina Kerimkulova, Mathilde Kersting, Timothy Key, Ousef Saleh Khader, Davood Khalili, Young-Ho Khang, Mohammad Khateeb, Kay-Tee Khaw, Ilse M. S. L. Khouw, Ursula Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, Stefan Kiech, Japhet Killewo, Jeongseon Kim, Yeon-Yong Kim, Jeannette Klimont, Jurate Klumbiene, Michael Knoflach, Bhawesh Koirala, Elin Kolle, Patrick Kolsteren, Paul Korrovits, Jelena Kos, Seppo Koskinen, Katsuyasu Kouda, Viktoria A. Kovacs, Sudhir Kowlessur, Slawomir Koziel, Wolfgang Kratzer, Susi Kriemler, Peter Lund Kristensen, Steinar Krokstad, Daan Kromhout, Herculina S. Kruger, Ruzena Kubinova, Renata Kuciene, Diana Kuh, Urho M. Kujala, Zbigniew Kulaga, R. Krishna Kumar, Marie Kunesova, Pawel Kurjata, Yadlapalli S. Kusuma, Kari Kuulasmaa, Catherine Kyobutungi, Quang Ngoc La, Fatima Zahra Laamiri, Tina Laatikainen, Carl Lachat, Youcef Laid, Tai Hing Lam, Orlando Landrove, Vera Lanska, Georg Lappas, Bagher Larijani, Lars E. Laugsand, Laura Lauria, Avula Laxmaiah, Khanh Le Nguyen Bao, Tuyen D Le, May Antonnette O. Lebanan, Catherine Leclercq, Jeannette Lee, Jeonghee Lee, Terho Lehtimaki, Luz M. Leon-Munoz, Naomi S. Levitt, Yanping Li, Christa L. Lilly, Wei-Yen Lim, M. Fernanda Lima-Costa, Hsien-Ho Lin, Xu Lin, Lars Lind, Allan Linneberg, Lauren Lissner, Mieczyslaw Litwin, Jing Liu, Helle-Mai Loit, Luis Lopes, Roberto Lorbeer, Paulo A. Lotufo, Jose Eugenio Lozano, Dalia Luksiene, Annamari Lundqvist, Nuno Lunet, Per Lytsy, Guansheng Ma, Jun Ma, George L. L. Machado-Coelho, Aristides M. Machado-Rodrigues, Suka Machi, Stefania Maggi, Dianna J. Magliano, Emmanuella Magriplis, Alagappan Mahaletchumy, Bernard Maire, Marjeta Majer, Marcia Makdisse, Reza Malekzadeh, Rahul Malhotra, Kodavanti Mallikharjuna Rao, Sofia Malyutina, Yannis Manios, Jim I. Mann, Enzo Manzato, Paula Margozzini, Anastasia Markaki, Oonagh Markey, Larissa P. Marques, Pedro Marques-Vidal, Jaume Marrugat, Yves Martin-Prevel, Rosemarie Martin, Reynaldo Martorell, Eva Martos, Stefano Marventano, Shariq R. Masoodi, Ellisiv B. Mathiesen, Alicia Matijasevich, Tandi E. Matsha, Artur Mazur, Jean Claude N. Mbanya, Shelly R. McFarlane, Stephen T. McGarvey, Martin McKee, Stela McLac, Rachael M. McLean, Scott B. McLean, Breige A. McNulty, Safiah Md Yusof, Sounnia Mediene-Benchekor, Jurate Medzioniene, Aline Meirhaeghe, Jorgen Meisfjord, Christa Meisinger, Ana Maria B. Menezes, Geetha R. Menon, Gert B. M. Mensink, Indrapal I. Meshram, Andres Metspalu, Haakon E. Meyer, Jie Mi, Kim F. Michaelsen, Nathalie Michels, Kairit Mikkel, Jody C. Miller, Claudia S. Minderico, Juan Francisco Miquel, J. Jaime Miranda, Daphne Mirkopoulou, Erkin Mirrakhimov, Marjeta Misigoj-Durakovic, Antonio Mistretta, Veronica Mocanu, Pietro A. Modesti, Mostafa K. Mohamed, Kazem Mohammad, Noushin Mohammadifard, Viswanathan Mohan, Salim Mohanna, Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff, Drude Molbo, Line T. Mollehave, Niels C. Moller, Denes Molnar, Amirabbas Momenan, Charles K. Mondo, Eric A. Monterrubio, Kotsedi Daniel K. Monyeki, Jin Soo Moon, Leila B. Moreira, Alain Morejo, Luis A. Moreno, Karen Morgan, Erik Lykke Mortensen, George Moschonis, Malgorzata Mossakowska, Aya Mostafa, Jorge Mota, Anabela Mota-Pinto, Mohammad Esmaeel Motlag, Jorge Motta, Thet Thet Mu, Magdalena Muc, Maria Lorenza Muiesan, Martina Mueller-Nurasyid, Neil Murphy, Jaakko Mursu, Elaine M. Murtagh, Vera Musil, Iraj Nabipour, Gabriele Nagel, Balkish M. Naidu, Harunobu Nakamura, Jana Namesna, Ei Ei K. Nang, Vinay B. Nangia, Martin Nankap, Sameer Narake, Paola Nardone, Eva Maria Navarrete-Munoz, William A. Neal, Ilona Nenko, Martin Neovius, Flavio Nervi, Chung T. Nguyen, Nguyen D. Nguyen, Quang Ngoc Nguye, Ramfis E. Nieto-Martinez, Guang Ning, Toshiharu Ninomiya, Sania Nishtar, Marianna Noale, Oscar A. Noboa, Teresa Norat, Sawada Norie, Davide Noto, Mohannad Al Nsour, Dermot O'Reilly, Galina Obreja, Eiji Oda, Glenn Oehlers, Kyungwon Oh, Kumiko Ohara, Orn Olafsson, Maria Teresa Anselmo Olinto, Isabel O. Oliveira, Maciej Oltarzewski, Mohd Azahadi Omar, Altan Onat, Sok King Ong, Lariane M. Ono, Pedro Ordunez, Rui Ornelas, Ana P. Ortiz, Merete Osler, Clive Osmond, Sergej M. Ostojic, Afshin Ostovar, Johanna A. Otero, Kim Overvad, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Fred Michel Paccaud, Cristina Padez, Elena Pahomova, Andrzej Pajak, Domenico Palli, Alberto Palloni, Luigi Palmieri, Wen-Harn Pan, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Arvind Pandey, Francesco Panza, Dimitrios Papandreou, Soon-Woo Park, Winsome R. Parnell, Mahboubeh Parsaeian, Ionela M. Pascanu, Nikhil D. Patel, Ivan Pecin, Mangesh S. Pednekar, Nasheeta Peer, Petra H. Peeters, Sergio Viana Peixoto, Markku Peltonen, Alexandre C. Pereira, Napoleon Perez-Farinos, Cynthia M. Perez, Annette Peters, Janina Petkeviciene, Ausra Petrauskiene, Niloofar Peykari, Son Thai Pham, Daniela Pierannunzio, Iris Pigeo, Hynek Pikhart, Aida Pilav, Lorenza Pilotto, Francesco Pistelli, Freda Pitakaka, Aleksandra Piwonska, Pedro Plans-Rubio, Bee Koon Poh, Hermann Pohlabeln, Raluca M. Pop, Stevo R. Popovic, Miquel Porta, Marileen L. P. Portegies, Georg Posch, Dimitrios Poulimeneas, Hamed Pouraram, Akram Pourshams, Hossein Poustchi, Rajendra Pradeepa, Mathur Prashant, Jacqueline F. Price, Jardena J. Puder, Iveta Pudule, Maria Puiu, Margus Punab, Radwan F. Qasrawi, Mostafa Qorbani, Tran Quoc Bao, Ivana Radic, Ricardas Radisauskas, Mahfuzar Rahman, Mahmudur Rahman, Olli Raitakari, Manu Raj, Sudha Ramachandra Rao, Ambady Ramachandran, Jacqueline Ramke, Elisabete Ramos, Rafel Ramos, Lekhraj Rampal, Sanjay Rampal, Ramon A. Rascon-Pacheco, Josep Redon, Paul Ferdinand M. Reganit, Lourdes Ribas-Barba, Robespierre Ribeiro, Elio Riboli, Fernando Rigo, Tobias F. Rinke de Wit, Ana Rito, Raphael M. Ritti-Dias, Juan A. Rivera, Sian M. Robinson, Cynthia Robitaille, Daniela Rodrigues, Fernando Rodriguez-Artalejo, Maria del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez, Laura A. Rodriguez-Villamizar, Rosalba Rojas-Martinez, Nipa Rojroongwasinkul, Dora Romaguera, Kimmo Ronkainen, Annika Rosengren, Ian Rouse, Joel G. R. Roy, Adolfo Rubinstein, Frank J. Ruhli, Blanca Sandra Ruiz-Betancourt, Paola Russo, Marcin Rutkowski, Charumathi Sabanayagam, Harshpal S. Sachdev, Olfa Saidi, Benoit Salanave, Eduardo Salazar Martinez, Diego Salmeron, Veikko Salomaa, Jukka T. Salonen, Massimo Salvetti, Jose Sanchez-Abanto, Sandjaja, Susana Sans, Loreto Santa Marina, Diana A. Santos, Ina S. Santos, Osvaldo Santos, Renata Nunes dos Santos, Rute Santos, Jouko L. Saramies, Luis B. Sardinha, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Kai-Uwe Saum, Savvas Savva, Mathilde Savy, Marcia Scazufca, Angelika Schaffrath Rosario, Herman Schargrodsky, Anja Schienkiewitz, Sabine Schipf, Carsten O. Schmidt, Ida Maria Schmidt, Constance Schultsz, Aletta E. Schutte, Aye Aye Sein, Abhijit Sen, Idowu O. Senbanjo, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Luis Serra-Majem, Svetlana A. Shalnova, Sanjib K. Sharma, Jonathan E. Shaw, Kenji Shibuya, Dong Wook Shin, Youchan Shin, Rahman Shiri, Alfonso Siani, Rosalynn Siantar, Abla M. Sibai, Antonio M. Silva, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Mary Simon, Judith Simons, Leon A. Simons, Agneta Sjoberg, Michael Sjostrom, Sine Skovbjerg, Jolanta Slowikowska-Hilczer, Przemyslaw Slusarczyk, Liam Smeeth, Margaret C. Smith, Marieke B. Snijder, Hung-Kwan So, Eugene Sobngwi, Stefan Soderberg, Moesijanti Y. E. Soekatri, Vincenzo Solfrizzi, Emily Sonestedt, Yi Song, Thorkild I. A. Sorensen, Maroje Soric, Charles Sossa Jerome, Aicha Soumare, Angela Spinelli, Igor Spiroski, Jan A. Staessen, Hanspeter Stamm, Gregor Starc, Maria G. Stathopoulou, Kaspar Staub, Bill Stavreski, Jostein Steene-Johannessen, Peter Stehle, Aryeh D. Stein, George S. Stergiou, Jochanan Stessman, Jutta Stieber, Doris Stockl, Tanja Stocks, Jakub Stokwisze, Gareth Stratton, Karien Stronks, Maria Wany Strufaldi, Ramon Suarez-Medina, Chien-An Sun, Johan Sundstrom, Yn-Tz Sung, Jordi Sunyer, Paibul Suriyawongpaisa, Boyd A. Swinburn, Rody G. Sy, Lucjan Szponar, E. Shyong Tai, Mari-Liis Tammesoo, Abdonas Tamosiunas, Eng Joo Tan, Xun Tang, Frank Tanser, Yong Tao, Mohammed Rasoul Tarawneh, Jakob Tarp, Carolina B. Tarqui-Mamani, Oana-Florentina Tautu, Radka Taxova Braunerova, Anne Taylor, Felicite Tchibindat, Holger Theobald, Xenophon Theodoridis, Lutgarde Thijs, Betina H. Thuesen, Anne Tjonneland, Hanna K. Tolonen, Janne S. Tolstrup, Murat Topbas, Roman Topor-Madry, Maria Jose Tormo, Michael J. Tornaritis, Maties Torrent, Stefania Toselli, Pierre Traissac, Dimitrios Trichopoulos, Antonia Trichopoulou, Oanh T. H. Trinh, Atul Trivedi, Lechaba Tshepo, Maria Tsigga, Shoichiro Tsugane, Marshall K. Tulloch-Reid, Fikru Tullu, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Jaakko Tuomilehto, Maria L. Turley, Per Tynelius, Themistoklis Tzotzas, Christophe Tzourio, Peter Ueda, Eunice E. Ugel, Flora A. M. Ukoli, Hanno Ulmer, Belgin Unal, Hannu M. T. Uusitalo, Gonzalo Valdivia, Susana Vale, Damaskini Valvi, Yvonne T. van der Schouw, Koen Van Herck, Hoang Van Minh, Lenie van Rossem, Natasja M. Van Schoor, Irene G. M. van Valkengoed, Dirk Vanderschueren, Diego Vanuzzo, Lars Vatten, Tomas Vega, Toomas Veidebaum, Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez, Biruta Velika, Giovanni Veronesi, W. M. Monique Verschuren, Cesar G. Victora, Giovanni Viegi, Lucie Viet, Eira Viikari-Juntura, Paolo Vineis, Jesus Vioque, Jyrki K. Virtanen, Sophie Visvikis-Siest, Bharathi Viswanathan, Tiina Vlasoff, Peter Vollenweider, Henry Voelzke, Sari Voutilainen, Martine Vrijheid, Alisha N. Wade, Aline Wagner, Thomas Waldhor, Janette Walton, Wan Mohamad Wan Bebakar, Wan Nazaimoon Wan Mohamud, Rildo S. Wanderley, Ming-Dong Wang, Qian Wan, Ya Xing Wang, S. Goya Wannamethee, Nicholas Wareham, Adelheid Weber, Niels Wedderkopp, Deepa Weerasekera, Peter H. Whincup, Kurt Widhalm, Indah S. Widyahening, Andrzej Wiecek, Alet H. Wijga, Rainford J. Wilks, Johann Willeit, Peter Willeit, Tom Wilsgaard, Bogdan Wojtyniak, Roy A. Wong-McClure, Justin Y. Y. Wong, Jyh Eiin Wong, Tien Yin Wong, Jean Woo, Mark Woodward, Frederick C. Wu, Jianfeng Wu, Shouling Wu, Haiquan Xu, Liang Xu, Uruwan Yamborisut, Weili Yan, Xiaoguang Yang, Nazan Yardim, Xingwang Ye, Panayiotis K. Yiallouros, Agneta Yngve, Akihiro Yoshihara, Qi Sheng You, Novie O. Younger-Coleman, Faudzi Yusoff, Muhammad Fadhli M. Yusoff, Luciana Zaccagni, Vassilis Zafiropulos, Ahmad A. Zainuddin, Sabina Zambon, Antonis Zampelas, Hana Zamrazilova, Tomasz Zdrojewski, Yi Zeng, Dong Zhao, Wenhua Zhao, Wei Zheng, Yingfeng Zheng, Bekbolat Zholdin, Maigeng Zhou, Dan Zhu, Baurzhan Zhussupov, Esther Zimmermann, Julio Zuniga Cisneros

LANCET 390 ( 10113 ) 2627 - 2642 2017.12

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC

Background Underweight, overweight, and obesity in childhood and adolescence are associated with adverse health consequences throughout the life-course. Our aim was to estimate worldwide trends in mean body-mass index (BMI) and a comprehensive set of BMI categories that cover underweight to obesity in children and adolescents, and to compare trends with those of adults.
Methods We pooled 2416 population-based studies with measurements of height and weight on 128.9 million participants aged 5 years and older, including 31.5 million aged 5-19 years. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1975 to 2016 in 200 countries for mean BMI and for prevalence of BMI in the following categories for children and adolescents aged 5-19 years: more than 2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference for children and adolescents (referred to as moderate and severe underweight hereafter), 2 SD to more than 1 SD below the median (mild underweight), 1 SD below the median to 1 SD above the median (healthy weight), more than 1 SD to 2 SD above the median (overweight but not obese), and more than 2 SD above the median (obesity).
Findings Regional change in age-standardised mean BMI in girls from 1975 to 2016 ranged from virtually no change (-0.01 kg/m (2) per decade; 95% credible interval -0.42 to 0.39, posterior probability [PP] of the observed decrease being a true decrease= 0.5098) in eastern Europe to an increase of 1.00 kg/m(2) per decade (0.69-1.35, PP> 0.9999) in central Latin America and an increase of 0.95 kg/m (2) per decade (0.64-1.25, PP> 0.9999) in Polynesia and Micronesia. The range for boys was from a non-significant increase of 0.09 kg/m(2) per decade (-0.33 to 0.49, PP= 0.6926) in eastern Europe to an increase of 0.77 kg/m (2) per decade (0.50-1.06, PP> 0.9999) in Polynesia and Micronesia. Trends in mean BMI have recently flattened in northwestern Europe and the high-income English-speaking and Asia-Pacific regions for both sexes, southwestern Europe for boys, and central and Andean Latin America for girls. By contrast, the rise in BMI has accelerated in east and south Asia for both sexes, and southeast Asia for boys. Global age-standardised prevalence of obesity increased from 0.7% (0.4-1.2) in 1975 to 5.6% (4.8-6.5) in 2016 in girls, and from 0.9% (0.5-1.3) in 1975 to 7.8% (6.7-9.1) in 2016 in boys; the prevalence of moderate and severe underweight decreased from 9.2% (6.0-12.9) in 1975 to 8.4% (6.8-10.1) in 2016 in girls and from 14.8% (10.4-19.5) in 1975 to 12.4% (10.3-14.5) in 2016 in boys. Prevalence of moderate and severe underweight was highest in India, at 22.7% (16.7-29.6) among girls and 30.7% (23.5-38.0) among boys. Prevalence of obesity was more than 30% in girls in Nauru, the Cook Islands, and Palau; and boys in the Cook Islands, Nauru, Palau, Niue, and American Samoa in 2016. Prevalence of obesity was about 20% or more in several countries in Polynesia and Micronesia, the Middle East and north Africa, the Caribbean, and the USA. In 2016, 75 (44-117) million girls and 117 (70-178) million boys worldwide were moderately or severely underweight. In the same year, 50 (24-89) million girls and 74 (39-125) million boys worldwide were obese.
Interpretation The rising trends in children's and adolescents' BMI have plateaued in many high-income countries, albeit at high levels, but have accelerated in parts of Asia, with trends no longer correlated with those of adults.

DOI： 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32129-3

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刺激唾液分泌量低下と総死亡率との関連地域在住高齢者における10年間のコホート研究

佐藤美寿々, 岩崎正則, 伊藤加代子, 濃野要, 葭原明弘, 宮崎秀夫

老年歯科医学 32 ( 2 ) 159 - 160 2017.9

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